有关会计师事务所审计风险和防范的探讨-毕业论文外文翻译
《2024年我国会计师事务所审计风险的防范与控制》范文
《我国会计师事务所审计风险的防范与控制》篇一一、引言随着中国经济的快速发展，会计师事务所的审计工作在保障资本市场健康运行、维护投资者利益等方面发挥着重要作用。
然而，审计工作过程中存在的风险也不容忽视。
本文将探讨我国会计师事务所在审计过程中可能遇到的风险，并提出相应的防范与控制措施。
二、审计风险概述审计风险是指会计师事务所在进行审计工作时，因各种原因导致审计结果失真或产生误差，从而给事务所、客户以及投资者带来损失的可能性。
审计风险主要来源于客户风险、事务所自身风险和外部环境风险。
客户风险主要包括客户财务报表的真实性、合法性等方面的问题；事务所自身风险主要来自于审计人员素质、审计程序执行等方面；外部环境风险则包括经济环境、法律法规变化等。
三、审计风险的防范1. 提高审计人员素质：加强审计人员的专业培训，提高其业务水平和职业道德素养。
同时，事务所应定期对审计人员进行考核，确保其具备从事审计工作的资格和能力。
2. 完善审计程序：建立健全的审计程序和规范，确保审计工作的科学性和规范性。
在执行审计程序时，应严格按照规范操作，确保审计结果的准确性。
3. 加强客户风险管理：在接受客户委托前，事务所应对客户进行充分了解，评估客户的财务报表真实性和合法性。
对于高风险客户，应采取更加严格的审计程序和措施。
4. 引入信息技术：利用信息技术手段，提高审计工作的效率和准确性。
例如，采用大数据分析和人工智能技术，对财务报表进行自动分析和比对，及时发现异常情况。
四、审计风险的控制1. 强化内部控制：事务所应建立完善的内部控制体系，包括审计流程、质量控制、风险管理等方面。
通过内部控制体系的有效执行，降低因人为因素导致的审计风险。
2. 实施独立复核：设立独立的复核部门或人员，对已完成的审计工作进行复核和审查。
通过独立复核，及时发现和纠正可能存在的错误和遗漏。
3. 定期检查与评估：事务所应定期对审计工作进行检查和评估，了解审计工作的执行情况和存在的问题。
会计师事务所 英文审计报告
会计师事务所英文审计报告（中英文版）Audit Report by Accounting FirmThe audit report prepared by our esteemed accounting firm is a comprehensive evaluation of the financial statements for the fiscal year ended.It is our professional opinion that the financial records present a true and fair view of the company"s financial performance and position.会计师事务所英文审计报告本所尊贵的会计师事务所编制的审计报告对截至财务年度末的财务报表进行了全面评估。
我们专业认为，这些财务记录真实公允地反映了公司的财务业绩与财务状况。
Methodology and FindingsOur audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, employing a risk-based approach.We found the internal controls to be effective, with no material misstatements detected in the financial statements.方法和发现本次审计是根据普遍接受的审计标准进行的，采用了风险导向的方法。
我们发现内部控制有效，财务报表中没有发现重大错报。
Opinions and RecommendationsBased on our examination, it is our opinion that the financial statements are free from material misstatement.However, we recommendthe company to enhance its inventory management system to mitigate the risk of potential fraud.意见与建议根据我们的审查，我们认为财务报表在重大方面没有错报。
会计师事务所审计风险及防范研究—以立信所为例-会计-审计-毕业论文
摘要当前，随着我国市场经济监管体系的不断完善，注册会计师作为重要的组成部分，在这个行业获得了广阔的发展空间。
然而，随着我国公司治理的不断深化，很多审计失败案例被披露了出来。
规避审计风险已成为亟待解决的热点问题。
本文首先简要介绍了审计风险的概念、构成要素以及会计师事务所审计风险产生的原因。
本文从主观原因和客观原因两个方面分析了会计师事务所审计风险形成的原因。
然后以立信会计师事务所为例，通过对立信会计师事务所的案例介绍，仔细探究立信会计师事务所在审计过程中存在的问题。
最后，提出了改进审计实务环境、加强会计师事务所审计质量控制、完善注册会计师行业监管、提高会计师事务所审计风险控制水平等避免会计师事务所审计风险的建议。
关键词：会计师事务所审计风险防范控制AbstractAt At present, with the continuous improvement of China's market economy supervision system, CPA, as an important part, has gained a broad development space in this industry. However, with the deepening of corporate governance in China, many audit failures have been disclosed. Avoiding audit risk has become a hot issue that needs to be solved. This paper first briefly introduces the concept of audit risk, the constituent elements and the reasons for audit risk of accounting firms. This paper analyzes the reasons of audit risk formation in accounting firms from two aspects: subjective reasons and objective reasons. Then, taking Lixin Certified Public Accountants as an example, through the case introduction of Lixin Certified Public Accountants, we carefully explore the problems existing in the audit process of Lixin Certified Public Accountants. Finally, it puts forward some suggestions to avoid audit risk of accounting firms, such as improving audit practice environment, strengthening audit quality control of accounting firms, improving the supervision of certified public accountants industry, and improving audit risk control level of accounting firms.Keywords:Accounting firm Audit risk be on guard control目录一、审计风险的概述 (1)（一）审计风险的概念 (1)（二）审计风险的组成要素 (1)（三）审计风险的基本特征 (2)（四）会计师事务所审计风险的原因 (3)二、立信注册会计师审计风险的案例介绍 (4)（一）立信会计师事务所的简介 (4)（二）立信事务所服务审计过程中存在的问题 (5)三、会计师事务所避免审计风险的建议 (7)（一）改善审计执业环境 (7)（二）加强会计事务所的审计质量控制 (8)（三）加强对注册会计师行业的监管 (9)（四）提高会计师事务所审计风险的控制水平 (10)四、结语 (11)参考文献 (13)致谢 (15)跟随者我国改革开放的步伐，社会主义市场经济进一步的发展，市场环境变得更加复杂，因此会计师事务所面临的审计风险增加。
审计风险外文文献翻译最新译文
审计风险外文文献翻译最新译文文献出处：C E Hogan. The Discussion of Audit Risk Control [J]. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2015, 25(1): 219.原文The Discussion of Audit Risk ControlC E HoganAbstractFor any one market, seeking resources optimal configuration is its internal requirements, this requirement with complete information between market subjects, in reality, however, investors and by investors, creditors and debtors, regulators and inevitable existence of information asymmetry between the regulated, audit the generation of the industry is to eliminate the information asymmetry. Certified public accountants to verify statements of the financial information of foreign enterprises and other information, the truth of market main body with information as close as possible to complete information is the process of the audit. Since the audit conclusion is certified public accountants in sampling surveys on the basis of the subjective conclusion, usually can't be absolutely perfect information, the audit risk and the audit risk is the audit itself inherent cannot evade a question.Keywords: audit risk, audit risk management and risk control1 IntroductionAuditing profession development, has become an indispensable organic part of market economy, in the establishment and maintenance of the capital market development, holds an important place of audit, audit of the financial market is hard to imagine.In recent years, however, in view of the accounting firms and certified public accountants case erupted repeatedly, most lawsuits and high litigation of the damages to the whole industry development.2002 of the American journal of accounting statistics results show that the United States