2016年北京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题
2016年北京大学翻译硕士考研真题、学制学费、报考要求、保研人数

北京大学翻译硕士考研真题--百科知识解析1.1政治12.中国特色社会主义理论体系,就是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想以及科学发展观等重大战略思想在内的科学理论体系。
请解释“‘三个代表’重要思想”和“科学发展观”两个名词。
(中山大学2010翻译硕士〉答:(1)“三个代表”重要思想的基本内容包括:中国共产党要始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向,始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
2000年2月25日,江泽民同志在广东省考察工作押,从全面总结党的历史经验和如何适应新形势新任务的要求出发,首次对“三个代表”重要思想进行了比较全面的阐述。
“三个代表”的重要论述具有鲜明的时代特征,不仅是党的建设的重大课题,同时,它事关改革开放和两个文明建设的成败,事关全党全国工作大局,事关党和国家的前途命运,是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源。
(2)科学发展观,是中国共产党在胡锦涛总书记的领导下提出的重大战略思想。
科学发展观通常是指党的十六届三中全会中提出的“坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观,促进经济社会和人的全面发展”,按照“统筹城乡发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放”的要求推进各项事业的改革和发展的一种方法论,是从新世纪新阶段党和国家事业发展全局出发提出的重大战略思想,也是发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想。
13.中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度,是把马克思主义政党理论和统一战线学说同我国实际相结合的产物,既是我国的政党制度,也是我们的一项基本政治制度。
请解释“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度”,并举出我国现有的8个民主党派中的任何4个。
(中山大学2010翻译硕士)答:(1)中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是中华人民共和国的一项基本的政治制度,是具有中国特色的政党制度。
这一制度的基本内容包括以下几个方面。
北京大学(北大)翻硕硕士英语考研真题、难度解析(精)

北京大学英语笔译 MTI 考研信息整理北京大学英语笔译考研参考书、招生人数、历年分数线、报录比、复试信息1.招生人数2015年的北大英语笔译方向计划招生 30人,接受推免人数 15~20人;实际招生人数为:18人(2人为港澳台学生接受推免人数:12人; 2016年的北大英语笔译方向计划招生 30人,接受推免人数 15人;实际招生人数为:18人(1人为港澳台学生接受推免人数:12人; 学制:两年北大翻硕学费:2016年:5万/两年;2015年:8万/两年;前几年北大翻硕的学费都比较高,16年进行了调整,降至 5万。
2.初试考试科目:1、101思想政治理论(100分2、211翻译硕士英语(100分3、357英语翻译基础(150分4、448汉语写作与百科知识(150分★★★育明宋老师解析:北大英语 MTI 只有笔译一个方向,初试除了思想政治理论是全国统一试卷, 剩下的三门专业课, 都是北大自主出题, 出题的整体方向都偏文学性, 特别指出的是, 北大英语 MTI 和日语的 MTI 的专业课汉语写作与百科知识,考的是同一张试卷,分为基础知识(100分和专业知识(50分两部分,满分 150分.北大考研(翻译技巧——形容词的翻译形容词与比较级形容词的第三大难点即形容词比较级的翻译,说到这里,很多小伙伴不以为然,不就是“比…更…” 吗,但是,你要相信考试的时候是不会出“this stick is longer than that one”这类弱智句子的, 下面我们一起来缕缕这些时常困扰着我们的比较级~1, “比较级+than”结构,这类句式比较常见,在翻译时,要先翻译 than 后面的内容,如:①Marseilles has proved to be a better racial melting pot than Lyons.事实证明,与里昂相比,马赛是一个更好的种族大熔炉。
②She’s much happier performing live than in a recording studio.与在录音棚里录音相比,她更喜欢现场表演。
2016年北京大学翻译硕士百科知识欧美文学考研真题,复试经验

2016年翻译硕士考研指导维多利亚时期(Victorian Era1819年—1901年)威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth):“湖畔派”诗人(Lake poets),“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)。
代表作《独自云游》(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud),《孤寂的割麦女》(The Solitary Reaper),《丁登寺杂咏》(Lines Composed a Few Miles about Tintern Abbey),《序曲》(The Prelude)。
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge):“湖畔派”诗人(Lake poets)。
代表作《古舟子咏》(The Rime of the Ancient Marine),《忽必烈汗》(Kubla Khan),《克里斯塔贝尔》(Christabel)。
罗伯特·索西(Robert Southey):最年轻的“湖畔派”诗人(Lake poets),“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)。
代表作短诗《布莱尼姆之战》(The Battle of Blenheim),《我与死者做伴的日子已经结束》(My Days among the Dead are Past),《撒拉巴》(Thalaba the Destroyer),长诗《克哈马的诅咒》(The Curse of Kehama)。
乔治·戈登·拜伦(George Gordon Byron):伟大的诗人,英国浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。
代表作《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》(Child Harold’s Pilgrimage),长诗《唐·璜》(Don Juan)。
波希·比希·雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley):著名诗人,浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。
2016年北京大学翻译硕士考研参考书,历年考研真题,

