如何写论文发表(英文)

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如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分

如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分

如何撰写英文科技论文时态与语态部分(一)TENSE(时态)撰写英文论文会涉及时态。

通常科技论文采用的时态为一般过去时,但在列表、进行统计分析或描述不争事实时应该采用一般现在时。

例如:"Table 4 shows that..."(列表);"These values are significantly greater than those of the females of the same age ,indicating that the males grew more rapidly” (统计分析);“Water was added and the towers became damp ,which proves again that water is wet(不争事实)。

但根据Day(1989)的建议,论文中凡涉及研究领域内已存在的理论和知识(包括他人在此之前发表过的论文)时均应采用一般现在时来表示对理论贡献者们的尊重。

以此推理,Introduction 和Discussion的绝大部分内容(即涉及研究领域内已有的理论和知识的部分)应采用一般现在时。

按照Day的建议,摘要通常应该采用一般过去时,因为作者在这里主要是介绍自己的工作。

(二)VOICE (语态)除了时态,语态也是撰写英文论文应该注意的方面。

读者可能会发现大量英文科技论文都采用被动语态,这虽然是事实,但并不是规则。

其实,使用被动态语态往往违背科技论文"精确”、"简洁”的要求。

譬如"It was found that” 就远没有"I found ”来的清晰明了。

我的一位同事在博士论文中通篇采用被动语态,结果答辩时考官不明白他到底是在引用别人的工作还是自己的工作。

科技论文中主动语态和被动语态可以并用,具体使用哪种语态首先取决于句子所要强调的重点,同时应该考虑表达的简练和精确。

标准英文论文格式

标准英文论文格式

标准英文论文格式论文,文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。

因此,论文,文献格式的统一要求有着不可或缺的意义。

下面小编为大家带来了标准英文论文格式,供大家参考。

标准英文论文格式11.题目即标题,它的主要作用是概括整个论文的中心内容。

题目要确切、恰当、鲜明、简短、精炼。

XXXX(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)XX学院 XX级学号XX XXX 指导老师:XXX(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)2.摘要摘要是论文的高度概括,是长篇论文不可缺少的组成部分。

要求用中、英文分别书写,一篇摘要不少于200字。

要注明3—5个关键词。

【Abstract】XXXX……(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。

)3.关键词是标示文献关键主题内容,但尽量少用不规范的主题词或新造词。

关键词是为了文献标引工作,从论文中选取出来,用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。

【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX(英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。

发表英文翻译论文

发表英文翻译论文

发表英文翻译论文语言是人类传播信息的工具,作为各种语言互译的翻译理论本身就是一种是相对的理论。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于发表英文翻译论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!发表英文翻译论文篇1公示语的英文翻译摘要:公示语是一种较为独特的应用文体, 旨在于公共场所向公众公示须知的内容。

然而, 目前国内公示语的英译问题十分严重。

通过奈达的"功能对等"理论, 以中西文化差异在公示语中的体现为视角, 强调公示语的特点决定了其英译应重视功能上的对等而不是字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 遵循正确的翻译原则,以实现公示语的预期功能。

关键词:公示语功能对等文化差异翻译原则1、引言公示语指的是在公共场所向公众公示须知内容的语言, 包括标识、指示牌、路牌、标语、公告、警示等等[1]。

罗选民、黎土旺对公示语进行界定, “公示语是指在公共场合所展示的文字, 具有特殊的交际功能, 以及提供信息和完成指令的作用”[2]。

随着中国与世界的接轨, 越来越多的国家希望了解中国, 很多外国朋友来到中国。

在这种跨文化交际的过程中, 汉语公示语的英译也日显重要。

然而, 目前国内公示语的英译问题十分严重, 误用、滥用现象到处存在,其中最大的问题是译者在翻译过程中忽视中西方文化的差异, 盲目追求字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 以至于译文文本生硬, 达不到源语文本的预期功能和效果。

公示语英译的预期对象是在华外国友人和外国游客, 为的是达到向其警示、告知、宣传的预期功能。

其英译不是一种点缀, 而是一种有目的的行为, 即如何使译文达到与原文本同等的预期功能[3]。

本文通过奈达的“功能对等”理论, 以中西文化差异在公示语中的体现为视角, 强调公示语的功能特点决定了其英译应重视功能上的对等而不是字词句上简单生硬的静态对等, 应遵循正确的翻译原则,以实现其预期功能。