over the past 15 years for the auditor to accuse lawsuit, far more than the whole industry occurred in the 105 - year history of the total number of ['];European Ernst & young, KPMG, delete and PWC international accounting firms in 2007, a year only received compensation lawsuit, claim amountmore than $1 billion in six, demanded amount of between $350 million to $1 billion with 12.Strengthen research of audit risk and its management, therefore, not only relates to the interests of the subject of audit and reputation, and is related to the construction of the economic system, is not only beneficial to audit the construction industry, promote audit, benign and healthy development of the career but also to contain or block the audit risk caused a chain reaction, make the audit resources to have economic benefits and social benefits in the direction of the flow, promote the reasonable allocation of social resources and social stability.2 Literature reviewIn 1978, D.H. Roberts (D.H.R obverts) raises the ultimate audit risk model, its mathematical expression is: the ultimate risk inherent risk control risk x 2 analytical detection risk and (+ sampling risk not sampling risk).In 1981, the auditing standards board (AlCPA) standards of 39 announcement the audit sampling and brought forward a new model of audit risk, this theory is that the audit.Risks from the analysis of inherent risk, control risk anddetection risk and testing of four risk in detail, including: inherent risk and control risk the risk of significant error in financial statements and analytical examination and detailed test risks said the risk of significant error in the financial statements are not found. In 1983, the auditing standards board (AICPA) is explained in the auditing standards no. 47 "audit risk and the importance of audit services" (sAS47 #) of the audit risk model and made the changes, the revised audit model: audit risk inherent risk 2 x check risk control. As a result of this model includes the main audit risk factors, and shows that the number of the relationship between each risk factor, convenient measurement, operability and applicability, and therefore most audit organization and the international accounting firms are using this model, the independent auditing standards are also using this model. In 2004, the international auditing standards are revised in SAS47 # auditing standards audit model on the basis of a new audit risk model is put forward, its abstract expression is: the risk of material misstatement risk in audit risk = x check, this model to control risk and inherent risk into comprehensiverisk, and said with the risk of material misstatement. The model that audit risk depends on the size of the material misstatement risk and check risk, certified public accountant shall risk assessment of the implementation process, evaluation of material misstatement risk, and further to design and implement audit according to the results of the assessment program, to control the inspection risk, to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level.And for some institutions and scholars，Audit risk theory put forward its own views is put forward in 1983: Audit risk inherent risk control risk x x = analytical detection risk and substantive testrisk [6]; the auditing practices board (APC) in 1988, an audit risk model is put forward, namely: audit risk = inherent risk control risk x x x sampling risk. In 1997, Alvin. A. Arenas and James k. loss baker (Alvin a. Arenas and James k. Lob eke) published monograph in combination with the audit learn A "(Auditing - An integrated Approach) adopted the system foundation audit and the risk-based audit pattern, on the basis of the risk assessment of the audited units, comprehensive analysis and evaluation of various influence factors of the audited units of economic activity, and according to the quantitative risk level to determine the implementation of the audit scope, focus, and carries on the substantive examination.3 Audit risk management and control3.1 Audit project management and controlEntrusted by the audit stage, first of all should carefully choose the auditees. Industry, the development level of industry correlation and macro-economic conditions, the types of industry market information such as help auditors on the current operating situation of the customer to make a preliminary judgment, and thus to initial positioning its risk. Customer’s own information focus should examine its management level, management level and sustainable management ability and senior management personnel quality, and so on and so forth. Auditors take special attention in the understanding of the unusual move, especially in the audit of listed company, any signs of abnormal behavior will have its exposed, namely risk signal. Between the auditor and the client if there is a related party relationship will affect theindependence of the audit, therefore when determining accepting new clients to avoid this kind of relationship to weakenthe independence of certified public accountants. In commissioned phase can be a new customer list to inform law firm of professional auditors.Implementation stage of the audit specific controlled by implementation and business substantive testing phase and implementation detailed analytical testing and balance testing phase two phases, this stage guided by the audit plan, audit risk control oriented, to obtain audit evidence as the basic goals, the establishment of the internal control system of the audited units first