2017年北京大学翻译硕士考研参考书2016北京大学翻译硕士考研真题完型关键词americanstudentsspend,outsideschool,30hours a weekProcessingknowledgeandunderstandingGooglesittinglearndeepreadingattention spanscreen time Reduced attentionempathy in line with this prediction Accepted as unanimously13to 17if the environment is substitutedfor so much time the brain will adapt 阅读三关键词院校名称报录比推荐参考书备注北京大学1:251-《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham 、姜桂华著,2000年,外语教学与研究出版社。
2-《英汉翻译简明教程》庄绎传著,2002年,外语教学与研究出版社。
3-《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》叶子南著,2001年,清华大学出版社。
4-《非文学翻译理论与实践》罗进德主编,2004年,中国对外翻译出版公司。
5-《非文学翻译》,李长栓著,2009年9月外语教学与研究出版社出版。
6-《非文学翻译理论与实践》,李长栓著,中国对外翻译出版公司。
7-《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》,光明日报出版社8-《全国翻译硕士考研真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社英语翻硕20人左右,日语翻译硕士20人左右,2年,学生须按学年交纳学费,学费总额为8万元。
复试分数线一般在330分左右,15年分数线340.育明教育咨询师分析认为,北大翻译硕士考查题目难度较高,推荐英语本专业,尤其是重点本科的英语专业的报考。
北大翻硕百科侧重文学、法律、时政等方面,自然科学考查的不多,翻译理论考查的也不多。
具体考查侧重点,考生可以根据育明教育辅导课程进行学习。
2016年北京大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,真题解析

16年翻译硕士考研详解与指导英语翻译基础一、词语翻译(30个)reciprocal banquettalk showblack teaByzantine EmpireSanitery wareWHOCIACNNHDTVCPUCBS……艾滋病毒应用语言学国际货币基金组织爵士摇滚入境签证二、十个中文术语中译英美国联邦储备银行拜占庭帝国在餐馆干杂活的小工谋杀未遂核裁军减免学杂费经济指标三、汉译英【育明教育注:文言文翻译】俗传书生入官库,见钱不识。
或怪而问之,生曰:“固知其为钱,但怪其不在纸裹中耳。
”予偶读渊明《归去来辞》云幼稚盈室瓶无储粟乃知俗传信而有征使瓶有储粟亦甚微矣此翁平生只于瓶中见粟也耶?《马后纪》:夫人见大练以为异物;晋惠帝问饥民何不食肉糜,细思之,皆一理也,聊为好事者一笑。
永叔常言:“孟郊诗:‘鬓边虽有丝,不堪织寒衣’,纵使堪织,能得多少?”(选自苏轼《论贫士》)【育明教育注解】相传有一个书生进入官府的钱库,看见了钱竟不认识了。
有人认为奇怪便问他,书生说:“我本来知道那是钱,但奇怪于它不在纸的包裹中罢了。
”我偶然读陶渊明的《归去来辞》,上面说:“儿童满屋子,瓶里面没有储存的粮食。
”才知道传说中贫士入官库一一确实可信。
即使瓶中有储存的粮食,也是很少的了。
难道这老头平生只在瓶中见过粮食吗?《马后纪》上说:诸嫔妃见到马后穿的粗帛衣服,反以为是特别的东西。
晋惠帝问饥民为什么不吃肉粥。
细细思考,都是同一种道理啊。
说这些只是让喜欢多事的人一笑罢了。
欧阳修常说:“孟郊诗‘鬓边虽有丝,不堪织寒衣’。
即使能织,又能织多少呢?”四、英译汉不是很长,三段,夏洛蒂·勃朗特写她们三姐妹是如何产生将自己的创作整理出版的过程及对他们笔名选取的缘由的文章,有若干生词,及一两个比较难翻难组织语言的长句,整体难度不大,但文学性较强,估计对翻译的文笔优美度有较高要求。
【育明教育注释】夏洛蒂:(Charlotte Brontë)夏洛蒂像她成功塑造的人物形象简·爱一样,个子矮小,其貌不扬,充满智慧和独立的精神。
2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研辅导,考研经验

2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,考研辅导英语翻译基础357一、短语翻译15个英译汉15分1.AKA2.RSVP3.GUI4.CIF5.TPP6.Grand Prix7.Life expectancy8.Payabale at sight9.No loitering10.World Anti-Doping Agency11.Cholesterol12.National treatment13.Interpol14.Insurance policy15.displaced people15个汉译英15分1.和平共处五项原则2.阅兵3.华侨4.21世纪海上丝绸之路5.抗日战争6.佣金7.人民币离岸市场8.传销9.川菜10.转基因玉米11.电磁炉12.农药残留13.不可抗力14.天下为公15.消防通道二、段落翻译英译汉一篇60分:关于人类物种进化汉译英一篇60分:关于孔子简介汉语写作与百科知识448一、名词解释25分1.TPP2.哈姆莱特3.巴尔扎克4.新航路5.但丁6.斯巴达克7.普罗米修斯8.国风9.西欧近代三大思想解放运动10.阿克琉斯11.离骚12.霍去病13.张衡14.张仲景15.傅雷16.三大宗教翻译家17.小李杜18.大江健三郎19.西厢记20.牡丹亭21.一条鞭法22.昆阳之战23.癫张狂素24.川端康成25.南欧三大半岛二、应用文写作45分:写一篇倡议书三、大作文60分:以“累,并快乐着”为题写一篇散文(了解更多考研真题、考研经验、内部模拟押题等考研初试复试信息可咨询育明教育夏老师)2017年政治基础班讲义考点21:辩证思维方法的主要方法辩证思维方法的主要方法包括:归纳与演绎、分析与综合、抽象与具体、逻辑与历史相统一(一)归纳与演绎归纳和演绎是最初的也是最基本的思维方法。
1.相互区别归纳是从个别到一般的方法,即从个别事实中概括出一般原理。
演绎是从一般到个别的方法,即从一般原理推论出个别结论。
2016年北京大学翻译硕士真题

2016年北京大学翻译硕士真题考完,浑浑噩噩的两天。
都是主观题,也感觉不到什么好与不好。
哎,先这样吧。
还是趁着记忆还鲜活,先从后往前说吧。
一直都处于感冒的边缘,身体不舒服,所以回忆晚了点。
请大家见谅。
首先,最后一门,百科写作。
百科词语解释:文选、文选妖孽和桐城谬种、《荷马》、、Matthew Arnold、CSR、温室气体排放、文学翻译、文化中心主义、一带一路、语言桥(翻译公司),也就只能记住这些了,这些词汇的出处都是刘宓庆的《中西翻译思想比较研究》和另外一本《未来企业之路》,真心把握不住会考哪个词语,所以,还是实打实地把这两本书过一遍为妙,至少也可以混个眼熟,不至于碰到一个词,什么也说不出来。
今年的词语解释,几乎不涉及翻译史和语言学名词,和去年的差别很大。
着实不好把握。
应用文:大概题干:北京二十五中的李平发现学校早上举行升旗仪式时,同学们不怎么大声唱国歌,经调查发现,很大一部分同学不会唱国歌是主要原因,李平就和部分同学商量写一篇文章,号召同学们大声唱国歌,大家一致推荐李平为主笔人,假如你是李平,请完成这篇文章。
注意文体和格式,450字左右。
题干中没有直接给出应用文的格式,但是,看到“号召”两个字,本人觉得写一篇倡议书为好,另外,经研究发现,北大2011年和2012年的应用文写作都是要求写倡议书。
所以觉得八九不离十就是倡议书了。
大作文:大概题干:2015年11月,北京普降大雪,对此,有人欢喜有人忧,请以此为话题,自立题目,文体不限,字数800字以内。
这个话题着实不好下手,难道要写成对立统一规律的辩证法?很难找到有高度有水平的利益。
请自行思考,在此就不多加讨论了。
