生物专业英语试题附答案
2020-2021大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷B(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》课程考试试卷B(答案一律填在答题纸上)一、单词翻译（中英文互译，共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1．核苷、核苷酸2. 基因型、表现型3. 染色质、染色体4. 菌丝、菌丝体5．受精、杂种不育性6．heterozygous \ homozygous7．exponential growth curve\logistic growth curve8．gene amplification \ semiconservative replication9. meiosis \mitosis10.centromere \centriole二．判断题（每题1分，共12分）1. Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2. Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.3. Plant cells have the most prominent centrioles.4. Homozygous organisms produce only one type of gamete for a gene.5. Not all organisms exhibit semiconservative replication.6. The sequence of bases on the DNA molecule carries the geneticinformation.7. The first living cells were probably aerobic heterotrophs.8. The first cells could not have appeared without the protection of theozone layer.9. Most basidiomycetes undergo asexual reproduction.10. Prior to fertilization, the egg’s electrical charge is positive.11. A phylogeny traces lines of descent.12. Competition and predation are examples of dendity-dependent factors. 三、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）(1) Wide-ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced some surprising findings. One indicates that cheddar may actually inhibit the tooth-decay process. It seems to have decay-slowing effect on human teeth if it is eaten immediately after sugar. Why cheese should have such an effect is unknown. It is speculated that the food might interfere with the acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that produce the acid. If so, it would be the first common food found to have this useful property. The other surprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cereals proved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eight percent sugar or almost eight times that much.1. According to the passage, how many of the test results wereunexpected?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Eight2. According to the passage, what effect does cheddar cheese seemto have?A.It interferes with the function of teeth.B.It makes sugar taste sweeter.C.It decreases the rate at which teeth decay.D.It helps in the digestion of food.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the research on therelationship between cheese and tooth_______.A. has been discreditedB. will be slowed considerablyC. has been found to be conclusiveD. will be continued4. Researchers discovered that sweetened cereals were______.A. important nutritionallyB. all surprisingly heavy in sugarC. more expensive than cheeseD. all equally harmful to teeth(2) Insect,s lives are very short and they have many enemies, but they must survive long enough to breed and perpetuate their kind. The less insect like they look, the better their chance of survival. To look “inedible”by resembling or imitating plants, is a deception widely practiced by insects .Mammals rarely use this type of camouflage, butThe stick caterpillar is well named. It is hardly distinguishable from a brown or green twig. This caterpillar is quite common and can be found almost anywhere in North America. It is also called “measuring worm” of “inchworm”. It walks by arching its body, then stretching out and grasping the branch with its front feet, then looping its body again to bring the hind feet forward. When danger threatens, the stick caterpillar stretches its body away from the branch at an angle and remains rigid and still, like a twig, until the danger has passed.Walkingsticks, or stick insects, do not have to assume a rigid, twiglike pose to find protection, they look like inedible twigs in any position. There are many kinds of walkingsticks, ranging in size from the few inches of the North American variety to some tropical species that may be over a foot long. When at rest their front legs are stretched out. Some of the tropical species are adorned with spines or ridges, imitating the thorny bushes or trees in which they live.Leaves also seem to be a favorite object for insects to imitate. Many butter flies can suddenly disappear from view by folding their wings and sitting quietly among the foliage that they resemble.1.What is the main subject of the passage?A.Catepillars that live in treesB.The feeding habits of insectsC.How some insects camouflage themselvesD.Insects that are threatened with extinction2.In lines 1, the word “enemies”refers to______.A.other creatures competing for spaceB.extreme weather conditionsC.creatures that eat insectsD.inedible insects3.According to the passage, how does the stick caterpillar make itself look like a twig?A.By holding its body stiff and motionlessB.By looping itself around a stickC.By changing the color of its skinD.By laying its body flat against a branch4.Which of the following is true of stick insects?A.They resemble their surroundings all the time.B.They make themselves look like other insects.C.They are camouflaged only when