and abide by the conditions for conformance test, according to the test results revised audit plan; And then to substantive testing of accounting report project data, evaluation and appraisal according to the test result.Way to achieve the goal of certified public accountants audit is the implementation of audit procedures, and the result is to achieve the goal of the audit through the audit report to reflect. Audit report reflects the client's final request, also reflect the quality of audit work to accomplish the task, and is also the judgement of the audited matters and conclusion. Therefore audit report stage is to audit the project quality and degree of risk control, the last part of the project risk control.3.2 Audit industry risk management and controlA sound system of laws and regulations is the audit laws is the basic measures to guard against auditing risk. Audit theory system must have a tight inner logic, to become a mature discipline and guide audit practice. Revised auditing standards as the core of the audit standard system, pay attention to the improvement on the application of audit risk model, perfect the risk-oriented audit on the implementation of the specific procedures of specific methods, such as the evaluation of internalcontrol system, the control test and confirm the audit sampling method, test phase use expectation level of audit risk, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk and legal responsibility audit litigation risk and evaluation method, etc., for the auditor in practice to establish a normative and principled technical guidance system, enables the auditor's practice to rules-based and laws.An institute of certified public accountants should give full play to the function of its industry association, to further promote the improvement of the industry standards, strengthen supervision, to establish credit rating, filing system, peer review and experience exchange. In addition, an institute of certified public accountants shall promote the legislation and building rules and regulations, work, and take some measures to protect the lawful rights and interests of a member of the association. To explore in practice, summarize the experience on the basis of the audit work must be formulated in compliance with standards and guidelines as soon as possible, the audit procedures, content, clerical, language use and so on shall be clearly stipulated; Strengthen the constraints supervision mechanism, establish and perfect the relevant regulations of the peer review and the system.3.3 Audit environment risk management and controlThe audit environment is constantly changing. Industrial society to information society and the transformation of the knowledge economy era, the progressive realization of economic globalization, the modern enterprise system gradually introduced, further improving the corporate governance structure, information technology is widely applied in the audit practice, etc. Play an important role in the audit environment, isthe auditor's quality and skills, social expectations and requirements for the audit, the development of related disciplines and so on.For the improvement of the audit environment and reform, not the auditing profession or an institute of certified public accountants can be achieved, it needs the joint efforts of the whole society, such as the correct understanding of the auditing profession widespread public, to reduce the audit expectation gap; To improve the standardization of the capital market operations and the transparency of information disclosure; Perfect the construction of accounting legal system, etc.4 ConclusionsAudit is to monitor the development of social economy, the important aspect of optimizing the allocation of resources, the development of capital market prosperity and stability is particularly important. Audit risk management throughout all aspects of the audit activities, throughout the audit activities. Public accounting firms andcertified public accountants as the main body of the audit risk management, especially must pay attention to in the daily audit practice and strengthen the audit risk management, they need to improve its own, perfect the causes of audit risk, and thus achieve the control of the audit risk more effectively.译文对审计风险控制的探讨C E Hogan摘要对于任何一个市场而言,寻求资源的最优配置都是其内在要求,这要求市场主体之间具备完全信息,然而现实中,投资者与被投资者、债权人与债务人、监管者与被监管者之间必然存在信息的不对称,审计这一行业的产生就是为了消除这种信息的不对称。
审计风险外文文献翻译最新译文
审计风险外文文献翻译最新译文The n of Audit Risk ControlXXXIn any market。
the optimal n of resources is an internal XXX。
however。
n asymmetry exists een investors and creditors。
debtors and regulators。
and other regulated XXX verify the financial n of foreign enterprises and other n to ensure that the market's main body has as close to complete n as possible。
This process is known as the audit.XXX' subjective ns。
which are usually based on sampling surveys。
XXX。
audit risk is XXX.n:The auditing n has e an essential part of the market economy。
XXX the development of the capital market。
It holds a XXX the financial market。
However。
in recent years。
due to the repeatedn of cases XXX accountants。
the industry has XXX。
A 2002study published in the American Journal of Accounting Statistics revealed that the number of lawsuits against auditors in the United States over the past 15 years is far more than the total number of lawsuits in the industry's 105-year history。
审计风险的形成基本原因毕业论文外文翻译
