萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch21 ppt课件
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国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch
05
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
International investment and multinational corporations
International investment environment
Political environment: stability, policies, and regulations that affect foreign investment.
New trade theory departs from the assumption of perfect competition and focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and monopolistic competition.
Classical trade theory posits that specialization in production based on comparative advantage results in increased production and consumption in all countries.
关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。
关税定义
关税种类
关税作用
包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。
通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。
03
02
01
出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。
出口补贴定义
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is a crucial component of the international balance of payments. It measures the value of a country's exports minus the value of its imports. A positive balance of trade indicates that a country is exporting more goods and services than it is importing, while a negative balance of trade indicates the opposite.
萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)
.
FIGURE 16-1 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments with Exchange Rate Changes.
FIGURE 16-2 Derivation of the U.S. Demand and Supply Curves for Foreign Exchange.
.
Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
Price adjustment mechanism relies on depreciation and devaluation of currency to adjust current account and balance of payments.
.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
.
Introduction
Assumptions
International private c responses to cover temporary trade imbalances.
The nation wants to correct a deficit in its current account by exchange rate changes.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
FIGURE 16-1 Balance-of-Payments Adjustments with Exchange Rate Changes.
FIGURE 16-2 Derivation of the U.S. Demand and Supply Curves for Foreign Exchange.
.
Adjustment with Flexible Exchange Rates
Price adjustment mechanism relies on depreciation and devaluation of currency to adjust current account and balance of payments.
.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
.
Introduction
Assumptions
International private c responses to cover temporary trade imbalances.
The nation wants to correct a deficit in its current account by exchange rate changes.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)
也就是说，两个国家GDP越大、距离越近， 则预期两国贸易额越大
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
International Economic Theories and Policies ■ International Trade Theory 国际贸易理论
■ Analyzes the basis of and the gains from international trade.
FIGURE 1-3 Imports and Exports as a Percentage of U.S. GDP, 1965-2001.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
■ 1980 to present
■ Most pervasive and dramatic period of globalization 全球化最广泛和剧烈的阶段
■ Fueled by improvements in telecommunications and transportation 受益于电信和运输极大改善
imports and exports of goods and services to GDP 用一国商品和服务进出口总值比上GDP的比值来 粗略衡量
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International Trade and the Nation’s Standard of Living
萨尔瓦多国际经济学英文ch ppt课件
Equal to 1 = change in exchange rate leaves balance of payments unchanged.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
before placing new orders. 5. Production lag to change output mix resulting from
price changes.
Salvatore: 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Domestic Prices and the Terms of Sale
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 16-4 The Identification Problem.
Elasticities in the Real World
Junz and Rhomberg (1973) identified five possible lags in quantity responses to price changes in international trade:
Depreciation of the currency increases prices of both exports and imports in terms of domestic currency.
萨尔瓦多的《国际经济学基础》ppt(dominick salvatore)
– A key issue – its not just imports! – Its also not just for consumers! – Services, not just goods!
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
• Lloyd’s of London
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
An Introduction to International Economics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dominick Salvatore John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dale R. DeBoer University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
1-5
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– – – – A key issue – its not just imports! Its also not just for consumers! Services, not just goods! International trade is expanding
1-2
What is International Economics?
• International trade in goods and services
– A key issue – its not just imports!
• Exports of Boeing Aircraft • Exports of Microsoft Software
[经济学]国际经济学 萨尔瓦多 英文PPTchapter
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Chapter 9
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff
Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism
Introduction
• Tariffs: historically the most important form of trade restriction • other trade barriers: import quotas, voluntary export restraints, and antidumping actions • the importance of nontariff trade barriers was greatly increased
Introduction
• Section 2: examines the effect of an import quota and compares them to those of an import tariff • Section 3: other nontariff trade barriers: voluntary export restraints and other regulations, trade barriers resulting from international cartel, dumping, and export subsidies
Effects of an Import Quota
• the government auctioned off import licenses to the highest bidder in a competitive market • the revenue effect: $30($1 on each of the 30X of the import quota, JHNM) • the import quota of 30X in every respect to =“implicit” 100% import tariff
萨尔瓦多国际经济学(第十版)英文课件ch13
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
In balance of payment accounting, each
international transaction is recorded twice – once as a credit, once as a debit.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Balance of Payments Accounting Principles
Debit transactions (-)
Transactions that involve payment to foreign sources. Major types:
Credit (+) Debit (-)
Financial inflow (purchase of U.S. Treasury bills by foreigner) Financial outflow (reduction in foreign bank balances in U.S.)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
最新国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch04
Introduction
Relative commodity price differences between two nations in isolation reflect comparative advantage, and forms basis for mutually beneficial trade.