walking.D.They change color to make themselves invisible.5.Which of the following are not mentioned in the passage as objectsthat are imitated as a means of protection?A. ThornsB.FlowersC.LeavesD.Sticks6.In which paragraph does the author describe the way in which stickcaterpillars move?A.Paragraph oneB.Paragraph twoC.Paragraph threeD.Paragraph four(3) Most animals use more than one species as food. Therefore, theterm “food web”is a better description of food relationships than“food chain”. A food web is a complex feeding system that containsseveral food chains. For example, mice, rabbits, and deer eat plants.owls eat mice and rabbits. Mountain lions eat rabbits and deer. Thesefive species are parts of food chains that together form a food web.The first link in a food chain is always a green plant. Only organismswith chlorophyll, such as green plants can make food. for example,the first link aquatic food chains is algae. Most algae are microscopicgreen plants that produce food by photosynthesis. In photosynthesis,energy from sunlight converts carbon dioxide and water to sugar. Tinyfish in lakes, streams and oceans eat algae. In turn, these tiny fishare eaten by larger fish. The larger fish are eaten by still largerfish. The food supply for fish is made by algae. This food is thenpassed through the food chains as one animal eats another.Organisms may be divided into three groups based on how they obtainfood. These groups are producers, decomposer and consumer. Organismscontaining chlorophyll are producers. thus, green plants are producers. Animals that eat other animals and plants as consumers. Microbes, one-celled organisms that cause the decay of dead plantsand animals are decomposers. Since decomposers cannot make their ownfood, they are also consumers.1.The main purpose of the passage is to_______.A.determine which food chain is the most efficientB.describe the food network among plants and animalsC.explain the process of photosynthesis in green plantsD.appeal to conservationists to protect endangered plant species2.According to the author, what is a “food web”?______A. A complicated system of several food chainsB. A society that distributes foodC. The relationship of one green plants to anotherD. The device that spiders use to catch food3. Which of the following would most likely be the first link in a food chain?_____A. TermitesB. FishC. LionsD. Grass4. The author divides organisms according to______.A. how they use up energyB. how they obtain foodC. how much energy they require in order to moveD. whether they live on the land or in the sea5. Which of the following organism could not be a consumer as described in the passage?A. a microbeB. a rabbitC. a treeD. a fish(4) Lichens can be spectacular for anyone who cares to look ,but few people take the trouble. Often modestly colored and seemingly two-dimensional as they cling to whatever surface they find, they grow in the background; as though designed to be ignored. Yet they hold a special fascination for botanists, partly because they present mysteries still to be solved and partly because they do so many things so well.No casual observer of a lichen would ever suspect that it was a composite of interacting life forms. The seemingly uncomplicated lichen is actually composed of a fungus and a colony of algae (or blue green algae, which some scientists now consider to be bacteria). A few species even include all three of these diverse forms of life. A complete lichen is strikingly different from its separated partners in both appearance and biochemistry; many produce unique compounds which cannot be made by the component organisms alone.Lichens grow in almost every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests—even on the back of certain beetles in New Guinea and inside rocks(along with algae) in the otherwise barren dry valleys of Antarctica.Many species can not tolerate extreme heat, cold or dryness. Very few, however, can survive heavy air pollution, and many live only where the air is very clean. The disappearance of lichens from an area gives warning of a threatened environment.1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?_____A. The versatility and complexity of the lowly lichenB. The hidden characteristics of algae coloniesC. The disappearance of the lichen speciesD. The habitats of spectacular fungi2. The author states that lichens grow “as though designed to be ignored” because theyare______.A. not totally understood by botanistsB. troublesome to collect for the purposes of studyC. uncomplicated in their internal structureD. not easily noticed by observers3. According to the author, most people are unaware that lichen is a____.A. leafy plantB. class of simple bacteriaC. two-dimensional life formD. Combination of organisms4. The “unique”compounds mentioned in the second paragraph are produced_____.A. through the cooperative efforts of the lichen’s partsB. only under laboratory conditionsC. through one of the three possible processesD. once in the lichen’s life cycle5. The author implies that lichens might be used to____.A. find water sourcesB. destroy unwanted plant lifeC. test for air purityD. provide food in remote areas四、短文翻译（第1题18分，第2题20分,共38分）1．