审计风险的形成基本原因毕业论文外文翻译中文2390字The basic reason of auditing riskWith the establishment of market economy system, the audit in the maintenance of market economic order, an increasingly prominent role, people's understanding and awareness of the audit more profound at the same time more and more high expectations of the audit, resulting audit responsibilities and audit risk also become larger. Certified Public Accountants (hereinafter referred to cPA) as a statutory social audit practitioners, the increasing concern of the community, responsibility and role is also growing. In the new situation, how to prevent audit risk, audit risk to quantitative analysis to enhance the overall level of audit work before us has become an important issue. False accounting information in China is full of market circumstances, the auditor should not only perform the duties of social identification, but also to cooperate with the audited object, the pursuit of certain economic interests, but also the difficulties facing a claim at any time, is the so-called CPA industry dilemma.Therefore, CPA in the law, professional ethics and self-interest continue to maintain a balance between the breaking point of balance, for balance. Is also undeniable that China has a lot of CPA's audit, audit risk is too high there is a direct impact on the quality of China's CPA practice, the basis of international reputation and survival. National Audit Office Furniture 2001 organizations in 16 annual financial statements of listed companies qualified accounting firm audit completed in 2001 into line quality audit services to inspect. During the inspection,the departments concerned had taken the accounting firm issued 32 audit reports and audit reports of 21 listed companies involved in the audit investigation, inspection found that 14 accounting firm issued false and 23 were seriously The audit report, resulting in false 7.143 billion yuan of financial accounting information, involving 41 certified public accountants.Moreover, audit risk also exists in the world, Enron Enron case there's four issues (use of "special purpose entities" over-estimated profit, underestimated liabilities; through the air hanging notes receivable, overvalued assets and shareholder equity;through limited partnership, push for profits: using partnership networks, self-dealing, suspected of concealing large losses) since the independence of the audit firm Anda debt is not enough, the same auditing firm Arthur Andersen created the risk.Also has “the world to pass the event”, “the silver broad summer event”, “the East electron event” and so on, has promulgated chartered accountant the audit risk universality. How to strengthen the audit risk the management, the active control and di evades the audit risk, raises to the audit quality, remoulds chartered accountant the fair social image, becomes each Accounting firm and jobholders' urgent matter and may not the shift responsibility. Before the county, the academic match is mostly the qualitative analysis expectation audit risk, the inherent risk, the control risk and the detection risk. Not the special theory frame or the guide provide the assessment method for these risks, middle the actual audit work is first according to the profession custom determination expectation audit risk, then the subjective determination inherent risk and the control risk, have not acted according to each to audit unit'sactual situation to determine it has the expectation audit risk, expected the audit risk theTherefore, quantitative study to determine desired audit risk, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk approach, and through overall audit risk and comparing the desired audit risk is whether the audit Gongzuo, developed at such a one kind of audit risk assessment methods for reducing audit risk level, to improve the quality of audit work has important theoretical and practical significance.Research paradigm and research methods from the point of view, audit risk study is divided into three categories: (1) Auditing and Management in the logical framework of the law or regulations of the use of theoretical study and discuss the interpretation of the audit objectives, audit environment, audit responsibilities, the audit method and the relationship between audit risk; (2) Experimental and field studies in Auditing, psychology, behavioral science and sociology of the logical framework. Analysis of the impact of audit risk factors and control methods; (3) with empirical research methods in law and economics within the logical framework to discuss the institutional environment, audit risk and audit, the relationship betweenmarket structure. Internal audit risk of the past, the main use of more standard, experimental research, field research, and the relative lack of empirical research.The more complex the object of the audit, the audit of the contents of the more extensive and more difficult for the audit, audit the greater the risk. Reliance on the audit opinion to improve and expand the scope of audit opinions, audit risk is formed by one of the reasons. Modern economic life, peoplehave the reliability of financial statements provide information on the growing importance of accounting statement users want to improve through the audit the reliability of accounting information in order to reduce the decision risk, therefore, their views on the audit has become increasingly dependent. And the impact of the scope of the audit opinion is also growing, reliance on the audit opinion can be more and more people, once they suffer losses in the market requires that there be compensation from the auditor to audit risk increases.Also, the internal audit unit was and external economic environment is the formation of audit risk factors. These internal and external economic environment will impact on enterprise risk management, audit risk and thus affect noon.