翻译基础首先词汇翻译,考了两个去年考过的:桂冠诗人、室内设计,还有就是孕妇装、付费电视、露天市场、读者文摘英译汉:Vatican City,Union Jack,string quartet,X-rate,spaghetti,英译汉:是关于modenity,self,self-realization,self-exploration,aesthetics,中间举例子有马克思、尼采、韦伯等人的思想,最后回归到了double consciousness(这是翻译硕士英语中排序题的主题词应该是选自同一篇文章),最后讲到modernity不再局限于西方,而是扩展到所有追求现代的人,是给所有人的poisoned gift。
2016年北京大学翻译硕士考研真题 参考书、报考要求、考研大纲、分数线

北京大学翻译硕士考研真题--百科知识解析1.1政治1.1.1考研真题及详解1.“我们首先应当确定一切人类生存的第一个前提也就是一切历史的第一个前提,这个前提就是:人们为了能够‘创造历史’,必须能够生活。
但是为了生活,首先就需要衣、食、住以及其他东西。
因此第一个历史活动就是生产满足这些需要的资料,即生产物质生活本身。
”下列最能准确概括这段话含义的是()。
(北航2010翻译硕士)A.物质文明为精神文明提供物质条件B.生产物质生活本身是人类生存的第一个前提C.人类的物质生产决定其精神生产D.生产物质生活本身是人类的第一个历史活动【解析】这段话主要讲的是物质文明的问题。
引号里面的话可概括为:生产物质生活本身是人类生存的第一个前提,也是第一个历史活动,并由此得出结论:物质文明为精神文明提供一定的物质条件”。
BD两项都是对引号中内容的总结,过于片面;C项原文中没有提到。
2.“以民为本”的思想是我国古代政治、哲学的精髓,这对我们树立和落实以人为本的科学发展观颇有启迪。
下列名言中没有蕴含这一思想的是()。
(北航2010翻译硕士)A•安得广厘千万间,大庇天下寒士俱欢颜B•采得百花成蜜后,为谁辛苦为谁甜C.居庙堂之高则忧其民,处江湖之远则忧其君D先天下之忧而忧,后天下乏乐而乐【解析】B项,“采得百花成蜜后,为谁辛苦为谁甜”巧妙地切中了蜜蜂辛劳一生,却不知为谁作嫁的主题,道出了世态炎凉,人情冷暖,因而成为历久不衰、流传至今的佳句。
诗人借蜂喻人,比喻农民的劳动成果被剥夺。
现被世人用于感叹自己的苦心白费、血汗白流。
也有用以赞扬辛勤为民、毫无私心的高尚情操,并无“以民为本”之意。
A项,怎么才能得到千万间宽敞高大的房子,普遍地庇护天下间贫寒的读书人,让他们个个都开颜欢笑(杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》);C项,那些忧国忧民之士,当他在朝廷做官时,心里想的是黎民百姓,而当他流落于民间时,则想着如何为君主效力;D项,在天下人忧之前先忧,在天下人乐之后才乐。
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2016年北京大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题一、完型填空文章如下:How digital culture is rewiring our brainsOur brains are superlatively evolved to adapt to our environment: a process known as neuroplasticity. The connections between our brain cells will be shaped strengthened and refined by our individual experiences. It is this personalisation of the physical brain driven by unique interactions with the external world that arguably constitutes the biological basis of each mind so what will happen to that mind if the external world changes in unprecedented ways for example with an all-pervasive digital technology?A recent survey in the US showed that more than half of teenagers aged 13 to 17 spend more than 30 hours a week outside school using computers and other web-connected devices. If their environment is being transformed for so much of the time into a fast-paced and highly interactive two-dimensional space the brain will adapt for good or ill. Professor Michael Merzenich of the University of California San Francisco gives a typical neuroscientific perspective.''There is a massive and unprecedented difference in how 'digital natives' brains are plastically engaged in life compared with those of average individuals from earlier generations and there is little question that the operational characteristics of the average modern brain substantially differ'' he says. The implications of such a sweeping ''mind change'' must surely extend into education policy. Most obviously time spent in front of a screen is time not spent doing other things. Several studies have already documented a lixxxxnk between the recreational use of computers and a decline in school performance. Perhaps most important of all we need to understand the full impact of cyber culture on the emotional and cognitive profile of the 21st-century mind.AdvertisementInevitably there is a variety of issues. Let us look at just three.First social networking. Eye contact is a pivotal and sophisticated component of human interaction as is subconscious monitoring of body language and most powerful of all physical contact yet none of these experiences is available on social networking sites. It follows that if a young brain with the evolutionary mandate to adapt to the environment is establishing relationships through the medium of a screen the skills essential for empathy may not