生物专业英语 Photosynthesis
生物专业英语第二章光合作用与“植物”有关的文档
第五页，共六十八页。
What is photosynthesis ?
光合作用的意义:
①提供了物质来源和能量来源 ②维持大气中氧和二氧化碳含量的相对稳定
第十四页，共六十八页。
1864年(Nian)，萨克斯实验
淀(Dian)粉
与光合
第十五页，共六十八页。
黑暗处理 让一(Yi)张叶片一(Yi)半
一昼夜
曝光一半遮光
用碘蒸气处理 这片叶，发现 曝光的一半呈 深蓝(Lan)色， 遮光的一半则 没有颜色变化。
绿叶在光下制造淀粉
光合作用释放的O2来自CO2还是H2O？
and carnivores eat the herbivores. And these interactions form
food chains.
herbivore [ˈhɜ:bɪvɔ:(r)] carnivore[ˈkɑ:nɪvɔ:(r)]
光合作用是绿色植物将来自太阳的能量转化为化学能(糖)的过程。生态系统的“燃料”来 自太阳能。
第七页，共六十八页。
内(Nei)膜
外(Wai) 膜
光反(Fan)应 light reaction 暗反应 Dark reaction
类囊体(Ti)膜
第八页，共六十八页。
基质
Discovery
水 与(Yu)植物生长
第九页，共六十八页。
1771 普利斯特(Te)利（Pristly）实验
1771 年英国的普利斯特莱 （J.Pristly）通过植物和 动物之间进行气体交换的实 验，第一次成功地应用化学 的方法研究植物的生长，得 知 吸收二氧化碳、 同时放出氧气 与植物生长相关
植物的光合作用Photosynthesis
第三章植物的光合作用Photosynthesis in Plant一、名词解释：1.光合作用（photosynthesis） 2 .光合膜（photosynthetic membrane）3.量子效率(quantum efficiency) 4.荧光现象与磷光现象（Fluorecence and phosphorecence）5.反应中心色素reaction centre pigment 6.聚光色素light-harvesting pigment或antenna pigment（天线色素) 7 Primary reaction 原初反应8.光合反应中心(Photochemical reaction centre) 9.红降(red drop) 10.爱默生效应（Emerson effect）11.光系统（photosystem）12.光合链（photosynthetic reaction）13.PQ循环（PQ cycle） 14.光合磷酸化photosynthetic phosphorylation or photophosphorylation 15. 希尔反应16. 磷酸运转器17.同化能力（assimilatory power）18.碳同化CO2 assimilation in photosynthesis 19.卡尔文循环（C3途径，还原戊糖途径）C3 photosynthetic pathway (Calvin cycle, RPPP) 20.C4途径C4 photosynthetic pathway 21.景天科酸代谢Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway22.光呼吸（photorespiration） 23.光补偿点light compensation point(LCP) 24. light saturation point(LSP) 25.光合作用的光抑制Photoinhibition 26.二氧化碳补偿点CO2 compensation point27.二氧化碳饱和点CO2saturation point28.光合“午休现象”(midday depression of photosynthesis) 29.光能利用率Efficiency for solar energy utilization30.光合速率(photosynthetic rate)31.净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate，Pn)二、写出下列符号的中文名称PQ PC Fd NADP +RuBP PGAGAP DHAP FBP F6P G6P Ru5P PEPCAM TP HP OAA CF 1 - CF 0 PS ⅠPS ⅡBSC Mal FNR Rubico三、填空题1. 光合作用是一种氧化还原反应，在反应中被还原，被氧化。
Lesson-2-Photosynthesis 生物专业英语
Photosynthesis
Contents
• Warming–up • Words and phrases • Text Analysis • Simple exercise • Further references
Warming–up
人类对光合作用的科学研究至少已经进 行了300多年，最近100年来与光合作用有关 的研究已经获得了6次诺贝尔奖。时至今日， 仍有许多问题需要探索。
环式光合磷酸化：
从PSⅠ产生的电子，经过Fd和细胞色素b6/f
等后，引起了ATP的形成，降低能位，又经PC
回到原来的起点P700，形成tophosphorylation
n. 非环形光合磷酸化[作用]
Noncyclic photophosphorylation is coupled to noncyclic electron flow, the electrons being used to reduce NADP+ as well as to make ATP.