(1)audit risk form of subjective reasons.First, the auditor's experience and ability to directly led to the formation of audit risk. As the Audit object content of the complexity and breadth of the audit, audit opinion and people's dependence on increasing community on the auditors to make professional judgments, required audit must therefore have good experience and a higher judge ability, experience and ability, but always limited, inevitably express the error in the audit process the audit opinion, the formation of audit risk.Second, the audit staff are not strong enough sense of responsibility, failing to maintain proper professional caution is also the reason for the formation of audit risk. Auditing standards requires not only the audit staff with technical expertise, should also have a strong sense of responsibility in the audit process to maintain due professional care attitude. If the auditors responsibility is poor, work hard, work will cause many unnecessary mistakes, so have been able to find the problem cannot be found in time. If the auditors did not keep their professional and cautious attitude, willmake the audit process should be not carried out, resulting in the generation of audit risk.(2)the reasons for the audit method itself.The auditors use the modern auditing method itself has the flaw is also the substantial clause which the audit risk forms. The modern auditing method takes seriously to reduce the audit cost, emphasized the audit cost and audit risk's balanced, uses the auditing routine take allows to be possible to have certain audit risk as a premise, and the sampling audit method and the analytical reexamine the method the application penetration in the entire audit risk. Therefore the audit result has certain error inevitably.审计风险的形成基本原因随着市场经济体制的确立，审计在维护市场经济秩序方面的作用越来越突出，人们对审计的理解和认识越来越深刻，同时对审计的期望值越来越高，致使审计责任和审计风险也随之加大。
毕业论文-文献综述-译文-模版
毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：（写译文题目)院系名称：班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：200×年×月风险导向审计研究(译文题目)Pie Pierce，B。
, Sweeney, B。
近几年来，审计行业面临的风险正在日益增大，国内外相继出现了一些会计舞弊事件，如：美国的“安然”、“施乐”,国内的“原野”、“琼民源”、“红光”等，审计人员由此涉及的案件也成千上万，赔偿的金额更难以估计,甚至有人称审计职业界进入了“诉讼爆炸"时代,一些会计师事务所因诉讼而倒闭或陷入困境，这使审计人员清醒地认识到,在商业竞争十分激烈的市场经济中，审计职业界所面临的商业风险已越来越大，审计职业必须设法降低这种商业风险水平。
为此，以美国为首的西方国家从20世纪80年代开始大规模地修订审计准则,在实践中产生了一种以风险评价为中心的审计模式，并在实务中得到广泛应用.一、风险导向审计产生的社会基础（一）高风险的审计执业环境是风险导向审计产生的直接原因。
众多企业的倒闭,已审报表的使用者将经营失败等同于审计失败。
他们认为企业濒临破产,注册会计师进行财务报表审计时就应提前发出警告，这样审计人员与公众期望的差距越来越大。
期望差距的加大，表明社会公众对审计的需求日益增加，为弥补审计期望差距就得寻找途径，主动出击,迎合这种需求，须承担一定的法律责任——即承担更大的查错防弊责任。
随着企业规模的不断扩大，业务的复杂化和计算机的应用，会计、审计业务趋于复杂;险恶的企业经营环境必然意味着严峻的、高风险的审计执业环境，因此迫切需要一种新的审计技术——风险导向审计。
（二）严格的法律环境是风险导向审计产生的外部驱动力。
现代社会在某种程度上是一种契约经济，各种契约界定人与人之间的关系，法律保护契约双方，一切纠纷的处理需通过法律的手段解决。
证券法对保护投资人利益的责任意识越来越强，因而当投资人的利益受到伤害时，被投资企业破产倒闭，投资人无力投资，债务人收回债务无望时，极有可能诉讼注册会计师。
审计风险外文文献(1)
审计风险外文文献(1)摘要审计风险是每一个企业都不可避免的存在，如何有效地对企业进行风险管理和风险评估，是企业在竞争激烈的市场经济中持续发展的关键。
本文研究了一些关于审计风险的外文文献，包括审计风险概念、审计风险评估方法、审计风险管理等方面，旨在为企业的管理者提供有益的参考。
正文1. Introduction随着市场经济的不断发展，企业日益面临着各种各样的风险，其中审计风险是一种不可忽视的风险。
审计是公司财务状况公开的重要手段，而审计风险则是指在审计过程中，会发现实际情况与财务报告不符或存在其他问题，这种风险不仅会对企业的财务状况产生影响，也会对企业的声誉产生负面影响。
2. 审计风险概念审计风险分为三个方面：检查风险、控制风险和依赖风险。
检查风险是指审核员未能检查到可疑交易或错误的信息。
控制风险是指公司的内部控制程序存在缺失，导致财务报告的准确性受到影响。
依赖风险是指报告使用者过度依赖于审计师提供的信息。
3. 审计风险评估方法审计风险评估是完整的审计过程的一部分，目的是评估审计风险的程度。
当确定企业的特定事件可能导致审计误差时，重要的是要确定风险的数量级和可能性。
评估审计风险的方法通常有三种：3.1 指标法指标法是根据历史数据，使用统计学方法来确定预测未来事件的可能性。
它通常将风险因素与特定事件发生的概率联系起来，以确定将需要进行更详细的审计程序的区域。
#### 3.2 经验法经验法根据审计人员的经验来确定预测的未来事件可能性。
这种方法不依赖于任何统计数据，而是基于审计人员对企业的认识和经验来进行评估。
#### 3.3 聚集法聚集法涉及对不同因素进行评估，这可以提高风险评估的确定性和准确性。
在这种方法中，审计人员可以对所有可能影响判断的因素进行评估，包括企业规模、行业类型、管理体系等。
4. 审计风险控制为了减少风险，管理人员可以采取以下措施：4.1 审计策略管理人员应该制定一个明确的审计策略来减少审计风险。
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I The discussion on audit risk and prevention of accounting firmA The goal and the significance of researching audit risk (8)B The problems of accounting firms (8)C The analysis of reason rising audit risk (10)D The strategy reducing audit risk of CPAs (11)E Conclusion (14)The discussion on audit risk and prevention of accountingfirmThe goal and the significance of researching audit riskAudit risk not only affects CPA’s vit al interests，but also is direct proportion to the operating risk．So，it is important to study the reasons of audit risk．The studying on audit risk is to improve the working quality of CPA to reduce the charged risk，to construct a reasonable auditing environment，and to inform and provide fair information to users to help them making-decisions．The author thinks the audit risk rising due to poor quality of accounting firms．The CPAs work for firms，and the firms should be responsible for CPAs’ activities，to decr ease the CPAs’ risk and avoid the firms’ risk．Only those risk are considered，both the firms and the CPAs may improve each other to promote the development of CPA business.The problems of accounting firms⑴Low-price competitionSocial existence of competition，the price is the most key eye-catching customers．If any firm uses better price，the business would increase，and give rise to more profit accordingly，and the firms own competitive advantage to ensure the future development．There is an audit fee standard in the firm，but also there is greater flexibility on specific operations（Industry standard for audit fees is shown in Table 1）．