be acquired as naturally as in the past.In line with this prediction a recent study from Michigan University of 14000 college students has reported a decline in empathy over the past 30 years which was particularly marked over the past decade.Such data does not of course prove a causal lixxxxnk but just as with smoking and cancer some 50 years ago epidemiologists could investigate any possible connection.The psychologist Sherry Turkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has argued in her recent book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other that the more continuously connected people are in cyberspace the more isolated they feel.Second video games. Neuropsychological studies suggest frequent and continued playing might lead to enhanced recklessness. Data also indicates reduced attention spans and possible addiction. In line with this significant chemical and even structural changes are being reported in the brains of obsessional gamers. No single paper is ever likely to be accepted unanimously as conclusive but asurvey of 136 reports using 381 independent tests and conducted on more than 130000 participants concluded that video games led to significant increases in desensitisation physiological arousal aggression and a decrease in prosocial behaviour.Third search engines. Can the internet improve cognitive skills and learning as has been argued? The problem is that efficient information processing is not synonymous with knowledge or understanding. Even the chairman of Google Eric Schmidt has said: ''I worry that the level of interrupt the sort of overwhelming rapidity of information - and especially of stressful information - is in fact affecting cognition. It is in fact affecting deeper thinking. I still believe that sitting down and reading a book is the best way to really learn something.'' Given the plasticity of the brain it is not surprising adapting to a cyber-environment will also lead to positives - for example enhanced performance in skills that are continuously rehearsed such as a mental agility similar to that needed in IQ tests or in visuomotor co-ordination. However we urgently need a fuller picture.二、阅读理解(四篇)第三篇原文如下:The rise in female employment also seems to have coincided with (or perhaps precipitated) a similarly steep rise in standards for what it means to be a good parent and especially a good mother. Niggling feelings of guilt and ambivalence over working outside the home together with some social pressures compel many women to try to fulfil idealised notions of motherhood as well says Judy Wajcman a sociology professor at the London School of Economics and author of a new book "Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism".The struggle to "have it all" may be a fairly privileged modern challenge. But it bears noting that even in professional dual-income households mothers still handle the lion's share of parenting—particularly the daily routine jobs that never feelfinished. Attentive fathers handle more of the enjoyable tasks such as taking children to games and playing sports while mothers are stuck with most of the feeding cleaning and nagging. Though women do less work around the house than they used to the jobs they do tend to be the never-ending ones like tidying cooking and laundry. Well-educated men chip in far more than their fathers ever did and more than their less-educated peers but still put in only half as much time as women do. And men tend to do the discrete tasks that