Difference Between Prokaryotes and EukaryotesTwo major classes of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, exist in nature and both types are used in industrial fermentation processes. The cellular properties of the two types are different.Bacterial cells belong to prokaryotes, and fungal yeast, animal and plant cells belong to eukaryotes. Both are used in fermentation processes.Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane, nuclear DNA is associated with proteins and exists as a definite structures celled chromosomes. The cells also contain other structures or organelles having specific physiological or biochemical functions, such as mitochondria（线粒体） and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm（原生质）and plasma membrane of prokaryotes.In contrast, prokaryotes lack a well-defined nucleus so that thegenetic material in the form of double stranded DNA is not separated from Array other cell constituents by its own membrane. These cells also lack other specialized organelles present in eukaryotes. Bacteria may contain small DNA fragments (called plasmids) in addition to the single major genome.2．载体是一个复制子，其基因可保留在寄主细胞内，载体包括质粒和寄主于细菌的噬菌体。
生物英文考试题及答案详解
生物英文考试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. MoleculeAnswer: D. MoleculeExplanation: Molecules are the building blocks of cells but are not considered a basic unit of life. Cells, tissues, and organs are all composed of cells and are essential for life processes.2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. FermentationC. PhotosynthesisD. TranspirationAnswer: C. PhotosynthesisExplanation: Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.二、填空题1. The genetic material in all living organisms is either _______ or _______.Answer: DNA; RNAExplanation: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information in living organisms.2. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg to a mature individual is called _______.Answer: DevelopmentExplanation: Development refers to the series of changes that occur in an organism from the time of fertilization until it reaches maturity.三、简答题1. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.Explanation: The primary distinction between these two types of cells is the presence or absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes, including plants and animals, have their genetic material enclosedwithin a nuclear membrane.四、论述题1. Discuss the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.Answer: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule responsible for carrying genetic information in all living organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up with each other (A with T, and C with G) to form a double helix structure. The sequence of these bases along the DNA molecule encodes the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. During reproduction, DNA is replicated and passed on to offspring, ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.结束语：This examination paper has covered a range of topics in biology, from basic concepts to more complex processes, aiming to test the students' understanding and application of biological knowledge. It is hoped that through this test, students can identify areas for improvement and continue to deepen their study of biology.。
生物专业英语试题及答案
生物专业英语试题及答案一、词汇题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个单词表示“细胞分裂”？A. Cell divisionB. Cell fusionC. Cell differentiationD. Cell metabolism答案：A2. “基因”在英文中的正确表达是？A. GeneB. GenusC. GenotypeD. Genomics答案：A3. 哪个术语与“光合作用”相关？A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Anaerobic respiration答案：A4. “遗传工程”的英文表达是什么？A. Genetic engineeringB. Genetic mutationC. Genetic selectionD. Genetic variation答案：A5. “酶”的英文单词是？A. EnzymeB. HormoneC. ProteinD. Lipid答案：A6. “生态系统”在英文中如何表达？A. EcosystemB. BiosystemC. EcosystemsD. Biosphere答案：A7. “进化”的英文对应词是？A. EvolutionB. DevolutionC. InvolutionD. Revolution答案：A8. “克隆”在生物学中的英文术语是什么？A. CloningB. CopyingC. DuplicationD. Replication答案：A9. “物种”的英文单词是？A. SpeciesB. GenusC. VarietyD. Type答案：A10. “微生物”的英文表达是？A. MicroorganismB. MacroorganismC. OrganismD. Microbe答案：A二、阅读理解题（每题5分，共30分）阅读以下段落，并回答问题。
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and bioprocesses to develop or make products. It involves the use of organisms, cells, and cellular components to research and produce goods and services. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rarediseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.11. 根据段落，生物技术涉及哪些方面？A. 使用生物和生物过程开发产品B. 仅使用生物过程C. 仅使用生物D. 使用生物和非生物过程答案：A12. 现代生物技术提供了哪些突破性的产品和技术？A. 治疗罕见疾病B. 减少环境影响C. 提供食物D. 所有上述选项答案：D13. 根据段落，生物技术如何帮助环境？A. 减少环境足迹B. 增加污染C. 加剧气候变化D. 消耗更多资源答案：A14. 生物技术如何帮助解决饥饿问题？A. 提供更少的食物B. 提供更多的食物C. 提高食物价格D. 降低食物质量答案：B15. 生物技术在工业制造中的作用是什么？A. 提高效率B. 降低安全性C. 增加污染D. 减少清洁度答案：A三、完形填空题（每题3分，共15分）阅读以下短文，从所给选项中选择最合适的一项填入空白处。
大学英语生物学考试试题及答案