Such as Sichuan XX accounting firm，total assets in the end of the year are ￥1，553，871，396．18 in the audited unit．If in strict accordance with the standards，the audit fees are ￥409，967．85，but the actual audit fees are ￥1 80，000．00 in the firm ‘s invoice．The more difference price is lower than the normal price level，which would apparently influence the audit quality and increase the audit risk．⑵The imperfect system of quality controlAt present，most firms require the issued audit reports should base on three—tier review systems．In other words，after issuing the first draft of audit report，project manager must take it to departmental verify，then to manager in charge of department verify，to quality supervisors review lastly．Only after all the three review staffs agree，the audit report may be issued formally．In fact，the firms don’t carry out the system conformity strictly because of many reasons，and reduce part of the procedures．For example，during the annual auditing，some audit reports are issued by two—tier review system conformity strictly because of more businesses in Sichuan XX accounting firm ．So there are some problems in audit reports．When the firms sentthe reports to the clients，the clients would find out and return the firms to modify，which lead to the negative impact for the CPAs and the firms，and increase the audit risk．Table 1 The industry fee standard of audit feeThe total asset of audited company inyear endFee standards Total feesLess than 500,000.00510,000.00 to 1,000,000.001,010,000.00 to 5,000,000.00 5,010,000.00 to 10,000,000.00 10,010,000.00 to 50,000,000.00 50,010,000.00 to 100,000,000.00 More than 100,000,000.001,500.003,000.006,000.009,000.0012,000.0015,000.000.25‰1,500.004,500.0010,500.0019,500.0031,500.0046,500.00⑶The incomplete follow-up education of auditorsThe institute trains the CPAs annual．The train personnel include the CPAs and the audit assistants in the firms．But due to the busy businesses and the pursuit of profit maximization，the firms wouldn’t spend more time in the follow-up education of CPAs and audit assistants．So CPAs and audit assistants have less chance to renew the knowledge．For example，in Sichuan，some firm s requested the CPAS to answer the questions on internet in the follow—up education．⑷staff recruitment problemsWhen some firms recruit，there is no better eligibility review process，and the candidates usually come from the interpersonal．So the staff’s professional knowledge levers are different，which lead to the potential audit risk．During 2008 annual report of audit，a firm recruited a large number of staffs．Only there is 62 staff in audit department．in which there are 20 new CPAs(32．25 percent in tota1)．And 1 6 new staffs(80 percent of new staffs) are graduates．Most of them haven’t come into contact with the audit．⑴The increased time pressure of CPAsBecause time is limited．the CPAs had to finish the auditing within the required timeframe．Generally the CPAs spend 3 to 5 days in big corporation，and 1 to 2 days in small corporation．During the annual report audit，the auditors in a firm in Sichuan didn’t go to audit in accordance with the procedures of auditing standard s，and took the substantive test for the audited unit．There is no enough time to assess interna1 control of corporation for the auditors，and to test the important level also．Because oftime limited．after the CPAs go into the audited company firstly，they would go to engage in another project without staying to finish the first project，and other auditors(not CPA)are responsible for the present project．So the CPAs issue the audit reports with blindness，and the audit risk are enlarged．The analysis of reason rising audit risk⑴The enhanced complexity of objective economic activitiesWith the improvement of degree of social information，more the accounting information of the audited are，in which there are some wrong and false information，more the possibility of oversight are increased．The kind and the character of economic business are different and complex，so the accounting businesses have gone far beyond the traditional content of financial accounting．The appearance of new businesses，such as taxation accounting，lease accounting，bankruptcy accounting，consolidated financial statements，is more challenging than the traditional financial accounting，more prone to controversy，and more difficult to audit．The content of modem audit include not only the financial activities and some feasibility studies for the investment programs in the audited companies，but also the evaluation of operating results，the content and the operation effect of internal control system，which would increase the difficult to draw the right conclusion．Moreover，Chinese economic system and the compatible systems are changing constantly，and the economic elements are more complex，and the quality of employees is differently in all kinds of economic elements．Sometimes，the ability of employees lags behind the reform of financial systems．Some employees speculate in chaos，and almost pursuit self-interest，which happen usually．Some firms are not good to deal with countermeasures，so to increase audit risk．⑵The more competition in firmsIn an increasingly competitive environment，the firms always reduce price in order to the business，which lead to serious unfair competition in audit industry．With the increasing firms and the tender，low-cost competition becomes more intense．Some firms in Sichuan took part in low—cost competition toself-development．The audit fees influence directly inputs of resource in auditing procedure，especially the test procedure and the score，so to affect the quality and the social vale of independent audit．