翻译1Lecture One
lecture 1
1、关于应用文本的范围
应用类文本可分为法规或成文法类应用文本 （Texts of Rules and Regulations，TRR）和对 外宣传类应用文本(Practical Texts for Foreign Recipients，PTFR)两大类，前者包括法律、合 同、政策条文等文本，后者指宣传介绍或公告类 文本及商务文本，包括各级政府新闻发布会的信 息通报、我国政治经济、文化教育等发展状况的 对外介绍、投资指南、旅游指南、城市/乡镇/企 业/公司介绍、各种大型国际性活动宣传、企业 产品/服务广告宣传、商务函电、商务单证表格 等。
4.化冗为简(形式与内容的和谐或形神结合所产生的美 感)： 我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而 不是讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉 不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。（“多一点微笑”） V1) What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. 改译：What we refer to here is a sincere and goodnatured smile, instead of a flattering one. We do not mean a sinister-harbored grin, much less a daggerhidden one.
lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。
IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译
以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
lecture 1 翻译标准
g. 我认为他不够格。 I don’t think he is qualified. h. 人们来五台山，目的可不都是一样。 People do not come to Wutai Mountain with one and the same purpose.
3) 译文应体现英语遣词造句的特点，同时 又应因文体而有变化。 a. 名词使用频率高，特别是含有动作性质 的抽象名词等，可以既包含丰富的信息又 十分简洁。 b. 被动形式使用率高，表现能力强。 c. 语法要求严，一般来说句子较长。 d. 介词、非谓语动词、形容词和独立结构 非常活跃。
教心理学的老师觉察到这件事， 就假冒一个男生的名义，给她 写了封匿名的求爱信，这封信 的末尾是：一个希望得到您的 青睐的极其善良的男同胞。就 这么一封信，也就一举改造了 一个人。
Having detected what was happening, her psychology teacher got an idea. In the name of a boy, he wrote an anonymous letter of love which ended with “a kind gentleman awaiting your favor.” The letter brought about transformation.
A Course in Chinese – English Translation
李洋
II. 汉英翻译的原则
汉语译成地道英语的难度， 出现各种各样的缺失：“中 国式”英语（解决办法，阅 读大量原作，观察、揣摩、 总结并模仿英语的特点、规 律和表达方法）。
1．遵循三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴心 结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) 例： a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
Lecture 3 翻译的标准
Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
英语翻译
1 他们对业余剧社的介绍给苏菲留下了深刻的印象，于是她就报了名。
(Amateur Dramatics; signup for)Their introduction of Amateur Dramatics impressed Sophie so much that she signed up for it.2 网络教育为全职人员提供了利用业余时间接受继续教育的机会。
(work full-time)Online education provides those who work full-time with opportunities to receive furthereducation in their spare time.3 刚上大学时，他不知道是否需要把老师讲的内容一字不落地都记下来。
(be supposed to do;scribble down)When he first arrived at university, he was not sure whether he was supposed to scribble downevery word out of the professor’s mouth.4 没人觉察出他隐藏在笑容背后的绝望。
(detect)Nobody detects his despair well hidden behind his smile.5 有些学生能轻松自如地与陌生人交谈，可有些学生却很难做到这一点。
(be easy about)Some students are easy about talking with strangers, while some others find it hard to do so.1 他们这儿不卖薯条，如果你想吃，得去肯德基或麦当劳。
(serve)They don’t serve French fries here. If you want it, you have to go to a KFC or McDonald’s.~ 1 / 9 ~2 他拣起一个核桃，想用锤子把它砸开，可没想到却把它砸烂了。
Lecture 1 汉英语言对比与翻译(工硕)
1.1 分析语vs.综合-分析语
汉语 英语
Analytic 分析语
通过虚 词、词 序等手 段来表 达语法 关系
通过词
Synthetic- 本身的
analytic 形态变
综合-分析贝拉· 比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本 里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使 整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番 高见，现在很少有人领教了。
Potential Unit 12 The City
参考答案及译文下载：
/d115238389.htm
考试: 1. 课程考试 每学期一次
题型: 词汇30% 完型15% 阅读20% 英汉互译 (10+10)% 写作15%
所学内容占85%
2. 学位考试 每年5月和10月举行一次
她们妯娌吵嘴， 不巧被我撞见了。
I chanced to be present when the sistersin-law were having a quarrel.
