生物专业英语1 (1)
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生物专业英语1
他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books. 我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books.
汉语的“我”、“你”、“他”没有形式变化， 同一个词可以表示主宾或所有格；“书”没有形式 变化，可以表示单数或复数；动词“给”也没有形 式变化，可以表示现在、过去或已完成的行为，但 英语却有。
现代英语的形态变化主要是动词的变化和名词、 代词、形容词及副词，以及上述的词缀变化。 这些变化有：性(gender)、数(number)、格 (case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、 语气(mood)、人称(person)、 比较级(degree of comparison)、和词性(parts of speech)等。有了这些变化，一个词或词组常常 可以同时表达几种语法意义。
(一)、综合语与分析语 Analytic） （Synthetic VS Analytic）
综合语的特点是运用形态变化来表达语言关 系，拉丁语、德语及古英语属代表 分析语的特点为不同形态变化而用词序及虚 词来表达语法关系，汉语为典型的分析语
现代英语是从古英语发展而来，仍然保留着 综合语的某些特点，但也具有分析语的特点。有 形态变化，但不像典型的综合语那么复杂；词序 比汉语灵活，但相对固定；虚词多，用的也相当 频繁。现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式 (hereditary inflection）、相对固定的词序及 丰富的虚词来表达语法关系属综合—分析语 （synthetic-analytic language）。
一、英汉对比学习的 重要性
要学好外语，必须了解其特点，要了解其特点, 最有效的方法是与母语的特点比较。 对比分析(contrastive analysis)方法，特别 是两种语言和文化的对比分析，有利于学生预 防和排除母语的干扰，克服盲目性，增强自觉 性，达到运用外语的目的。
生物专业英语上传PPT精选文档
4
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
生物科学专业英语第一课
Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.
Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity.
Myosin 肌球蛋白 A protein that, with actin, constitutes the
principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.
Nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜 A double membrane (two lipid bilayers
and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleous. Nucleoid 核质体 The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded.
Stroma 子座，基质
Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
Plastid 质体
生物专业英语第一章
20. mega Megaspore Megabasse Megakaryocyte Megavolt Megalopolitan 21. macro macrophage macrogamete macroelement macromolecular
巨大,兆,百万 大孢子, 兆碱基 巨核细胞 兆伏 特大城市 大,巨大,多 巨噬细胞 大配子 常量元素 大分子
细胞中的亚器官
• Chloroplast['klɔ:rəuplæst] 叶绿体 A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.
17. Nano nanosecond nanometer 18. demi,hemi,semi demibariel hemicerebrum semiopaque semi-allel 19. holo holoenzyme holoprotein holocrine
十亿分之一,毫微,纳 十亿分之一秒 纳米 半 半桶 大脑半球 半透明 半等位基因 全,整体,完全 全酶 全蛋白 全(质分)泌
10.-ic 加在外来词根的名词上,构成形容词specific特异 的,magnetic磁性的,aerobic需氧的,pubic耻骨的, oxytocic催产的,催产剂,therapeutic治疗的, dramatic戏剧性的 11.-ish 加在颜色的形容词上,表示略带...色reddish带 红色的,微红的,yellowish带黄色的, 12.-ive 由动词构成形容词relative有关的,相关的 congestive充血性 13.-less 表示没有...的useless无用的,lifeless无生命 的,hopeless绝望的,医治不好的,fruitless无 效的,无益的.
生物技术专业英语
21）macro
macrophage macrogamete macroelement macromolecular
大，巨大，多
巨噬细胞； 大配子； 常量元素； 大分子；
19
22）poly, multi, mult
polyacrylate polymerase multichain multinucleate multicistroninano
十亿分之一，毫微，纳
十亿分之一秒； 纳米；
nanosecond nanometer
17
18）demi, hemi, semi
demibariel hemicerebrum semiopaque semi-allele semi-conductor
半
半桶； 大脑半球； 半透明； 半等位基因； 半导体；
2）bi, di, dipl, twi, du
bicolor dichromatic diplobacillus dikaryon twin dual
二，双，两，偶
双色； 双色的； 双杆菌； 双核体； 孪生； 双重的；
10
3）tri
三，丙
三角； 三酰甘油； 三羧酸循环；
triangle triacylglycerol tricarboxylic acid cycle
分米； 十分之一克；
14）centi
centipoise
百分之一
百分之一泊(粘度单位)
15）milli
millimole milliliter
千分之一，毫
毫摩（尔）； 毫升；
16
16）micro
百万分之一，微，微小，微量
微克； 微生物； 微生态学； 微量移液器；
生物专业英语 lesson 1 inside the living cell(课堂PPT)
Lesson One
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
Contents
Warming–up Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises Additional Information
6. cytoplasm n.胞质
7. centriole
n. 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
参考翻译