In case of low audit fees．the auditors will finish a lot of auditing in short time to reduce costs，which give the auditors more pressure or can’t ensure the auditing quality．⑶The low quality of auditors①The limited experience and the abilities of the auditorsThe limited audit abilities lead to complete the audit businesses is even worse，or the audited content and request between the community and the audit occupation sector are disagreed，which put them involve in the responsibility of unpleasantlitigation．For a long time，the audit occupation sectors have thought the implementation of auditing according to auditing standards is to fulfill their duties，and the accountability and the audit responsibilities may be distinguished．The public not only desire the auditors issue the report for financial information，and require they can discover all the false and the wrong information in the audited department．The increased audit responsibilities are adapted to the demand for the public，but increase the audit risk．So，the audit abilities are relative to meet the demand for the public，and not absolute．The audit abilities are always different from the public demand．②The poor of audit staff and professional responsibilityThe auditing is a kind of specialized technical service，so the auditors have the responsibility to plan their auditing to discover the false that maybe cause significant impact on financial statements．In the same time，the auditors ought to apply the personal technology and career concerns in the process of auditing．The responsibility and the career concern s of auditors are important to the auditing conclusion．The responsibility request the auditors to own high moral characters，integrity personality，and meticulous work spirit，with a solid accounting，auditing，legal knowledge and basic audit skills，keen analytical skills and the ability to determine accurate．In China，CPAs is less；both the age structure and knowledge structures of most CPAs are more unreasonable．In order to get more CPAs，the heads of firm s tried their best．So many CPAs are linked to the firms，such as in Sichuan．The linked CPAs decreased their auditing independent．③Flawed method of modern auditModem audit methodology emphasis the balance between audit costs and audit risk，so admitting the existence of a little audit risk is the necessary premise in audit procedures；audit sampling methods and methods of application of analytical review throughout the audit process．And therefore the result of the review is bound to a certain degree of error．The developing auditing is facing more competitions，and competitions result in margin profit reduced．In order to maintain margin profit，the auditing career must keep the balance between efficiency and effects，which is to strive for maximum audit efficiency in the time of maintaining the auditing effects．Consequently，the auditors put audit strength focused on all important projects，to give up some procedures that the auditors think unnecessary．The auditors also are willing to bear certain risks taken based on reviewing the part of all operations．Although sampling theory has studied the deep，in specific application to the audit，the auditors did not quite grasp the sample can be taken by the representative of the overall，subjective conclusions can be drawn between objective fact and the deviation from the always exist．④Time pressureUnder more competition in audit service market，the CPAs are facing the pressure from different sources，such as competition，the firms’ internal management，the clients，and the third—party(e．g．SFC)，and the pressure is increased by therequest of reducing time to finish the auditing．Time pressure is as an environmental factor influencing on the audit performance，which importance are increasing，and are paid attention to．Due to customers’ own demand，they require firms finish the audit work within the period provided，time pressure are transacted to the CPAs，and the audit risk are increased accordingly．The strategy reducing audit risk of CPAs⑴Regulate the functions of law enforcement and government supervision departmentsIn reasonable regulation and control of“two hands”of both the market and the government，many economic activities of accounting entity operate progressively with market--oriented；many non-standard economic activities are reduced；the disclosure of accounting information are becoming increasingly standardized；CPAs will not be difficult to make decisions by dilemma faced；audit risk will be reduced naturally．When CPAs find in practice that policy is inconsistencies of the legislation，administrative law enforcement and regulation are weak，accounting activities of the entity are non—standard，CPAs should communicate with the relevant functional departments timely，to enhance the normative and operational of policy-making．Such CPA reduces the audit risks，and increases the efficiency of the audit．．⑵Accounting firms should be improved①Accounting firm to establish a sound internal operational mechanism，an d improve the quality of theinternal control system，and to establish the risk of liability systemFrom the perspective of risk control，the firm should establish and improve the internal total qualitymanagement systems，in particular ensure to perfect the implementation process．The establishment and improvement of audit quality control system are the powerful measures to reduce the fraud and control audit risk．