are more easily crossed off lists such as mowing lawns or fixing things round the house. All of this helps explain why time for mothers and especially working mothers always feels scarce. "Working mothers with young children are the most time-scarce segment of society" says Geoffrey Godbey a time-use expert at Penn State University. Parents also now have far more insight into how children learn and develop so they have more tools (and fears) as they groom their children for adulthood. This reinforces another reason why well-off people are investing so much time in parenthood: preparing children to succeed is the best way to transfer privilege from one generation to the next. Now that people are living longer parents are less likely to pass on a big financial bundle when they die. So the best way to ensure the prosperity of one's children is to provide the education and skills needed to get ahead particularly as this human capital grows ever more important for success.This helps explain why privileged parents spend so much time worrying over schools and chauffeuring their children to résumé-enhancing activities. "Parents are now afraid of doing less than their neighbors" observes Philip Cohen a sociology professor at the University of Maryland who studies contemporary families. "It can feel like an arms race."No time to loseLeisure time is now the stuff of myth. Some are cursed with too much. Others find it too costly to enjoy. Many spend their spare moments staring at a screen of some kind even though doing other things (visiting friends volunteering at a church) tends to make people happier. Not a few presumethey will cash in on all their stored leisure time when they finally retire whenever that may be. In the meantime being busy has its rewards. Otherwise why would people go to such trouble?Alas time ultimately is a strange and slippery resource easily traded visible only when it passes and often most highly valued when it is gone. No one has ever complained of having too much of it. Instead most people worry over how it flies and wonder where it goes. Cruelly it runs away faster as people get older as each accumulating year grows less significant proportionally but also less vivid. Experiences become less novel and more habitual. The years soon bleed together and end up rushing past with the most vibrant memories tucked somewhere near the beginning. And of course the more one tries to hold on to something the swifter it seems to go.Writing in the first century Seneca was startled by how little people seemed to value their lives as they were living them—how busy terribly busy everyone seemed to be mortal in their fears immortal in their desires and wasteful of their time. He noticed how even wealthy people hustled their lives along ruing their fortune anticipating a time in the future when they would rest. "People are frugal in guarding their personal property; but as soon as it comes to squandering time they are most wasteful of the one thing in which it is right to be stingy" he observed in "On the Shortness of Life" perhaps the very first time-management self-help book. Time on Earth may be uncertain and fleeting but nearly everyone has enough of it to take some deep breaths think deep thoughts and smell some roses deeply. "Life is long if you know how to use it" he counseled.Nearly 2000 years later de Grazia offered similar advice. Modern life that leisure-squandering money-hoarding grindstone-nosing frippery-buying business left him exasperated. He saw that everyone everywhere was running running running but to where? For what? People were trading their time for all sorts of things but was the exchange worth it? He closed his 1962 tome "Of Time Work and Leisure" with a precision.