The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade-Partial Equilibrium slide):
At a relative price greater than P1, Nation 1’s excess supply of X (Panel A) gives rise to Nation 1’s international supply curve of X (S in Panel B).
The Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Price with Trade-General Equilibrium Analysis
Equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade found at intersection of offer curves for two nations.
At a relative price lower than P3, Nation 2’s excess demand for X (Panel C) gives rise to Nation 2’s demand for imports of X (D in Panel B).
Only at P2 (Panel B) does quantity of imports demanded equal quantity of exports supplied.
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A good international monetary system is one that:
maximizes the flow of international trade and investments.
Leads to “equitable” distribution of gains from trade among nations.
CHAPTER T W E N T Y O N E
21 International Economics Tenth Edition
The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Confidence – knowledge that the adjustment mechanism is working adequately, and that international reserves will retain their absolute and relative values.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
The Gold Standard Period (1880-1914)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adjustment mechanism was Hume’s price-specie flow mechanism (see chapter 16).
Nations could not use monetary policy for achieving full employment without inflation.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
The Gold Standard Period (1880-1914)
Nations defined the gold content of its currency and passively stood ready to buy or sell any amount of gold at that price.
Exchange rates were fixed at mint parity, allowed to fluctuate by cost of shipping.
In reality, adjustment process worked much too smoothly and quickly, with few actual transfers of gold.
Adjustments occurred because of special conditions that existed during this time:
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this chapter:
Introduction The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience The Bretton Woods System Operation and Evolution of the Bretton Woods
Introduction
An international monetary system refers to the rules, customs, instruments, facilities and organizations for effecting international payments.
Adjustment – process by which balance of payments disequilibria are corrected.
Liquidity – amount of international reserve assets available to settle temporary balance of payments disequilibria.
System U.S. Balance of Payments Deficits and Collapse
of the Bretton Woods System International Monetary System: Present and
Future
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Great economic expansion and stability in most of the world.
Pound sterling was only important international currency.
Greater price flexibility than today.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Байду номын сангаас
Introduction
An international monetary system can be evaluated in terms of:
maximizes the flow of international trade and investments.
Leads to “equitable” distribution of gains from trade among nations.
CHAPTER T W E N T Y O N E
21 International Economics Tenth Edition
The International Monetary System: Past, Present, and Future
Dominick Salvatore
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Confidence – knowledge that the adjustment mechanism is working adequately, and that international reserves will retain their absolute and relative values.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
The Gold Standard Period (1880-1914)
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adjustment mechanism was Hume’s price-specie flow mechanism (see chapter 16).
Nations could not use monetary policy for achieving full employment without inflation.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience
The Gold Standard Period (1880-1914)
Nations defined the gold content of its currency and passively stood ready to buy or sell any amount of gold at that price.
Exchange rates were fixed at mint parity, allowed to fluctuate by cost of shipping.
In reality, adjustment process worked much too smoothly and quickly, with few actual transfers of gold.
Adjustments occurred because of special conditions that existed during this time:
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In this chapter:
Introduction The Gold Standard and the Interwar Experience The Bretton Woods System Operation and Evolution of the Bretton Woods
Introduction
An international monetary system refers to the rules, customs, instruments, facilities and organizations for effecting international payments.
Adjustment – process by which balance of payments disequilibria are corrected.
Liquidity – amount of international reserve assets available to settle temporary balance of payments disequilibria.
System U.S. Balance of Payments Deficits and Collapse
of the Bretton Woods System International Monetary System: Present and
Future
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Great economic expansion and stability in most of the world.
Pound sterling was only important international currency.
Greater price flexibility than today.
Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Байду номын сангаас
Introduction
An international monetary system can be evaluated in terms of: