基于范畴化理英语拟声词翻译论文
英语拟声词的运用与翻译分析
＠Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｔ ｒ ａ ｉ ｎ ｃ ｌ ａ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｄ ｏ ｕ ｔ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｓ ｔ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ．
火车哐哐唧唧驶 出车站 。 同样的 ，英语 原文中不同的拟声 词在汉语 中可译成 同一
拟声词 。
（ 二） 转 译 法
收音机 的声音在扰乱大家。 （ 四） 添加拟 声词 英语 原文 中没有拟声词 ， 汉译时可添加有 关的拟声 词 ， 以
扑， 扑 ……屋顶上有水滴在泥地上 。
２ 、 英汉两种语 言 中， 有时 同一个 拟声词可 以根 据不 同的 语境译作不 同的拟声词 ，如英语拟声词 ｃ ｌ ａ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｒ 的汉译法有 以
①Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｗ ｉ ｎ ｄ ｗ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｐ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ．
风在松林中飒飒作 响。
是 因为它们本身某些字母 的发音能象征 某种概念 或意境 、 气 氛， 使人引起联想 。
（ 三） 英语原文 中有拟 声词 ， 汉译 时不用拟声词 １ 、 拟声词 可以描绘大 干世界 的各 种各样的声音 ， 按照 其 模拟事物 的不同 ，通常可分为模 拟人类 、动物及 自然界的声
产生音义之间的相互联想 。在 生活中人声 、 物声 、 水声 和动物 加语 。例如 ： ①Ａ ｒ ｙ ｓ ｔ ａ ｌ ｔ ｅ ａ ｒ － ｄ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｐ ｌ ｏ ｐ ｐ ｅ ｄ ｄ ｏ ｗ ｎ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｌ ｅ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｒ ． 叫声等声音随处可闻。 当听到一种熟悉的声 音 ， 立刻就会 联想 颗晶莹的泪珠扑地滴在信纸上。（ 动词附加语 ） 到拟声词源 ， 并对之产生丰富联想 。 英语 中拟声词往往不仅是
拟 声两种 。翻译时 需根据 不同语音 、 语法、 语义、 语境而译。正确 、 恰 当地 运用和翻 译拟 声词 ， 可 以渲染 气氛 、 烘托 意
英汉拟声词对比翻译论文文献综述
Onomatopoeia is an important way of word-formation and a kind of rhetorical device. It uses the sound to reflect the sense, that is, the pronunciation of one word is the echo to the sense- the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (as buzz, hiss) or the use of words whose sound suggests the sense. The creations of onomatopoeias are very simple and original. People just imitate the sounds of the animals or other things that can produce sounds. There are great numbers of onomatopoeias in each language. Onomatopoeias are important figures of speech that enrich the language. There exist the differences and similarities between English and Chinese onomatopoeias from aspects of phonetics, part of speech, syntactic function and semantics. The similarities mainly exist in partial similar phonetics, the diversities of part of speech and syntactic function, the transference of semantics and its usage. The differences mainly arise in phonetics, part of speech, semantics and syntactic function. So it’s necessary to pay attention to the same aspects and difference of onomatopoeias between Chinese and English and to make an in-depth research. At the same time, in the translation of onomatopoeia between Chinese and English, people have figured out many effective ways, however, they are very scattered. Many researches are made to explore the translation skills of onomatopoeia, which includes the transliteration and complement method.Hu Zhuanglin, in his famous book Linguistics, points out that words that sounds like the sounds they describe are called onomatopoeias, such as 叮咚，轰隆in Chinese. But in English, totally different words are used to describe the sound. For example, the dog barks bowwow in English but wang wang wang in Chinese. But there are some misunderstandings about the onomatopoeic effect. As a matter of fact, arbitrary and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. For example, Widdowson cites a line from Keats’Ode to a nightingale to illustrate: the murmurrous haunt of flies on summer eves. If you read it about, you may feel the connection between the sounds and the meaning. But the effect does not really result from the whispering sounds themselves, for you will have to know the meaning of the words murmurous, summer, before setting up such a connection. To test this, just think of using the similar sounding word murderous to substitute murmurous, and no connection whatsoever will be established between the sounds and the little noises of the flying flies. “It is only when you know the meaning that you infer that the form is appropriate.” This also applies to many cases of the so-called onomatopoeic words. Bloomfieild defined some onomatopoeia as secondary onomatopoeia, which refers to certain sounds and sound- sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship. In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement (dither, dodder, quiver, slink, slither, slouch, squirm, wriggle), or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable (gloom, grumpy, mawkish, slimy,sloppy, sloth, wry). Some of these onomatopoeic terms have certain elements in common; in Bloomfield’s words, there is “a system of initial and final root-forming morphemes, of vague signification”, with which the “intense, symbolic connotation”of such termsis associated. For example, the sounds /sn/ may express three types of experiences: “breath-noise”(sniff, snuff, snore, and snort), “quick separation or movement”(snip, snap, snatch), and “creeping”(snake, snail, sneak, snoop). Final group have similar functions: -are suggests “ big light or noise” as in blare, flare, glare, stare；-ump suggests “protuberance” as in bump, chump, clump, dump, hump, lump, mump” and “heavy fall” as in dump, crump, flump, plump, slump, thump. Another interesting feature of onomatopoeic patterns is that they often work by vowel alternation; by substituting one vowel for another one can express different noises.Guo Zhuzhang, in his A Practical Course in Translation between English and Chinese, points out that there are a lot of skills to translate onomatopoeia, which includes three ways. (a). Literal translation. If there are onomatopoeias in the original article, we should use onomatopoeias in the target languages when we translate them. For examples: 1)Two heavy guns went off in the woods－Brump! Brump! 两门重炮在森林里开始发射了－轰隆！轰隆！(2)Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whistles shrilled suddenly“鸣-！鸣-！”警笛突然响了。