1.3具体vs.抽象
以实的形
Concrete 式表达虚
汉 具体
的概念，
语
以具体的
形象表达
抽象的内
容
Abstract 英 抽象 语
“就来！”她转 身脚不沾地地越 过草坪， 跑上 小道，踏上台阶， 穿过阳台，走进 门厅。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
1.2 意合vs.形合
词语或语
Parataxis 句间的连
汉 意合
接主要凭
语
借语义或
翻译练习
翻译练习：1.有的地方热衷于搞华而不实的“形象工程”，“政绩工程”，市政建设盲目追求高档次，高标准。
（朱镕基）Some local authorities like to build ostentatious projects in order to make a good impression or show their achievements. In urban development, they indiscriminately pursue things of the highest grade or standard.2.本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的故事。
The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minority nationalities in the south of China.3.德国相机的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
The German cameras are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.4.听人家背地里议论，孔乙己原来也读过书，但终于没有进学，又不会营生；于是愈过愈穷，弄到要讨饭了。
From the gossip that I heard, it seemed that Kong Yiji had studied the classics but never passed the official examinations and, not knowing any way to make a living, he had grown steadily poorer until he was almost reduced to beggary.5.女的一叉腰：“我就这么蛮，你怎么着？当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点！怎么啦，后悔啦，又想起先前的小情人了吧……”话音未落，男的一扬手，“呼”的一巴掌甩过去。
lecture 1翻译概述
Christiane Nord
• ―Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.‖
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
― It is sometimes said that there is no
task more complex than translation --- a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any
Peter Newmark
• Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.
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翻译1Lecture One
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Our Focus
1. Translation Practice 2. Contrast Study between English and
Chinese 3. An Overview of Translation Theory in
China and abroad
翻译1Lecture One
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Ⅱ. A Brief Survey to Chinese Translation History(5 peaks)
1. Religious translation (3 phases)
A. Early stage (East Han—Sui Dynasty): near 570 Buddhist scriptures, foreigners as major translators.(安世高, 支谶,支谦,竺法护)
--《新编大学英译汉教程》，华先发，上海外语教育出版社，2004 – 《英汉翻译教程》，张培基，上海外语教育出版社，1980 – 《实用翻译教程》，范仲英，外语教育与研究出版社，1994 – 《中国翻译简史》，马祖毅，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998 – 《中国译学理论史稿》，陈福康，上海外语教育出版社，2000 – 《英汉对比研究》，连淑能，高等教育出版社，1993 – 《西方翻译简史》，谭载喜，商务印书馆，2004
翻译1Lecture One
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Teaching Plan：
1.总论 (4课时) • 翻译的定义，性质和分类 • 翻译的标准和原则 • 翻译过程 • 翻译史简介
翻译1Lecture One
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2.英汉语言的对比（8课时) • 形合与意合 • 聚集与流散 • 抽象与具体 • 间接与直接 • 主动与被动 • 人称与物称
– Translation Studies, Bassnett, Susan. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004(Chapter 2)
翻译1Lecture One
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• Demand：
– Attention – Active – Attitude
B. Middle stage(East Jin--- Sui Dynasty):3155 Buddhist scriptures,cooperation of foreigners and natives.(鸠摩罗什 ,道安，慧远，彦琮)
C. Later stage(Early --- Mid-Tang Dynasty): the peak of religious translation with natives as major translators.(玄奘)
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3.英译汉常用方法与技巧(16课时) • 1． 直译，意译与音译 • 2．词义的选择，引申与褒贬 • 3．词性转换 • 4． 增补 • 5． 省略 • 6． 重复 • 7． 肯定与否定
•
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4．句子的翻译 (12课时) • 1．名词性从句 • 2．状语从句 • 3．定语从句 • 4．长句
翻译1Lecture One
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• 5. 习语的翻译 (2课时) • 6. 颜色词的翻译(2课时) • 7. 英语修辞的翻译(4课时)
翻译1Lecture One
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Teaching Model
1. Teacher (framework) 2. Group Discussion(difficulties) 3. Individual Performance(practice ) 4. Extensive Reading(history and theories)
翻译1Lecture One
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Introduction
Ⅰ.Domains of translation studies • Internal study(core) (1) Theoretical framework (2) Nature, principles, criteria of translation (3) Translatability (4) Translation methods and skills (5) Art and style (6) Translated texts (7) . (8) . (9) .
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2. Eternal study (1) Relationship between translation and other disciplines
such as philosophy, sociology, culturology, linguistics, psychology, literature, computer science and so on. (2) Translation teaching (3) Translation criticism (4) Translators competence and training (5) Translation text books and reference books (6) Communication with oversea organizations (7) . (8) . (9) .
• Evaluation：
– Class participation, 5%; Class discussion, 5%; Homework & research, 40%
– Final examination, 50% (if there will be no exam, homework & res. will take 90%)
Translation Theory and Practice
Roger ,翻译1Lect Nhomakorabeare One
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Course Description
• Purpose：
basic ideas，basic skills， general survey, translation ability
• Textbook and references (books to read)：