生物专业英语试题及答案

16、Nanogenerator
纳米发电机（答为“纳米发动机、纳米电机、纳米发生器、纳米生产器”，也得1分）。
17、Systems biology
系统生物学。
18、DNA sequencer
DNA测序仪[答为“DNA测序（器、机）、DNA序列仪（器）”也得1分，答为DNA序列，仅得0.5分]。
19、Neurodegenerative diseases
Summary
The sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
3、MOE
主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactoryepithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4
犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior
13、Nanotechnology
纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。阳光大学生网
14、Renewable energy
可再生能源（量）（答为“可更新能源、再生能源”，或意思相近者，也得1分）。
15、Biomechanical energy
生物机械能（答为“生物力能、生物力学能”也得1分，而“生物化学能、生物能”，则得0.5分）
2. Kin Recognition（10分）
Many organisms, from sea squirts to primates, can identify their relatives. Understanding how and why they do so has prompted new thinking about the evolution of social behavior by David W. Pfennig and Paul W. Sherman Kinship is a basic organizing principle of all societies. Humans possess elaborate means by which to identify relatives, such as using surnames and maintaining detailed genealogies.
2004年诺贝尔生理或医学奖新闻稿（发布公告）
2004年10月4日
卡罗琳斯卡研究所的诺贝尔大会于今天已经决定将2004年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖共同授予理查德·阿克塞尔和琳达·巴克是因为（以表彰）他们在“气味受体和嗅觉系统的组织”的发现
摘要
1.2第1段汉化（4分）:
长期以来，嗅觉仍是人类感觉中最神秘的。识别和记忆大约1万种不同气味的基本原理并未被理解。今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者解决了这一问题，并用一系列开创性的研究工作，阐明了我们的嗅觉系统如何工作（的原理）。他们发现了一个庞大的基因家族，它由1千种不同的基因组成（占人类基因组数目的百分之三），因而产生相同数量的嗅觉受体类型。这些受体位于嗅觉受体细胞上，它们占据了小面积的鼻上皮上部，并且在此感知吸入的气味分子。
Richard Axel, New York, USA, and Linda Buck, Seattle, USA, published the fundamental paper jointly in 1991, in which they described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors. Axel and Buck have since worked independent of each other, and they havein several elegant, often parallel, studies clarified the olfactory system, from the molecular level to the organization of the cells.
Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Our olfactory receptor cells are therefore highly specialized for a few odours. The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct micro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain. Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus. From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern. Therefore, we can consciously experience the smell of a lilac flower in the spring and recall this olfactory memory at other times.
社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得1分）。
6、Monogamy
一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得1分）
7、Vasopressin
加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得0.5分）。
8、Oxytocin
催产素。
9、Kin recognition
亲属识别。
10、Autism
自闭症/孤独症。
11、NIH
Mechanisms for distinguishing kin also occur throughout the plant and animal kingdoms regardless of an organism’s social or mental complexity, in creatures as diverse as wildflowers and wasps. Scientists are beginning to discover that an understanding of the origin and mechanisms of kin recognition offers fresh insights into such diverse topics as how living things choose their mates, how they learn and how their immune system works.
1.3第2段汉化（5分）:
每个嗅觉受体细胞只拥有一种类型的气味受体，而每种受体可以感知（探测）种数有限的气味物质。因此，我们的嗅觉受体细胞对于一些特定气味则是高度专化的。这些细胞发出细长的神经突起直接到达嗅球的不同微域—嗅小球，而嗅球是大脑的初级嗅觉区域。拥有同种受体的受体细胞发出它们的神经突起（即轴突神经）到达同种嗅小球。从嗅球的这些微域中，信息是被进一步传达至大脑的其他部位，在那里来自几种嗅觉受体的信息相结合，从而形成一个嗅觉模式（格局）。因此，我们能够在春天自觉体验丁香花的气味，并在以后时间里回味这些（美好的）嗅觉记忆。
BELDING’S GROUND SQUIRRELS live in groups in which mothers, daughters and sisters cooperate extensively. By using odors, the squirrels can distinguish familiar nestmates, who are close kin, from nonnestmates. They can also discriminate between full sisters and half sisters.