1.细胞质：动力工厂 与生命相关的大部分特性都来自于胞质中。
绝大多数细胞都由这种质膜包被的半流体胞质组 成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由丝状的细 胞骨架所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋 白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流 体中。
2. The Nucleus: Information Central
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
Contents
Warming–up Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises Additional Information
6. cytoplasm n.胞质
7. centriole
n. 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
参考翻译
1.细胞质：动力工厂 与生命相关的大部分特性都来自于胞质中。
绝大多数细胞都由这种质膜包被的半流体胞质组 成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由丝状的细 胞骨架所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋 白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流 体中。
2. The Nucleus: Information Central
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
生物专业英语单词讲解学习
生物专业英语单词Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin：肌动蛋白，是微丝的结构蛋白, 以两种形式存在, 即单体和多聚体。
basal body:：基体，真核细胞的纤毛或鞭毛基底部由微管及其相关蛋白质构成的短筒状结构，是纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心。
centriole：中心粒，动物、某些藻类和菌类细胞中的圆筒状细胞器，位于间期细胞核附近或有丝分裂细胞的纺锤体极区中心。
chemotaxis：趋化性，即由介质中化学物质的浓度差异形成的刺激所引起的趋向性。
chloroplast：叶绿体，绿色植物细胞内进行光合作用的结构，是一种质体。
chromosome：染色体，实质是脱氧核甘酸，为细胞核内由核蛋白组成、能用碱性染料染色、有结构的线状体，是遗传物质基因的载体。
cilia：纤毛，从一些原核细胞和真核细胞表面伸出的、能运动的突起。
cytoplasm：胞质，由细胞质基质、内膜系统、细胞骨架和包涵物组成。
cytoskeleton：细胞骨架，真核细胞中与保持细胞形态结构和细胞运动有关的纤维网络。
包括微管、微丝和中间丝。
dynein：动力蛋白，即纤毛中的一种具有ATP酶活性的巨大的蛋白质复合体。
endoplasmic reticulum：内质网，指细胞质中一系列囊腔和细管，彼此相通，形成一个隔离于细胞质基质的管道系统。
flagella：鞭毛，在某些细菌菌体上具有细长而弯曲的丝状物，是细菌的运动器官。
Golgi complex：高尔基复合体，由许多扁平的囊泡构成的以分泌为主要功能的细胞器。
lysosome：溶酶体，真核细胞中一种膜包围的异质的消化性细胞器。
是细胞内大分子降解的主要场所。
microfilament：微丝，由肌动蛋白分子螺旋状聚合成的纤丝，又称肌动蛋白丝，是细胞骨架的主要成分之一。
microtubule：微管，由微管蛋白原丝组成的不分支的中空管状结构，是细胞骨架成分，与细胞支持和运动有关。
mitochondrion：线粒体，真核细胞中由双层高度特化的单位膜围成的细胞器。
(完整word版)生物专业英语单词
Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin：肌动蛋白，是微丝的结构蛋白, 以两种形式存在, 即单体和多聚体。
basal body:：基体，真核细胞的纤毛或鞭毛基底部由微管及其相关蛋白质构成的短筒状结构，是纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心。
centriole：中心粒，动物、某些藻类和菌类细胞中的圆筒状细胞器，位于间期细胞核附近或有丝分裂细胞的纺锤体极区中心。
chemotaxis：趋化性，即由介质中化学物质的浓度差异形成的刺激所引起的趋向性。
chloroplast：叶绿体，绿色植物细胞内进行光合作用的结构，是一种质体。
chromosome：染色体，实质是脱氧核甘酸，为细胞核内由核蛋白组成、能用碱性染料染色、有结构的线状体，是遗传物质基因的载体。
cilia：纤毛，从一些原核细胞和真核细胞表面伸出的、能运动的突起。
cytoplasm：胞质，由细胞质基质、内膜系统、细胞骨架和包涵物组成。
cytoskeleton：细胞骨架，真核细胞中与保持细胞形态结构和细胞运动有关的纤维网络。
包括微管、微丝和中间丝。
dynein：动力蛋白，即纤毛中的一种具有ATP酶活性的巨大的蛋白质复合体。
endoplasmic reticulum：内质网，指细胞质中一系列囊腔和细管，彼此相通，形成一个隔离于细胞质基质的管道系统。
flagella：鞭毛，在某些细菌菌体上具有细长而弯曲的丝状物，是细菌的运动器官。
Golgi complex：高尔基复合体，由许多扁平的囊泡构成的以分泌为主要功能的细胞器。
lysosome：溶酶体，真核细胞中一种膜包围的异质的消化性细胞器。
是细胞内大分子降解的主要场所。
microfilament：微丝，由肌动蛋白分子螺旋状聚合成的纤丝，又称肌动蛋白丝，是细胞骨架的主要成分之一。
microtubule：微管，由微管蛋白原丝组成的不分支的中空管状结构，是细胞骨架成分，与细胞支持和运动有关。
mitochondrion：线粒体，真核细胞中由双层高度特化的单位膜围成的细胞器。
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Lesson Four
Foundations of Genetics
2013-5-30
1
• Genetics (from Ancient Greek , "genitive" and that from , "origin"), a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. • Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations, such as through Genome-Wide Association Studies.
2013-5-30
3
Genome-Wide Association Studies
• In genetic epidemiology, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), also known as whole genome association study (WGA study, or WGAS), is an examination of many common genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. • GWAS typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major diseases.
