2008年 课程与教学论考博试题
华中师范大学08年考博真题
华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（A卷）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。
（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案
（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案（精选）全国2007~2012年自考课程与教学论试题与答案小桂子,加油哦!!全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试课程与教学论试题课程代码:00467一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.20世纪50年代末至60年代末，西方世界发生了一场指向于教育内容现代化的课程改革运动，这场运动被称为( )A. 进步主义运动B. 教育心理学化运动C. 课程开发科学化运动D.学科结构运动2.最早提出“curriculum”(课程)一词，并将其界定为“教学内容的系统组织”的教育家是( )A.洛克B.斯宾塞C.杜威D.克伯屈3.在泰勒看来，课程开发的出发点是( )A.确定教育目标B.选择教育经验C.组织教育经验D.评价教育计划4.“把一切事物教给一切人类”，体现的是 ( )A.“经验论”思想B.“兴趣论”思想C.“文化论”思想D.“泛智论”思想5.以下判断正确的是 ( )A.“工作分析”和“活动分析”是完全相同的，“工作分析”就是“活动分析”，“活动分析”就是“工作分析”B.“工作分析”和“活动分析”在基本精神上是完全相通的，但“活动分析”所指的领域要来得空泛C.“工作分析”和“活动分析”在基本精神上是完全相通的，但“工作分析”所指的领域要1小桂子,加油哦!!来得空泛D. “活动分析”和“工作分析”完全不同6.布拉梅尔德在“未来中心教育”理念的基础上提出了一种新的课程理念，这种课程理念被称为( )A.相关课程B.融合课程C.广域课程D.轮形课程7. “教学过程是教师与学生以课堂为主渠道的交往过程”，这一命题中对师生关系的理解是 ( )A.教师主体学生客体的关系B.学生主体教师客体的关系C.教师主导学生主体的关系D.教师与学生是交互主体的关系8.课程实施有三种基本取向，其中之一是 ( )A.哲学取向B.心理学取向C.相互适应取向D.背离取向9. 从研究方法上来看，行动研究属于 ( )A.量的研究B.质的研究C.课堂研究D.实验研究10.“概念重建主义课程范式”的本质是追求 ( ) A.活动兴趣 B.技术兴趣C.解放兴趣D.实践兴趣11.斯金纳的程序教学模式的理论基础是 ( ) A.经典性条件反应和强化原理 B.经典性条件反应和平衡原理 C.操作性条件反应和强化原理 D.操作性条件反应和平衡原理12.柏拉图把“有德性的生活”视为教育的终极目标，亚里士多德认为教育的终极目的是“幸福”，昆体良认为“受过教育的人”的理想是“大演说家”。
2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2008年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In general, the______amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total for living expenses.A．acceptableB．advisableC．availableD．applicable正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。
B项的意思是：advisable可取的，明智的。
其他各项的意思是：acceptable可接受的，合意的；available有空的，接受探访的；applicable 可适用的，可应用的。
2．Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______the color of his skin.A．with the exception ofB．in the light ofC．by virtue ofD．regardless of正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。
D项的意思是：regardless of不顾，不管。
其他各项的意思是：with the exception of除……以外；in the light of根据，依据；by virtue of依靠，凭借，由于。
3．Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their fullA．capacityB．strengthC．lengthD．possibility正确答案：A解析：本题答案是A。
课程与教学论真题答案汇集
课程与教学论真题答案汇集一、2010年4月课程与教学论真题答案二、全国2009年4月课程与教学论试题及答案一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)1.以下属于“课程开发科学化运动”早期代表的是（）A.多尔 B.麦克尼尔C.博比特 D.阿普尔2.泰勒认为，为获得恰当的教育目标，就需要对所得到的教育目标的有关资料进行两次甄选，分别是A.哲学的甄选和心理学的甄选B.学生的甄选和学科专家的甄选C.社会的甄选和学生生活的甄选D.教师的甄选和学生的甄选3.通过把事物、现象的经过与过程直观地、动态地呈现出来而进行教学的方法，被称为（）A.示范B.呈示C.展示D.口述4.确立了“同时诚实地尊重学科本身的逻辑和儿童的心理逻辑”的课程形态是（）A.活动课程B.学术中心课程C.科目本位课程D.隐性课程5.把课程分为理想的、正式的、理解的、运作的、经验的五个不同层次的课程论专家是（）A.古德莱德B.帕里斯C.斯金纳D.兰德6.按照美国课程理论专家派纳的观点，20世纪70年代以来课程研究的范式正从“课程开发范式”转变为（）A.课程解读范式 B.课程理解范式C.课程实施范式 D.课程评价范式7.范例教学的三个基本特征是（）A.基本性、基础性、范例性 B.个体性、基础性、范例性C.全员性、基本性、范例性D.基本性、全面性、范例性8.在非指导性教学中，教师的身份是（）A.先知者 B.管理者 C.促进者 D.指导者9.泰勒在20世纪80年代初期曾指出，泰勒原理“是作为特定环境条件下的产物而形成的”。
这里的“特定环境条件”指的是（）A.经济大萧条 B.泰罗主义C.八年研究 D.课程开发科学化运动10.“将所选出的课程要素根据学科的逻辑体系和学习者身心发展阶段由浅至深、由简至繁地组织起来”，这指的是课程组织的（）A.连续性 B.阶段性 C.整合性 D.顺序性11.教师与学生交往的主渠道是（）A.课外活动 B.课堂 C.游戏 D.提问12.从研究方法上来看，行动研究属于（）A.量的研究 B.质的研究 C.课堂研究 D.实验研究13.根据施瓦布等人的观点，学科结构指的是（）A.学术结构与心理结构的统一B.学术结构与句法结构的统一C.实质结构与句法结构的统一D.实质结构与心理结构的统一14.代表了评价发展方向的评价模式是（）A.目标达成模式 B.过程模式 C.差别模式 D.回应模式15.布卢姆认为，“教育目标分类学”应包括认知领域、动作技能领域和（）A.情感领域B.思维领域C.意志领域D.思想领域16.功利主义课程论的主要代表是（）A.巴格莱 B.狄尔泰 C.斯宾塞 D.皮特斯17.“教学设计是一个连续创造的过程，指向于人的解放”，教学设计的这种特征反映的课程实施取向是（）A.忠实取向 B.相互适应取向 C.创生取向 D.实践取向18.在第三次技术革命和信息时代，科学与技术的关系表现为（）A.主导与依附的关系B.平等与共存的关系C.对等与融合的关系D.独立与对等的关系19.以“社会发展和科学技术发展的失控所招致的生态系统的破坏和人类生存环境的急剧恶化”作为直接社会背景而产生的课程形态是（）A.轮形课程B.环境教育课程C.国际理解教育课程D.STS课程20.1893年，以埃利奥特为首的美国“中等学校研究十人委员会”基于充分的调查研究，正式倡导在中学开设（）A.轮形课程 B.STS课程 C.经验课程 D.选修课程21.提出形成性评价和总结性评价的课程评价专家是（）A.斯克里文B.斯太克C.普罗沃斯D.莱斯22.奥苏贝尔讲解式教学的设计原则是（）A.小步子原则B.高速度原则C.高难度原则D.逐渐分化原则23.杜威对课程与教学的整合以及他的整个实用主义认识论所追求的是一种（）A.科技理性B.实践理性C.工具理性D.解放理性24.《大学》中曾这样规定教育宗旨：“大学之道在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。
2008北师大古籍所考博真题-附硕题 (2)
北京师范大学2008古籍所考博试题 (1)2008年历史文献学考博试题 (3)硕士题 (4)古籍所中国古典文献2003年研究生入学考试题 (5)古籍所2004年中国古典文献-中国古代文学与文学文献 (6)古籍所2004年文学理论试题 (7)mark72畅意三江水木铎校园的古籍所论坛考古籍所的同学请注意古典文献部分，最好是看孙钦善先生的那一本书，那一本很全。
我因为不知道，也因为我们那里也没什么书卖，我看的都是些电子书，参考了好几本，听了常书红老师的课；常老师的课的内容基本上都在我看到的那几本，就是杜泽逊的，罗孟祯的，张舜徽的，洪湛侯的等。
可是我感觉内容上有交叉的，都是常识性的。
我们所里考的更全面一些。
所以建议直接看孙先生的书就可以了。
几个其他考的同学有好几个都是看这本书的。
至于那本要籍我这里有自己从超星转换的pdf的电子书，能传上来我就传上来。
我在这本书上下了不少工夫，可惜基本上没考到。
都这么大了，也不一定再考了，考不上，我就调我们聊大去。
虽然条件差了点，但是还是有图书馆的。
再说有机会也可以联系其他的老师么。
人的脑细胞是有限的，要装些有用的东西。
没用的东西装的越多，有用的东西装的就越少。
[本帖最后由mark72于2007-3-2609:25编辑]2008-8-18查看详细资料------------------------------------我放到一个公共邮件里帐号：geixiaocaodedaima@密码：himark72需要的话自己取考博题北京师范大学2008古籍所考博试题来自北大中文论坛：2008年北京地区古典文献学或古代文学博士生招生入学考试试题4 2008年4月5日上午8：30-11：30中国古代文学史一、写出以下文集的作者或编者（25个，共25分）牧斋集东维子集滹南诗话小山词临川先生文集渔洋山人精华录蜕庵词乐府诗集灜奎律髓河岳英灵集饮冰室合集诗式山中白云词江文通集庾子山集韦苏州集淮海居士长短句（按：忘记8个）二、从目录学的角度，指出以下各属于哪一部类？（5分）1、搜神记2、水经注3、酸斋乐府4、玉台新咏5、？三、按要求答题（10分/个，共20分）1、文学史上一些著名的诗词作品，往往存在作者真实性的问题，如苏李诗。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD. pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the bloodrelationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine”male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,”says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-V oak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voakimplies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question “what is going on?”suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.”He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists – he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.86. The author relates the story _____________________.A. from a consumer’s point of viewB. with a view to punctuating patient rightsC. according to his own standards of healthD. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment87. Apparently the author’s father _______________________.A. did not like to be called by the first nameB. was not well taken care of as expectedC. was mistaken for somebody elseD. was treated like a businessman88. As the author implies his father_________________________.。
中国传媒大学博士考试2004-2008对外汉语教学试题及答案
北京广播学院 2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试对外汉语教学试题一、请列出你所知道的一些有代表性的现代汉语（含词汇）著作，并对其中你最了解的一部著作或论文做一简要述评。
（20）答：1. 陆俭明著《现代汉语语法研究教程》（第三版。
北京大学出版社2005年出版。
2. 吴福祥主编《汉语语法化研究》，商务印书馆2005年出版3. 邢福义著《汉语语法学》，东北师范大学出版社1997年出版4. 邢欣著《现代汉语兼语式》，北京广播学院出版社2005年出版。
5. 李临定著《现代汉语句型》，商务印书馆1986年出版。