大学英语生物学考试试题及答案考试试题：Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (共50题，每题1分，共50分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案，并将选项的字母代号填涂在答题卡相应的位置。
1. Which of the following is the study of relationships between organisms and their environments?A. PhysiologyB. GeneticsC. EcologyD. Evolution2. What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?A. Synthesis of lipidsB. Protein synthesisC. Cell divisionD. Energy production3. Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP in eukaryotic cells?A. MitochondriaB. Endoplasmic reticulumC. NucleusD. Golgi apparatus4. Which of the following is responsible for the transportation of water and nutrients in plants?A. PhloemB. XylemC. StomataD. Chloroplasts5. What is the function of the respiratory system in humans?A. Regulation of body temperatureB. Production of hormonesC. Exchange of gasesD. Elimination of waste products...Section B: Short Answer Questions (共5题，每题10分，共50分)根据题目要求回答问题，并将答案写在答题卡上。
生物学英语复试题及答案
生物学英语复试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. ReproductionB. GrowthC. Response to stimuliD. Inanimate objects2. What is the basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. Organ system3. What is the process by which organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. FermentationD. Cellular respiration4. Which of the following is not a type of symbiotic relationship?A. MutualismB. CommensalismC. ParasitismD. Competition5. What is the term for the study of the structure of organisms?A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. EcologyD. Taxonomy6. What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?A. Protein synthesisB. DNA replicationC. Energy productionD. Cell wall synthesis7. What is the term for the process by which new speciesevolve from existing ones?A. AdaptationB. Natural selectionC. SpeciationD. Genetic drift8. Which of the following is not a type of genetic mutation?A. DeletionB. InsertionC. DuplicationD. Mitosis9. What is the term for the study of the diversity of life on Earth?A. BiodiversityB. BiotechnologyC. BioinformaticsD. Biogeography10. What is the process by which organisms obtain nutrients from their environment?A. IngestionB. AssimilationC. DigestionD. Absorption二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The scientific method involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and then drawing ________.2. The genetic material in cells is composed of molecules called ________.3. The process by which organisms produce offspring that are similar to themselves is known as ________.4. In an ecosystem, the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is called ________.5. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment is known as ________.6. The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element is called a(n) ________.7. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is called ________.8. The study of the classification of organisms based ontheir evolutionary relationships is known as ________.9. The process by which organisms break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones is called ________.10. The study of the nervous system, including the brain,spinal cord, and nerves, is known as ________.三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.2. Describe the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.3. Discuss the importance of biodiversity for ecosystems.4. Explain how natural selection contributes to the evolution of species.四、论述题（20分）Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and its potential ethical concerns.答案：一、选择题1. D2. A3. B4. D5. A6. C7. C8. D9. A10. A二、填空题1. Conclusions2. DNA3. Reproduction4. Energy flow5. Ecology6. Atom7. Absorption8. Phylogenetics9. Catabolism10. Neuroscience三、简答题1. Asexual reproduction involves a single organism producing offspring that are genetically identical to itself, while sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two organisms to produce offspring with a mix of traits from both parents.2. DNA carries the genetic information that determines the traits of an organism. It is passed down from parents to offspring during reproduction, allowing for the inheritance of specific characteristics.3. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystems as it contributes to their stability, resilience, and ability to adapt to changes. It also supports a wide range of ecosystem services that are essential for human well-being.4. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, this leads to the evolution of species as traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common.四、论述题Genetic engineering has revolutionized modern agriculture byenabling the development of crops with desirable traits such as disease resistance, pest resistance, and higher yields. However, it also raises ethical concerns regarding the potential impact on biodiversity, the possibility of creating "superweeds" or "superbugs," and the long-term health effects of genetically modified organisms on humans and the environment. It。
生物专业英语试题及答案