2013-5-30 7
• These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for multiple generations. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave differently. There are however objections to the use of term epigenetic to describe chemical modification of histone since there is little evidence that these modifications are heritable.
2013-5-30 2
• Given that genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants and domestic animals, to humans (as in medical genetics).
2013-5-30
8
• Specific epigenetic processes include paramutation, bookmarking, imprinting, gene silencing, X chromosome inactivation, position effect, reprogramming, transvection, maternal effects, the progress of carcinogenesis, many effects of teratogens, regulation of histone modifications and heterochromatin, and technical limitations affecting parthenogenesis and cloning.
2013-5-30 4
• These studies normally compare the DNA of two groups of participants: people with the disease (cases) and similar people without (controls). Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic variants are read using SNP arrays. • If one type of the variant (one allele) is more frequent in people with the disease, the SNP is said to be "associated" with the disease. • The associated SNPs are then considered to mark a region of the human genome which influences the risk of disease.
2013-5-30 6
• In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence – hence the name -genetics. • It refers to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. • Examples of such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, both of which serve to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
2013-5-30 11
• Epigenetic research uses a wide range of molecular biologic techniques to further our understanding of epigenetic phenomena, including chromatin immunoprecipitation (together with its large-scale variants ChIP-on-chip and ChIP-Seq), fluorescent in situ hybridization, methylationsensitive restriction enzymes, DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) and bisulfite sequencing. Furthermore, the use of bioinformatic methods is playing an increasing role (computational epigenetics).
2013-5-30 10
Transvection
• Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. Formally, it can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed.
2013-5-30 12
2013-5-30
13
Glossary
• Allele [ə‘li:l] n 等位基因; 基因等位
• dihybrid cross 双因子杂种杂交；双因子杂 合子杂交 • Dominant [‘dɔminənt] a. 占优势的；n. 显性
• Gene [dʒi:n] n. 基因
2013-5-30 9
Bookmarking
• In genetics and epigenetics, bookmarking is a biological phenomenon believed to function as an epigenetic mechanism for transmitting cellular memory of the pattern of gene expression in a cell, throughout mitosis, to its daughter cells. This is vital for maintaining the phenotype in a lineage of cells so that, for example, liver cells divide into liver cells and not some other cell type.
Foundations of Genetics
2013-5-30
1
• Genetics (from Ancient Greek , "genitive" and that from , "origin"), a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. • Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in context of a cell or organism (e.g. dominance and epigenetics), patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations, such as through Genome-Wide Association Studies.
2013-5-30
3
Genome-Wide Association Studies
• In genetic epidemiology, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), also known as whole genome association study (WGA study, or WGAS), is an examination of many common genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. • GWAS typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major diseases.
2013-5-30 7
• These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life and may also last for multiple generations. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave differently. There are however objections to the use of term epigenetic to describe chemical modification of histone since there is little evidence that these modifications are heritable.
2013-5-30 2
• Given that genes are universal to living organisms, genetics can be applied to the study of all living systems, from viruses and bacteria, through plants and domestic animals, to humans (as in medical genetics).
2013-5-30
8
• Specific epigenetic processes include paramutation, bookmarking, imprinting, gene silencing, X chromosome inactivation, position effect, reprogramming, transvection, maternal effects, the progress of carcinogenesis, many effects of teratogens, regulation of histone modifications and heterochromatin, and technical limitations affecting parthenogenesis and cloning.
2013-5-30 4
• These studies normally compare the DNA of two groups of participants: people with the disease (cases) and similar people without (controls). Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic variants are read using SNP arrays. • If one type of the variant (one allele) is more frequent in people with the disease, the SNP is said to be "associated" with the disease. • The associated SNPs are then considered to mark a region of the human genome which influences the risk of disease.
2013-5-30 6
• In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence – hence the name -genetics. • It refers to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. • Examples of such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, both of which serve to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence.
2013-5-30 11
• Epigenetic research uses a wide range of molecular biologic techniques to further our understanding of epigenetic phenomena, including chromatin immunoprecipitation (together with its large-scale variants ChIP-on-chip and ChIP-Seq), fluorescent in situ hybridization, methylationsensitive restriction enzymes, DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) and bisulfite sequencing. Furthermore, the use of bioinformatic methods is playing an increasing role (computational epigenetics).
2013-5-30 10
Transvection
• Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. Formally, it can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed.
2013-5-30 12
2013-5-30
13
Glossary
• Allele [ə‘li:l] n 等位基因; 基因等位
• dihybrid cross 双因子杂种杂交；双因子杂 合子杂交 • Dominant [‘dɔminənt] a. 占优势的；n. 显性
• Gene [dʒi:n] n. 基因
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Bookmarking
• In genetics and epigenetics, bookmarking is a biological phenomenon believed to function as an epigenetic mechanism for transmitting cellular memory of the pattern of gene expression in a cell, throughout mitosis, to its daughter cells. This is vital for maintaining the phenotype in a lineage of cells so that, for example, liver cells divide into liver cells and not some other cell type.