叶绿体中叶绿素的分布
5. Chloroplast [ 'klɔ(:)rəplɑ:st ]
n.叶绿体
A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.
叶绿体的形态与分布
叶绿体的结构
1 双层膜：内膜为选择 性屏障。
2 基质：CO2同化；淀 粉形成
3 基粒：由类囊体垛叠 而成的绿色颗粒。
生物工程专业英语翻译(第二章)
Lesson TwoPhotosynthesis内容：Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containing cells of green plants, algae藻, and certain protists 原生生物and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas 然而 cellular细胞的 respiration 呼吸is highly exergonic吸收能量的and releases energy, photosynthesis光合作用requires energy and is highly endergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。
细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。
Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split裂开 (oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of 在面前 light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
七年级生物知识点语音
七年级生物知识点语音生物是一门研究生命现象的学科，是自然科学的重要组成部分。
在学习生物的过程中，除了掌握各种概念和知识点，还要重视语音的学习。
本文将为大家介绍七年级生物知识点语音。
一、生物词汇语音生物学中的词汇很多都是由希腊和拉丁文词根组成的。
了解这些词汇的语音，可以更好地理解生物知识。
下面列举几个常见的例子：1. Photosynthesis（光合作用）：fəʊtəʊsɪnθəsɪs2. Chloroplast（叶绿体）：klɔːrəplæst3. Mitochondria（线粒体）：maɪtəʊkɒndrɪə4. Ecosystem（生态系统）：iːkəʊsɪstəm二、生物单位语音在生物学中，有很多单位名称需要掌握。
下面是几个常见的生物单位，它们的语音也需要掌握：1. Cell（细胞）：sel2. Chromosome（染色体）：krəʊməsəʊm3. Gene（基因）：dʒiːn4. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：diː en eɪ三、生物概念语音除了生物词汇和生物单位，还有很多生物概念需要学生掌握。
下面列举几个重要的生物概念，它们的语音也需要注意：1. Biodiversity（生物多样性）：baɪəʊdaɪvɜːrsɪti2. Adaptation（适应）：ədæpˈteɪʃən3. Evolution（进化）：ˌiːvəˈluːʃn4. Mutation（突变）：mjuːˈteɪʃən四、生物名词复数语音在生物学中，有很多名词需要掌握它们的复数形式，下面是一些重要的名词复数形式，它们的语音也需要掌握：1. Nucleus（核）：ˈnjuːklɪəs，nuclei（词尾-i，发音为aɪ）2. Bacterium（细菌）：bækˈtɪəriə，bacteria（词尾-a，发音为eɪ）3. Fungus（真菌）：ˈfʌŋɡəs，fungi（词尾-i，发音为aɪ）4. Vertebra（脊椎骨）：vɜːtɪbrə，vertebrae（词尾-e，发音为iː）结语：生物是一门不可或缺的自然科学，语音的掌握对于学生理解和记忆生物知识都有一定的帮助，希望本文能帮助大家更好地掌握生物知识。
光合作用名词解释英语
Photosynthesis: Explanation and Process In the field of biology, photosynthesis refers to the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. This vital process allows organisms to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis is essential for the existence of life on Earth, as it sustains the intricate food webs and maintains the overall balance of atmospheric gases.The Process of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis can be divided into two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle).Light-Dependent ReactionsThe first stage of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions, occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. These reactions rely on the presence of light and primarily involve the following steps:1.Absorption of Light: Chlorophyll and other pigments in chloroplastscapture photons from sunlight.2.Electron Transport Chain: The energy from absorbed light isharnessed to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are energy-richmolecules.3.Splitting of Water: Water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as abyproduct and providing electrons for the next step.4.Electron Flow: High-energy electrons, derived from water, flowthrough an electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the synthesis of ATP.Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)The light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma of chloroplasts. These reactions utilize the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The main steps of the Calvin cycle are as follows:1.Carbon Fixation: Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with a five-carboncompound called RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) to form an unstable six-carbon compound. This reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme called RuBisCO (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase).2.Reduction: The unstable compound formed in the previous step isconverted into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called PGA (3-phosphoglycerate). ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used in this process.3.Regeneration of RuBP: Some PGA molecules are converted back intoRuBP using additional ATP, while others continue in the cycle.4.Glucose Formation: After several rounds of the Calvin cycle, thethree-carbon molecules are rearranged and combined to form glucose, which can be stored or used for energy by the organism.Significance of PhotosynthesisOxygen ProductionPhotosynthesis is responsible for the continuous supply of oxygen to the Earth’s atmosphere. During the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This oxygen sustains aerobic respiration in organisms, enabling them to derive energy from glucose through the process of cellular respiration.Carbon Dioxide ReductionPhotosynthesis plays a crucial role in reducing the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Through the Calvin cycle, plants and other photosynthetic organisms utilize CO2 to produce glucose. This process helps in maintaining the balance of greenhouse gases, mitigating the impact of global climate change.Food ProductionPhotosynthesis is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems on Earth. Plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria serve as producers, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. This glucose provides the foundation of the food chain, as it is consumed by herbivores and subsequently transferred to carnivores and other higher trophic levels.Pharmaceutical and Industrial ApplicationsSeveral products obtained from photosynthetic organisms have significant pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Medicines, biofuels, and various natural products, such as rubber and dyes, are derived from plant or algal sources. Harnessing the processes and products of photosynthesis has the potential to contribute to sustainable development and the advancement of various industries.In conclusion, photosynthesis is a vital biological process that enables organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen. Its role in oxygen production, carbon dioxide reduction, food production, and various applications underscores its significance in sustaining life on Earth.。
常用生物学专业英语词汇同名
常用生物学专业英语词汇(同名19427)1.Biology - 生物学2.Cell - 细胞3.DNA - 脱氧核糖核酸4.RNA - 核糖核酸5.Gene - 基因6.Chromosome - 染色体7.Protein - 蛋白质8.Enzyme - 酶9.Mitosis - 有丝分裂10.Meiosis - 减数分裂11.Photosynthesis - 光合作用12.Respiration - 呼吸作用13.Evolution - 进化14.Adaptation - 适应15.Mutation - 突变16.Genetics - 遗传学17.Genotype - 基因型18.Phenotype - 表型19.Natural selection - 自然选择20.Ecology - 生态学21.Ecosystem - 生态系统22.Biodiversity - 生物多样性23.Conservation - 保护24.Endangered species - 濒危物种25.Extinction - 灭绝26.Classification - 分类27.Taxonomy - 分类学28.Kingdom - 界29.Phylum - 门30.Class - 纲31.Order - 目32.Family - 科33.Genus - 属34.Species - 种35.Anatomy - 解剖学36.Physiology - 生理学37.Microbiology - 微生物学38.Virology - 病毒学39.Immunology - 免疫学40.Biotechnology - 生物技术41.Genetic engineering - 基因工程42.Cloning - 克隆43.Stem cells - 干细胞44.Embryology - 胚胎学45.Developmental biology - 发育生物学46.Neurobiology - 神经生物学47.Botany - 植物学48.Zoology - 动物学49.Entomology - 昆虫学50.Marine biology - 海洋生物学51.Ornithology - 鸟类学52.Herpetology - 爬行动物学53.Mammalogy - 哺乳动物学54.Ecology - 生态学55.Population - 种群munity - 群落57.Ecosystem - 生态系统58.Habitat - 栖息地59.Food chain - 食物链60.Food web - 食物网61.Trophic level - 营养级62.Producer - 生产者63.Consumer - 消费者64.Decomposer - 分解者65.Mutualism - 互利共生66.Parasitism - 寄生mensalism - 共生68.Biome - 生物群落69.Tundra - 苔原70.Desert - 沙漠71.Grassland - 草原72.Forest - 森林73.Rainforest - 热带雨林74.Freshwater - 淡水75.Marine - 海洋76.Estuary - 河口77.Wetland - 湿地78.Adaptation - 适应79.Migration - 迁徙80.Hibernation - 冬眠81.Camouflage - 伪装82.Mimicry - 拟态83.Symbiosis - 共生84.Reproduction - 繁殖85.Asexual reproduction - 无性繁殖86.Sexual reproduction - 有性繁殖87.Fertilization - 受精88.Gamete - 配子89.Ovum - 卵子90.Sperm - 精子91.Pollination - 授粉92.Seed dispersal - 种子传播93.Germination - 发芽94.Growth - 生长95.Development - 发育96.Metabolism - 新陈代谢97.Homeostasis - 动态平衡98.Nervous system - 神经系统99.Digestive system - 消化系统100.Respiratory system - 呼吸系统。
生物专业英语(3)
• Light-dependent reactions 光反应 • Light-independent reactions 暗反应 • Noncyclic photophosphorylation 非环形光 合磷酸化 • Photon 光子
• • tion 光合磷酸化 Photorespiration 光呼吸 Photosynthesis 光合作用 Photosystem 光系统 Ribulose biphosphate 核酮糖二磷酸
Photophosphorylation
• The production of ATP using the energy of su n light is called phot ophosp ho ry la tion . • Only two sources of energy are available to living organisms: sunlight and reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. All organisms produce ATP, which is the universal energy currency of life. • In photophosphorylation, light energy is used to create a high-energy electron donor and a lowerenergy electron acceptor. Electrons then move spontaneously from donor to acceptor through an electron transport chain.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• It is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy；
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合 作用需要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
Cellular respiration
2019/6/3
9
Introduction
Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria.
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某 些原生生物和细菌之中。
From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration.
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
Whereas cellular respiration is highly exergonic and releases energy, photosynthesis requires energy and is highly endergonic.
Jan van Helmont (mid-17th century)
Discovery— 1771 Important year
• The air that had been "injured" by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant.
Discovery— 1782 & 1804
• 1782, Jean Senebier demonstrated that green plants consume CO2 and release O2 under the influence of light.
• 1804, Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO2 but also to the incorporation of H2O.
Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the form of molecular bonds.
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量 以分子键形式贮存。
• Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.
Photosynthesis [,fəʊtə(ʊ)'sɪnθɪsɪs] = φῶς (phōs, light) + σύνθεσις (synthesis, putting together)
Discovery— 1864
• J.V. Sachs demonstrated that the photosynthesis produce organism.
与光合作用相关的诺贝尔奖
Wilstatter(1915) 纯化叶绿素并阐明其结构； Fischer(1930s Emerson-光合单位) 叶绿素化学； Calvin等(1962) 阐明光合碳循环； Woodward(1965) 合成叶绿素分子； Mitchell(1978) ATP合成——化学渗透学说； Deisenhofer等(1988) 阐明光合细菌反应中心结构； Marcus(1992) 生命体系（包括光合作用）的电子传递 体系； Walker等(1997)ATP合酶的动态结构和反应机理；
…光…合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应！
Glossary
Photosynthesis [,fəʊtə(ʊ)'sinθisis] n.光合作用 Chlorophyll ['klɔːrəfil] n.叶绿素 Protist ['prəʊtist] n.原生生物 Exergonic [,ɛksɚ'gɑnik] a.放能的 Endergonic [,ɛndɚ'gɑnik] a.吸能的 Chloroplast ['klɔrəplæst] n.叶绿体 Thylakoid ['θailəkɒid] n.类囊体
Josminister)
Discovery— 1779
• Repeated Priestley's experiments and discovered that it was the influence of sunlight.
Jan Ingenhousz
Discovery— mid-17th century
• Measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew.
• After noticing that the soil mass changed very little, he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water.