纳米发电机（答为“纳米发动机、纳米电机、纳米发生器、纳米生产器”，也得1分）。
17、Systems biology
系统生物学。
18、DNA sequencer
DNA测序仪[答为“DNA测序（器、机）、DNA序列仪（器）”也得1分，答为DNA序列，仅得0.5分]。
19、Neurodegenerative diseases
Summary
The sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
生物医学英语试题及答案
生物医学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common type of cancer in the world?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Prostate cancerD. Colorectal cancer答案：A2. The term "pathogen" refers to:A. A substance that causes diseaseB. A person who has a diseaseC. An organism that causes diseaseD. A symptom of a disease答案：C3. What is the primary function of red blood cells?A. To carry oxygenB. To fight infectionsC. To clot bloodD. To regulate body temperature答案：A4. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: thecentral nervous system and the:A. Peripheral nervous systemB. Autonomic nervous systemC. Sympathetic nervous systemD. Parasympathetic nervous system答案：A5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral infection?A. Presence of bacteria in the bloodB. Inflammation of the heartC. Infection by a virusD. Infection by a fungus答案：C6. The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels is:A. InsulinB. Thyroid hormoneC. CortisolD. Adrenaline答案：A7. What is the term for the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment?A. HomeostasisB. MetabolismC. Circadian rhythmD. Immunity答案：A8. The largest organ in the human body is:A. The brainB. The liverC. The skinD. The heart答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?A. Muscle tissueB. Nervous tissueC. Epithelial tissueD. Cartilage答案：D10. The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called:A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. ApoptosisD. Cytokinesis答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The study of the structure of organisms is called__________.答案：anatomy2. The process by which cells extract energy from nutrients is known as __________.答案：metabolism3. The basic unit of heredity is the __________.答案：gene4. The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and blood vessels is called __________.答案：cardiology5. The hormone that stimulates the growth and development of bones and muscles is __________.答案：growth hormone6. The study of the causes and effects of diseases is called __________.答案：pathology7. The body's response to injury or infection is known as__________.答案：inflammation8. The process by which the body gets rid of waste products is called __________.答案：excretion9. The largest gland in the human body is the __________.答案：liver10. The study of the nervous system is called __________.答案：neurology三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the role of the immune system in defending the body against infections.答案：The immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections by recognizing and eliminating harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and otherforeign substances. It consists of various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. When a pathogen enters the body, the immune system responds by activating white blood cells and producing antibodies that target and neutralize the invaders. This response helps to prevent the spread of infection and promotes healing and recovery.2. Describe the process of respiration in humans.答案：Respiration in humans is a process that involves the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It consists of two main stages: inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, then travels down the trachea and into the bronchi, which branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, where itbinds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and forcing the carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This cycle of inhal。
2024年高中生物会考题目及解答英文版
2024年高中生物会考题目及解答英文版2024 High School Biology Exam Questions and Answers1. What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?- Answer: The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.2. Describe the process of photosynthesis.- Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.3. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?- Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is a form of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells.4. Explain the role of enzymes in biological reactions.- Answer: Enzymes act as catalysts in biological reactions, speeding up the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.5. How does the circulatory system function in the human body?- Answer: The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels, and blood.6. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems.- Answer: Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining the balance of ecosystems, as it increases the resilience of the environment and provides various ecological services.7. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?- Answer: DNA is a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that helps in protein synthesis.8. Describe the process of protein synthesis.- Answer: Protein synthesis involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form proteins.9. Explain how natural selection leads to evolution.- Answer: Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.10. What is the role of the immune system in the human body?- Answer: The immune system protects the body from pathogens and foreign invaders by recognizing and destroying them through a complex network of cells and proteins.This document provides a brief overview of the 2024 High School Biology exam questions and answers, covering various topics in the field of biology.。