6. 张伯江方梅著《汉语功能语法研究》，南昌:江西教育出版社,19967. 刘丹青著《语序类型学与介词理论》商务印书馆 2003年出版我比较感了解的是《现代汉语语法研究教程》（第三版），此书是我国著名语言学家陆俭明先生为广大青年学子撰写的教程，以阐述现代汉语语法研究的理论和方法为目的。
内容侧重于现代汉语语法研究中的一些热点问题以及汉语语法研究的主要的理论和方法，也适当地介绍当前国际上形式语言学与功能语言学这两大学派的研究思路，此外，还从中文信息处理、对外汉语教学和中学语文教学等方面就汉语语法研究的应用问题进行了深入浅出的阐述。
《教程》旨在拓宽语法研究的视野，引导学生对现代汉语语法研究的理论和方法有更深入的认识。
每一讲都紧密结合汉语实际，深入浅出，是一部理想的研究性教材。
全书共分5章，分别为：第一章词类研究；第二章汉语句法分析；第三章范畴研究；第四章汉语虚词研究；第五章形式学派与功能学派和第六章汉语语法应用研究。
我认为全书写的比较好的是第二章和第五章。
第二章，作者系统讲解了现代汉语句法分析的5种方法，比如：层次分析法、变换分析法、语义特征分析法、配价分析法和语义指向分析。
第五章，形式学派与功能学派。
作者分别从形式学派的研究思路和功能学派的研究思路，两个角度介绍了语言学中两种研究思路的起源、主要观点和对汉语的应用分析。
博士历年考试题
博士历年考试题2004.教学论试题一．简答题1.什么是教学？为什么说教学工作是学校的中心工作？2.简述教学与学生发展的关系。
3.简析班级的优缺点。
二、论述题1.教学目标有哪些作用？怎样确定体育课教学目标，请举例说明。
2.运用教学论的有关原理，论述怎样对体育教学改革提出的要求。
运动生理学试题一.简答题1.简述肌肉收缩形式及其生理特点。
2.简述个体乳酸提出的生理学依据。
3.简述间歇训练的生理特点。
体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学-----运动学一.简答题1.简述运动训练的研究内容。
2.试述运动训练计划的定义及其基本内容。
3.何谓“朝量恢复集中效应”。
4.简述战术意识的含义和内容。
二．论述题1.你认为我国在雅典奥运会中夺金点有哪些项目？并任举一个运动项目分析起面临的形势。
2.请从训练学度分析我国男子足球、短跑、拳击、篮球、公路自行车、网球中任意一个项目竞技水平与世界水平有明显差距的原因。
3.试述周期安排原则的含义、科学依据及应用该原则的训练学要点。
4.“非典”期间我国优秀运动员参赛次数明显减少，请举例说明其对我国2003年竞技水平带了什么影响。
2005教学论试题一.简答题1.简述教学科学管理发展的基本趋势2.评述“学生中心论”3.分析课程与教学的关系二.分析论述题1.试论当代教学论发展的背景、趋势和面临的主要问题。
2.联系实际论述在体育教学中如何贯彻因材施教的原则，并举例说明。
3.结合我国当前基础教育改革的实际，运用教学论的用关原理论述如何进一步深化体育教学改革。
运动生理学试题一、简答题1.1.有哪些因素可影响运动后过量氧耗。
2.什么是运动性疲劳？有哪些解释运动性疲劳机理的学说？3.什么是个体乳酸阈？二、分析论述题1.肌纤维类型是如何划分的？不同类型肌纤维的形态和生理学特征是什么？2.运动训练对运动员心血管系统有何影响？3.试述如何运用生理学知识指导运动训练。
体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学------运动训练学一、简答题1.简述竞技体育的基本特点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2008年课程与教学论考博试题
一、试分析教学论科学化历程的不同阶段及其特点10分
二、评析李秉德先生提出的“教学七要素”理论及其意义10分
三、分析我国第一轮基础教育课程改革的具体目标及落实情况20分
四、综述当前我国关于有效教学研究的现状、特点及问题30分
五、评析王策三教授与钟启泉教授学术争鸣的实质30分
2008年教育学原理考博试题
一、杜威是如何看待教育与生活的关系的？结合有关理论，就此谈谈你对“教育回归生
活世界”命题的认识和理解25%
二、我国社会主义教育目的理论的基础是什么？请从历史渊源、基本观点和内涵、时代
意义等方面对其作出全面论述25%
三、有位学者这样描述现代教育：当整个社会被嵌入到一个以人与人之间的激烈竞争为
最显著特征的市场之内的时候，教育迅速地从旨在使每一个人的内在禀赋在一套核心价值观的指引下充分发展的过程蜕变为一个旨在赋予每一个人最合适于社会竞争的外在特征的过程（《读书》，2007年第11期）。
结合教育学原理的相关理论，试从学理上分析这段论述并对现代教育作出批判，25%
四、二十世纪七十年代末以后，我国教育理论界对有关教育本质问题展开了有时代感的
大讨论。
在这场讨论中，有哪些基本观点？各自的基本主张是什么？你是如何看待这场讨论的？25%。