Quality control is an important component of internal control of the system in the firms，and locates in the core position of the system．Strict assessment methods for audit quality，and reducing or eliminate staff errors，timely detecting and resulting problems arising in the course of auditing，are to ensure audit quality and reduce audit risk．Everything must be checked，operated，responded and accessed by some people；a problem can be reflected in a timely manner，and can clearly define the responsibilities．Accounting firm should also establish mechanisms to transfer risk to circumvent their own risk in process of auditing．②Establishing and use the mechanisms of professional guidanceThe firm should establish the mechanisms of professional guidance to ensure CPAs in the situation beyond own knowledge to acquire advisory services timely and appropriate operational guidance．For example，the accounting firm will be able toemploy legal，economic，technical expels；the auditors make judgments and decisions for the authority backed by professionals，so that it can enhance the findings of the audit risk respectability．⑶To improve the overall quality of CPAsIt should be noted that accounting firms have to do a good job within the work of two aspects：one is in the recruitment of professionals，the strict quality，and not employ the candidates without the conditions．On the other hand，attention should be paid to the existing CPAs’ continually follow—up education．For extremely complex elements in the Chinese economy，the new requirements and the new policy are emerging．Object and content of the audit are constantly changing，so there should be a system that each of CPAs has the opportunity to learn new knowledge and continuously improve their operational capacity．At the same time，we must also strengthen the rigid constraints of professional ethics．Institute of Certified Public Accountants must strengthen the supervision of the accounting firms and CPAs，to ensure the healthy development of the industry．⑷CPAs perfect themselves①Strictly abide by professional ethics and industry standardsSO far．China has formulated and promulgated a 48 independent auditing standards and related professional norms，has established basically a system of professional norms for CPAs．CPAs practice only in strict accordance with professional standards and the audit procedures necessary，they are possible to form the correct audit findings Therefore，it is particularly important to control risk，to maintain good work ethics，to strictly comply with the requirements of professional standards for the implementation of audit operations and issuing the audit report．②Focus on the important auditing activity of the quality controlBefore the audit CPAs in the audit is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between audit risks and the importance concept，the collection of evidence，use the model of audit risk to analyze factors，and accurate estimate effectively audit risk，the risk of material misstatement．Considering the principle of cost an d profit，CPAs may determine audit methodology within the cost of evidence collection，to prepare the implementation plan．In phase of control，the main things is to review the plan in line with the clients’ requests，including the contents of the audit，scope，completion time and the division of labor，and according to the actual situation to the revised scheme to enhance the timeliness of audit work and effects．CPAs should check the adequacy of audit methodology，the correct of audit basis，the adequacy of audit evidence，audit determination is appropriate or is not appropriate，the integrity and the logic of data．At the same time，prepare high-quality audit work papers，the auditors must exchange views with audited units about audit reports，and listen to the views of the clients and the parties．Such audit risk of CPAs will be reduced naturally in accounting firms．③T0 maintain the sensitivity of the audit environmentIt is the important matter that CPAs should comprehend the customers and all aspects about audit project to find audit risk and to avoid lega1．Before auditing，auditors should be aware of the following environmental matters and maintain the sensitivity：The region’s financial and economic situation and development trend of change，the impact of existing policies，laws and regulations on the operation and management of customers and the extent，client’s legal representative and its major internal changes in management personnel and external flows，the improvement situation of internal control system of client，accounting systems，The auditing standards and their application situation，the knowledge and the development trend of related technology．④Audit responsibilities must be clearIn the audit process，on specific project tasks，it is necessary to refine the division of labor，and the responsibility of the audit team members put in place．At the same time，the project manager has to do well the work of supervision and inspection in the entire audit process，and gives recognition to the excellent project team，and holds the team fault liability for the audit risk in violation of the provisions an d slack work．ConclusionIn China，auditing is high-risk profession．The main bearer of the risk is CPA，and the goal every accounting firm need to pursuit is to reduce the audit risk of CPA．Only reduce the audit risk of CPA，the development of accounting firm can be achieved continuously．目录1.有关会计师事务所审计风险和防范的探讨1.1审计风险研究的目标和意义 (1)1.2会计师事务所存在的问题 (1)1.3审计风险增加的原因 (3)1.4注册会计师降低审计风险的策略 (5)1.5结论 (7)1.有关会计师事务所审计风险和防范的探讨1.1审计风险研究的目标和意义审计风险不仅影响注册会计师的切身利益，而且跟经营风险是成正比的。