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生物专业英语试题及答案一、将下列英文术语或缩写译为合乎学术规范的中文术语：1、Odorant receptor气味受体（气味感受器、嗅觉受体、嗅觉感受器也得1分；仅答受体或感受器，则得0.5分）。
2、Differentially expressed gene差异化表达基因（答为“不同表达基因”，仅得0.5分）。
3、MOE主要嗅（觉）上皮[答为“嗅（觉）上皮”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分]。
4、VNO4犁鼻器（答为“信息素外周感受器”也得1分；若写出其英文术语全称“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。
5、Social behavior社会行为（答为“社群行为、社交行为”也得1分）。
6、Monogamy一夫一妻制（答为“一雄一雌制、单配制”也得1分）7、Vasopressin加压素（答为“抗利尿素”仅得0.5分）。
8、Oxytocin催产素。
9、Kin recognition亲属识别。
10、Autism自闭症/孤独症。
11、NIH(美国)国家(立)卫生研究院(所)(若写出其英文术语全称NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。
12、HHMI霍华德·休斯医学研究所(若写出其英文术语全称HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute也得分；或者译为Howard Hughes 医学研究所，也得全分)。
13、Nanotechnology纳米技术（纳米科技、奈米技术、奈米科技）。
阳光大学生网14、Renewable energy可再生能源（量）（答为“可更新能源、再生能源”，或意思相近者，也得1分）。
15、Biomechanical energy生物机械能（答为“生物力能、生物力学能”也得1分，而“生物化学能、生物能”，则得0.5分）16、Nanogenerator纳米发电机（答为“纳米发动机、纳米电机、纳米发生器、纳米生产器”，也得1分）。
17、Systems biology系统生物学。
18、DNA sequencerDNA测序仪[答为“DNA测序（器、机）、DNA序列仪（器）”也得1分，答为DNA序列，仅得0.5分]。
19、Neurodegenerative diseases神经退行性病（若答为“神经系统退行性疾病”或者“神经系统退化性疾病”，也得1）。
20、Amygdala杏仁核（答为“杏仁体”，也得1分）。
将英语短文译为中文:（4篇短文，每个小题的标题也要翻译，各为20、10、10、10分，共50分）1. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004”Press Release（20分）4 October 2004The Nobel Assemblyat Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004 jointly toRichard Axel and Linda B. Buckfor their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"SummaryThe sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Our olfactory receptor cells are therefore highly specialized for a few odours. The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct micro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain. Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus. From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern. Therefore, we can consciously experience the smell of a lilac flower in the spring and recall this olfactory memory at other times.Richard Axel, New York, USA, and Linda Buck, Seattle, USA, published the fundamental paper jointly in 1991, in which they described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors. Axel and Buck have since worked independent of each other, and they have in several elegant, often parallel, studies clarified the olfactory system, from the molecular level to the organization of the cells.2004年诺贝尔生理或医学奖新闻稿（发布公告）2004年10月4日卡罗琳斯卡研究所的诺贝尔大会于今天已经决定将2004年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖共同授予理查德·阿克塞尔和琳达·巴克是因为（以表彰）他们在“气味受体和嗅觉系统的组织”的发现摘要1.2 第1段汉化（4分）:长期以来，嗅觉仍是人类感觉中最神秘的。
识别和记忆大约1万种不同气味的基本原理并未被理解。
今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者解决了这一问题，并用一系列开创性的研究工作，阐明了我们的嗅觉系统如何工作（的原理）。
他们发现了一个庞大的基因家族，它由1千种不同的基因组成（占人类基因组数目的百分之三），因而产生相同数量的嗅觉受体类型。
这些受体位于嗅觉受体细胞上，它们占据了小面积的鼻上皮上部，并且在此感知吸入的气味分子。
1.3 第2段汉化（5分）:每个嗅觉受体细胞只拥有一种类型的气味受体，而每种受体可以感知（探测）种数有限的气味物质。
因此，我们的嗅觉受体细胞对于一些特定气味则是高度专化的。
这些细胞发出细长的神经突起直接到达嗅球的不同微域—嗅小球，而嗅球是大脑的初级嗅觉区域。
拥有同种受体的受体细胞发出它们的神经突起（即轴突神经）到达同种嗅小球。
从嗅球的这些微域中，信息是被进一步传达至大脑的其他部位，在那里来自几种嗅觉受体的信息相结合，从而形成一个嗅觉模式（格局）。
因此，我们能够在春天自觉体验丁香花的气味，并在以后时间里回味这些（美好的）嗅觉记忆。
1.4 第3段汉化（3分）:来自美国纽约理查德·阿克塞尔，和来自美国西雅图的琳达·巴克，于1991年共同发表了那篇奠基性论文，在该文中他们描述（报道）了具有大约1千种气味受体基因的一个巨大家族。
自那以后，Axel（人名可不译，照搬即可）和Buck各自独立开展研究，而且取得了若干漂亮的、往往是平行的研究成果，从分子水平到细胞构成，阐明了嗅觉系统（的结构和原理）2. Kin Recognition （10分）Many organisms, from sea squirts to primates, can identify their relatives. Understanding how and why they do so has prompted new thinking about the evolution of social behavior by David W. Pfennig and Paul W. Sherman Kinship is a basic organizing principle of all societies. Humans possess elaborate means by which to identify relatives, such as using surnames and maintaining detailed genealogies.Mechanisms for distinguishing kin also occur throughout the plant and animal kingdoms regardless of an organism’s social or mental complexity, in creatures as diverse as wildflowers and wasps. Scientists are beginning to discover that an understanding of the origin and mechanisms of kin recognition offers fresh insights into such diverse topics as how living things choose their mates, how they learn and how their immune system works.BELDING’S GROUND SQUIRRELS live in groups in which mothers, daughters and sisters cooperate extensively. By using odors, the squirrels can distinguish familiar nestmates, who are close kin, from nonnestmates. They can also discriminate between full sisters and half sisters.亲属识别许多生物，从海鞘以灵长类动物，可以识别其亲属。