三、排序文章如下:Modern CriticismDICKSON D. BRUCE JR.W. E. B. Du Bois and the Idea of Double ConsciousnessAs scholars have developed a greater understanding of the importance of African American literature to the American tradition they have also developed a real appreciation for the critical place of the thought of W. E. B. Du Bois in both that literature and that tradition in the twentieth century. In particular they have focused on the famous passage from Du Bois's 1897 Atlantic magazine essay "Strivings of the Negro People" -- later republished with revisions in The Souls of Black Folk (1903) -- in which Du Bois spoke of an African American "double consciousness" a "two-ness" of being" an American a Negro; two warring ideals in one dark body whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."Du Bois's use of the idea of double consciousness to characterize issues of race was provocative and unanticipated; however as has only occasionally been noted and never really pursued the term itself had a long history by the time Du Bois published his essay in 1897. Du Bois wrote about double consciousness in a way that drew heavily on that history to create a fairly coherent pattern of connotations in both the essay and the later book. The background of meaning which the term evoked would have been familiar to many if not most of the educated middle- and upper-class readers of the Atlantic one of the foremost popular journals of letters of the day and should have contributed much to the understanding of Du Bois's arguments by those readers.In using the term "double consciousness" Du Bois drew on two main sources. One of these was essentially figurative a product of European Romanticism and American Transcendentalism. The other not entirely unrelated and mentioned briefly by historian Arnold Rarnpersad in his ownanalysis of Du Bois's work was initially medical carried forward into Du Bois's time by the emerging field of psychology. Here the term "double consciousness" was applied to cases of split personality; by the late nineteenth century it had come into quite general use not only in professional publications but also in discussions of psychological research published for general audiences as well .The figurative sources for Du Bois's idea of double consciousness are in some ways the most telling. Although one can identify from nineteenth-century literature several possible precedents for Du Bois's use of the term-from Whittier for example or George Eliot-Werner Sollors has described this figurative background as Ernersonian and indeed one of the earliest such occurrences of the term may be found in Emerson's works; In an 1843 essay entitled "The Transcendentalist" a piece he had delivered earlier as a lecture Emerson employed the term "double consciousness" to refer to a problem in the life of one seeking to take a Transcendental perspective on self and world. Constantly he wrote the individual is pulled back from the divine by the demands of daily life. The Transcendentalist knows" moments of illumination" and this makes his situation all the more difficult because lie then sees his life from the perspective those moments create as too much dominated by meanness and insignificance. As Emerson wrote "The worst