2、“功能对等”翻译理论与公示语翻译公示语作为一个信息时代和经济全球化时代的标志之一, 公开面对公众, 给予公众行为需求的文字信息传递。

外文期刊论文格式

外文期刊论文格式

外文期刊论文格式【篇一:外文期刊的论文要求格式】your papers title starts here: please centeruse helvetica (arial) 14full first author1, a, full second author2,b and last author3,c12full address of first author, including country3full address of second author, including country list all distinct addresses in the same wayaemail, bemail, cemailkeywords: list the keywords covered in your paper. these keywords will also be used by the publisher to produce a keyword index.for the rest of the paper, please use times roman (times new roman) 12abstract. this template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for trans tech publications. the best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. please make the page settings of your word processor to a4 format (21 x 29,7 cm or 8 x 11 inches); with the margins: bottom 1.5 cm (0.59 in) and top 2.5 cm (0.98 in),right/left margins must be 2 cm (0.78 in). (we shall be able to publish your paper in electronic form on our web page , if the paper format and the margins are correct. if not, we will have to scan your paper which, when compared with an electronic version, results in very poor quality) your manuscript will be reduced by approximately 20% by the publisher. please keep this in mind when designing your figures and tables etc.introductionall manuscripts must be in english, also the table and figure texts, otherwise we cannot publish your paper.please keep a second copy of your manuscript in your office. when receiving the paper, we assume that the corresponding authors grant us the copyright to use the paper for the book or journal in question. should authors use tables or figures from other publications, they must ask the corresponding publishers to grant them the right to publish this material in their paper.use italic for emphasizing a word or phrase. do not use boldface typing or capital letters except for section headings (cf. remarks on section headings, below).organization of the textsection headings. the section headings are in boldface capital and lowercase letters. second level headings are typed as part of the succeeding paragraph (like the subsection heading of this paragraph). page numbers. do not number your paper:tables. tables (refer with: table 1, table 2, ...) should be presented as part of the text, but in such a way as to avoid confusion with the text. a descriptive title should be placed above each table. units in tables should be given in square brackets [mev]. if square brackets are not available, use curly {mev} or standard brackets (mev).macros. do not use any macros for the figures and tables. (we will not be able to convert such papers into our system)language. all text, figures and tables must be in english. figures. figures (refer with: fig. 1, fig. 2, ...) also should be presented as part of the text, leaving enough space so that the caption will not be confused with the text. the caption should be self-contained and placed below or beside the figure. generally, only original drawings or photographic reproductions are acceptable. only very good photocopies are acceptable. utmost care must be taken to insert the figures in correct alignment with the text. half-tone pictures should be in the form of glossy prints. if possible, please include your figures as graphic images in the electronic version. for best quality the pictures should have a resolution of 300 dpi(dots per inch).color figures are welcome for the online version of the journal. generally, these figures will be reduced to black and white for the print version. the author should indicate on the checklist if he wishes to have them printed in full color and make the necessary payments in advance.equations. equations (refer with: eq. 1, eq. 2, ...) should be indented 5 mm (0.2). there should be one line of space above the equation and one line of space below it before the text continues. the equations have to be numbered sequentially, and the number put in parentheses at the right-hand edge of the text. equations should be punctuated as if they were anordinary part of the text. punctuation appears after the equation but before the equation number, e.g.c2 = a2 + b2. (1) literature referencesreferences are cited in the text just by square brackets [1]. (if square brackets are not available, slashes may be used instead, e.g. /2/.) two or more references at a time may be putin one set of brackets [3,4]. the references are to be numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text and are to be listed at the end of the contribution under a heading references, see our example below. summaryif you follow the “checklist” your paper will conform to the requirements of the publisher and facilitate a problem-free publication process.references[1] dj.m. maric, p.f. meier and s.k. estreicher: mater. sci. forum vol. 83-87 (1992), p. 119[2] m.a. green: high efficiency silicon solar cells (trans tech publications, switzerland 1987).[3] y. mishing, in: diffusion processes in advanced technological materials, edtied by d. guptanoyes publications/william andrew publising, norwich, ny (2004), in press.chemistry, edited by s.d. schwartz, volume 5 of progress in theoretical chemistry and physics, chapter, 10, kluwer academic publishers (2000).[5] r.j. ong, j.t. dawley and p.g. clem: submitted to journal of materials research (2003)从这里开始你的论文的标题:请中心使用helvetica字体(宋体)14全第一author1,整个第二author2,b和最后author31full地址的第一作者,包括国家第二作者2full地址,包括国家3list所有不同的地址,以同样的方式aemail,bemail,cemail关键词:列出你的论文中所涉及的关键字。

英文论文写作,投稿过程中的注意事项及写作心得

英文论文写作,投稿过程中的注意事项及写作心得

英文论文写作、投稿过程中的注意事项及写作心得【写作前准备】1、自己的实验结果是否够发一篇S CI文章?2、适合发表在什么杂志?是选择专业期刊?还是综合期刊?3、为什么类型的投稿(Types of submission)?比如Articles(论著);Reviews(综述);Reports(报告);Letter to editor(来信)等。

4、该杂志的影响因子(Impact fa ctor)是多少,每年发表多少文章?是否有过本土中国人在上面发表?(便于评价自己的文章被接收的可能性)。

6、有没有下载该杂志最新的投稿须知(Instructions for authors)?7、是否弄清楚了投稿须知各个条目的意思?8、是否接收网上投稿(Submission on line)(一般有网上投稿的杂志更为方便)?9、是否收版面费(Page charge s)?如果论文被接收,自己的经济能力能否支付该杂志的发表全部费用。

10、手头有多少相关内容的文献?(越多越好,这样写作的时候能借鉴他们的思路和语句,对分析讨论的开展也很有好处)【写作环节】1、不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子。

2、套用老外的写作思路(比如前言第1段写对疾病的认识及重要性,第2段对基本背景知识的介绍,第3段如何引出研究问题。

讨论部分往往每一段第一句为该段的中心句。

)3、格式一定要严格按照所投杂志的要求来排版(可以参考投稿须知的要求和该杂志最近发表的文章,要做到一模一样,这样编辑认为你是认真对待的)。

4、避免使用首次发现,该研究特别有意义的语句(老外喜欢你陈述事实,是不是首次发现由别人说了算,有没有意义需要时间来检验)。

5、首页有什么特殊要求?比如是否写清了通讯作者(Corresponding author)和页眉标题(Running title),Running title是否符合字符数要求,一般50个字符以下。

首页是否要求标明全文字符数(The number of c haracters must be listed on the ti tle page)。

英语论文写作格式

英语论文写作格式

• •
摘要(Abstract) 2 摘要(Abstract)
• 简短 、 概括 、 全面 , 以便读者一窥而知全貌 。 好的摘 简短、 概括、 全面, 以便读者一窥而知全貌。 要应该是: 要应该是: • 准确 (accurate): 确保摘要正确反映研究的目的与内容; 准确(accurate) 确保摘要正确反映研究的目的与内容; (accurate): • 独 立 (self-contained) : 定 义 所 有 的 缩 写 ( 除 测 量 单 (self位); • 简练与专业化 (concise and specific) : 使每个句子最大 简练与专业化(concise specific): 程度地包含信息。摘要应该不超过960个字符, 960个字符 程度地包含信息。摘要应该不超过960个字符,大约为 120个字 摘要应以最重要的信息开头,可能指目的、 个字。 120个字。摘要应以最重要的信息开头,可能指目的、 结果与结论,但不要浪费空间重复标题。 结果与结论,但不要浪费空间重复标题。 • 非评价(nenvaluative):对文章不作评论 非评价(nenvaluative) (nenvaluative): • 连贯性与可读性(coherent and readable):叙述清楚、 连贯性与可读性(coherent readable):叙述清楚、 描写生动。 用现在时态描述结果和结论, 描写生动 。 用现在时态描述结果和结论 , 用过去时态 描写实验的特异性变量, 描写实验的特异性变量 , 尽可能用第三人称而不用第 一人称,避免“样板句” boilerplate) 一人称,避免“样板句”(boilerplate)
结果, ④ 结果,包括统计显著性水平
The amplitudes of the posterior P1 and N1 components of the ERP evoked by the search array were affected in opposite ways by the size of the precue: P1 amplitude increased precue: whereas N1 amplitude decreased as cue size increased, SOA. particularly following the shortest SOA.

英文论文写作

英文论文写作
4
首先起草一个好提纲
-仅写下几个关键字以调整你的思路 1. 先写出全文中心思想 (一句话, 2025个字) 2. 列出材料和方法名称 3. 总结你研究前提出的主要问题和你 是如何回答问题的 4. 确定你的主要发现和结果 (压缩后 即全文中心思想)
5
写全文前需完成12件事情 写全文前需完成12件事情 12
开头:陈述本工作的科学问题及小结整个故事的主要发现. 最后倒数第二段:本工作的局限性. 最后一段:总结最重要发现和可能的意义(有些读者先看最后一段决定是
否读全文).
. 注意: 应清楚地阐明本工作的创新之处和重要性;应有主线条;用现 17 在时写事实;用过去时写本工作结果.
写讨论时的用词很重要
目的:区别推测和事实 prove, found,demonstrate, showed, indicate… Imply, suggest (implication or speculations) Probably, may, might, could, possibly
如何撰写和发表英文论文
北京大学医学部 王 宪
1
Decide Where to Submit, then Follow
the Instructions
2
3
Is it…?
首先起草一个好提纲
--仅写下几个关键字以调整你的思路 --仅写下几个关键字以调整你的思路
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 先写出全文中心思想 (一句话, 20-25个字) 列出材料和方法名称 总结你研究前提出的主要问题和你是如何回答问题的 确定你的主要发现和结果 (压缩后即全文中心思想) 小结主要发现,包括理论、方法和技术上改进之处; 从每 个发现可引出的内含和提示 (What is new in your work and why does it matter?) 6. 将相关的思路和内容归类.按照逻辑性排列(画流线图?) 7. 挑出适合于每个主要发现的参考文献 8. 通读提纲,看是否有个连贯的故事,是否统一(一)

英文科研论文写作技巧

英文科研论文写作技巧

英文科研论文写作简介1. 引言英文论文写作的前提是有创新研究成果,创新研究成果的关键是选题。

“An acceptable primary scientific publication” must be “the first disclosure”.科研论文写作常出现的一个误区是:以为好论文是“写”出来的,只要会写,论文总能被接受发表。

其实,论文被发表只是结果,这个结果是和一系列科研环节密切相关的,论文写作只是其最后一个环节。

在选择科研课题和工作切入点时,就需特别注意,一定要有创新内容,科学研究的灵魂是创新,重复别人的工作,从科研的角度来说,是没有意义的。

值得注意的是,阅读有关英文科技论文,不仅可以了解研究进展和动态,而且,可以学会科技英文表达。

同样,选题很好,研究工作做得不够细致、深入,也难有说服力,难以成为有价值的研究工作。

由于本书只介绍英文科研论文的写作,不讲如何做研究,因此只介绍有了好的研究成果后如何写成合格的科研文章。

The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications.A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published.Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write” science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.2.科研论文的一般格式。

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But you need to see a copy

Develop your outline
Introduction Methods Results Discussion

Introduction
What is the issue? What is already known about it? Set up a question in the reader’s mind Explain why your study is needed

But is it publishable?
Is it interesting? Could it affect practice or policy? Is it generalisable?


Almost everything is publishable
somewhere
Don’t start writing yet!
Writing for Publication
James Munro University of Sheffield
Why write?
Fame and fortune Bolster the CV Pressure from above … dissemination

So what’s the problem?

Methods
What did you do? How did you do it? Have a logical order Don’t report results here by mistake!

Results
Follow the order of the methods Who? When? What?
No ideas Ideas but no writing Writing but nothing sent off Writing sent off but not accepted

The other problem
Time Writing is a lot of work Even academics don’t have time

Where were other papers on this topic published?
Journalology
Refereed or not? Listed in bibliographic databases? Impact factor?

Write for a journal

The need to know

Providing a context and a question creates the reader’s “need to know”
What’s the story?
If this was a news report, what would the headline be? What is the central idea?

Discussion

Outline your story: 2

Results

…and she ran home. …never go into the woods alone.

Conclusions

Don’t start writing yet!
Who is the story for?
Who’d like to know? Who needs to know?

BMJ approach
What is already known on this topic? What does this study add?

Outline your story: 1

Context

Once upon a time… …there were 3 bears…

Methods
Select one of the journals which might be interested in your story Write for that journal

Writing for that journal

Instructions for authors

Usually on the web Headings, weighting, referencing, interests

What we’ll talk about
Writing an academic paper 10 ways to be rejected Magazines and books are a bit different

Any ideas?
Experience Everyday working Problems Costly activities

Reasons for rejection
So find the right journal
Get to know the journals in your area What are their interests? What are their styles?

So find the right journal
Don’t write yet!
What’s the context? What’s the story?

The context

Everybody needs a context
Context for a research paper
What’s already known? What’s unknห้องสมุดไป่ตู้wn? What’s controversial?

More ideas
Questions from clinicians …especially those you can’t answer Things that go wrong Things you disagree with

You already have something
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