feature of this double consciousness is that the two lives of the understanding and of the soul which lie leads really show very littlerelation to each other: one prevails now all buzz and din; the other prevails then all infinitude and paradise; and with the progress of life the two discover no greater disposition to reconcile themselves." Concerned with different issues Emerson used the term in a way that was not exactly the same as Du Bois's. But there was more than enough similarity to make Emerson's a useful background to what Du Bois was trying to say.In Emerson's essay "double-consciousness" evoked a set of oppositions that had become commonplace in Transcendentalism and as other scholars have shown in Romanticism generally. In the passage itself was a dichotomy between "the understanding" and "the soul" but even that referred to a more general set all organized around a central division between world and spirit. The double consciousness plaguing the Transcendentalist summarized the downward pull of life in society -- including the social forces inhibiting genuine self-realization and the upward pull of communion with the divine; the apparent chaos of things as they are and the unity of Nature comprehended by universal law; and the demanding cold rationality of commercial society and the search for Truth Beauty and Goodness -- especially Beauty-that ennobled the soul. Human beings in the world could not escape its downward pull. The worldly was an essential part of living one's life. The Transcendental double consciousness grew out of an awareness that Nature and the soul were so much more.A similar set of oppositions was an important part of Du Bois's argument in his "Strivings of the Negro People." Although in the essay Du Bois used "double consciousness" to refer to at least three different issues -- including first the real powerof white stereotypes in black life and thought and second the double consciousness created by the practical racism that excluded every black American from the mainstream of the society the double consciousness of being both an American and not an American -- by double consciousness Du Bois referred most importantly to an internal conflict in the African American individual between what was "African" and what was "American." It was in terms of this third sense that the figurative background to "double consciousness" gave the term its most obvious support because for Du Bois the essence of a distinctive African consciousness was its spirituality a spirituality baxxxxsed in Africa but revealed among African Americans in their folklore their history of patient suffering and their faith. In this sense double consciousness related particularly to Du Bois's efforts to privilege the spiritual in relation to the materialistic commercial world white America. "Negro blood has a message for the world" he wrote and this message as he had been saying since at least 1888 was of aspiritual sense and a softening influence that black people could bring to a cold and calculating world. What Sherman Paul says of Emerson's stress on the "feminine eye" one may also say of Du Bois's stress on the African soul that it serves as an alternative to a dominant inability to "see" apart from the possibilities for action and profit a notion Du Bois played on when guided by his important figure of the "veil" lie described the African American as gifted with a kind of "second sight."四、作文computer translation 的发展前景,以后需不需要人力的参与,以此为话题写作文,要求尤其讨论人力的参与与否。