大学英语专业毕业论文【浅谈英语拟声词的特点与翻译 】
Ⅰ. IntroductionOnomatopoetic word is a kind of vocabulary simulating sound of the nature and a component that all languages must own. It imitates noises of human beings, animals and things so as to increase languages of vividness, iconicity of the word-formation and rhetoric methods. As an indispensable figure of speech in rhetoric, onomatopoeia has a long history and is widely used in common discourse and literary works (Jiang and Zhong, 2008:277). An ancient Greek natural philosopher once remarked: There is no doubt that onomatopoetic words are the oldest word-formation of human in the world and the core of the whole vocabulary as well as the foundation of formation and development of language (Liu, 1998:143).Ⅱ. Classification of English Onomatopoetic WordsIn English, there are numerous onomatopoetic words that are composed of imitating sounds of all things whether they are animate or inanimate. According to the meaning of sound, onomatopoetic words can be divided into two categories, which are primitive onomatopoetic word and secondary onomatopoetic word (Wang and Li, 1983:47).2.1 Primitive Onomatopoetic WordPrimitive onomatopoetic word’s phonetic coincides briefly with its semantic, which makes people associate its sound with its meaning directly. Primitive onomatopoetic word can be subdivided into the words that simply imitating the sound but not representing the object itself and imitating the sound as well as the object itself. According to its origin, the former refers to simulating voices of human beings, such as ouch, ow, giggle, shoo, hum, chatter, chuckle etc.; and simulating voices of animals, such as a mew of cat, a drone of bee, a croak of frog, a gaggle of goose, a neigh of horse, a baa of sheep, a oink of pig, a growl of tiger and the like; as well as simulating sound of objects like click, clack, clink, clang, ding dong, hoot, putter, squash and so forth. The latter initially refers to imitating a sound to come into being, and then the meaning of the word has further developed and transformed into analog sound and the object itself. There are three good examples:(1) To begin with, cuckoo imitated a kind of bird’s sound, afterward, refers to the bird, gowk.(2) Cricket imitated the sound of an insect, and then it means the insect, gryllid.(3) Ping- pong to which we are familiar can refer to both the voice of ball and the sport, table tennis.In a word, this kind of onomatopoeia associated pronunciation with the meaning of theword, and its sound can refer to the object itself.2.2 Secondary Onomatopoetic wordSecondary onomatopoetic word refers to an association between pronunciation and meaning, and its phonetic is a symbol of semantic to produce onomatopoetic words. This kind of onomatopoeia, unlike primitive onomatopoetic word, do not directly imitate sound of things to come into being, but by means of symbol to create a word. In English, this word is considered as having onomatopoetic function, because the pronunciation of the letter phoneme or phoneme combination in the word is particularly fitted for expressing a certain meaning, symbolic of a concept or a scene, thus arousing people to produce association. A case in point is that [m], a low nasal, is a symbol of low voices, such as: murmur, mutter, mumble, moan, hum and so on. So the Onomatopoetic words containing the phoneme of [m] just right accorded with the symbolic speech sound. And as words, ending with the three letters, -ump, may indicate a heavy impact like dump, thump, bump, lump, clump etc..III. The Characteristics and Functions of English Onomatopoetic WordsEnglish onomatopoetic word by imitating, drawing and rendering voice of all living things to stimulate people’s hearing and to cause people produce symbolic association can enhance the vividness and iconicity of language expression and gives people a kind of true voice and being personally on the scene (Li and Liu, 2009:164). There are four main characteristics in the onomatopoetic word.3.1 The FlexibilityFirst, it has flexibility. According to the general understanding, onomatopoetic words have taken shape by imitating sounds, but people ’s pronunciation organs can not accurately simulate all kinds of sounds, and different nationalities in the perception and simulation of sound is also not same. Taking the cry of a cock for instance, it is “喔喔喔”in Chinese, “cocorico” (Meng, 1994:561) in French, “Kikeriki” (Deng, 2003:716) in German, and “cock - a - doodle - doo” in English. The Onomatopoeia not only shows different forms in different languages, but also it is used very flexibly in the same language. Its flexibility performs: First of all, the same onomatopoeia can express different sounds. For example: in English, “roar” can refer to people’s laugh and cry of pain, the growls of lion and tiger, the wheeze and asthma of horse due to disease, the sound of storms and waves and the thrumming of the engines and so on. And “scream” means the sound of wind, a shrill whistle and the shriek of human and animals. Secondly, the same voice in English can be expressed by different onomatopoetic words.Looking at this example: These words, arf arf, bay, bow bow, growl and yip yip, can be used to express barking of dog. And the expression of the sound of clock or bell has more than 20 words like chime, chink, clang, clangor, clank, clink etc.. Of course, there are thousands of sounds in the world, and dictionaries can not include all voices whether any languages, English or Chinese, must create new words to express.3.2 The UniversalitySecondly, it has universality. The onomatopoeia is widely used in literatures, idioms, proverbs, daily conversations, news reports and other aspects. From A Comprehensive Dictionary Of English Idioms And Phrases compiled Xiamen university to A Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English edited by Qin Xiubai, we can see clearly that many idioms and phrases come from onomatopoetic words. From various literary works to news reports, we can also see extensive use of onomatopoeia. A writer once remarked: the use of onomatopoeia is everywhere. W e might as well have a look at the following examples:(1) There is no retreat but in Submission and Slavery ! Our chains are forged ! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston !The two sentences come from a moving speech of the Virginia parliament made by the progressive of Patrick Henry during the American Revolution. Using of the onomatopoetic word, clanking, can give people great courage and power and boost inspiration of the speech as if the audience were there and saw slaves wearing heavy chains. The situation having been getting worse and worse, they must immediately take effective measures without any hesitation.(2) One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths' market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ears.The three onomatopoetic words, tinkling, banging and clashing, have taken on a hustling and bustling scene in Eastern Bazaar, a bronze market. The three words would make readers feel a festive ambiance and scene.(3) My souls, how the wind did scream along! And every second or two there's come a glare that lit up the white caps for half a mile around, and you'd see the islands looking dusty through the rain and the trees thrashing around the wind, then comes a h-whack-bum! Bum bumble -umble-umbue-bum-um and the thunder would go rumbling and grumbling away, and quit -and the rip comes flash and another sockdolager (Twain, 2009:164).In the above paragraph, the writer, Mark T wain, used rhetoric of onomatopoeia and metaphor to vividly portray thunder. The word of crash shows a single sharp thunder, then “rumbling” and “grumbling”, a prolonged shriek of thunder, and then the “tumbling” and “rolling”, a long rumble and slow vanishing thunder.3.3 The IconicityThirdly, it has iconicity. The onomatopoetic word not only imitates sounds but also gives person a feeling of concrete, iconicity, vividness. Therefore, its widespread application has enlarged the English vocabulary. On the other hand, it increases charm of language. As the description of “wind”, we can see the following sentences:(4)The wind swirled and howled in the valley.(5)The wind whistle through the street.(6)A stirring blast of wind came and the leaves rustled.Wind” in the above sentences did neither simply blow nor a fixed voice. “Swirl”, “howl”, “stir” and “rustle”are the direct and indirect description of wind to make person hear the sound as if he was personally on the scene.Next, it has reverse. Some onomatopoeia in long term use has gradually lost its onomatopoeia significance and directly become the concept meaning of the word, even converted into verbs. For example:(7) The rain pattered all night.(8) A rock splashed down into the river.(9) Rainsford had not been entirely clear-headed when the chateau gates snapped shut behind him.In the above three sentences, the onomatopoetic words, patter, splash and snap, have completely transformed noun into verb, however, it is easy to see that they still have a very strong echoic element.3.4 The CreativityFinally, it has creativity. Onomatopoetic words mainly imitate sounds of the nature, but because human beings are the subject of social activities and can use ears and brains to feel and interpret as well as distinguish different sounds, even make a variety of sounds. Therefore, some new words do not mimic natural sounds, but human beings imagine sound to convey or express one's tender feeling as so to enhance the expression of language. Let’s take a look for the following sentences:(10) My day crackled ane were up in smoke.(11) His thoughts rattled through all the things and therefore he could not go to sleep though he lay in bed for six hours.In example (10), the “crackled” means a sharp and rapid slight voice, especially the sound of fuel or crackling in fire; and “my day” is compared to fuel, like disappearing smoke, which means I passed without any success those days. The metaphor was hit off and very successful. In example (11), thoughts wouldn't rattle even pass through things just in that the onomatopoetic word of rattle serves as thoughts of the predicate verb, then activates the abstract noun, thoughts, which not only can make sound, but also pass through.Two examples in the above succeeded in using onomatopoeia to flirt by the sound. The matter that cannot make voices was vividly portrayed. And making the sound, shape, meaning and feelings melts in a furnace and greatly enhances the expression of literal.IV. The Translation Skills of English Onomatopoetic WordsAccording to the characteristics and functions of onomatopoeia, we can easily make sense of the meaning of onomatopoetic word in various situations and also be more idiomatic translation of onomatopoeia in the sentence. T o sum up, Several methods like direct transliteration，converted translation and added translation are used to translate English onomatopoetic words.4.1 The Direct TransliterationPeople living in the same world have experienced the similar or same nature life. Therefore, simulating the sound of people, animals, or nature is same or similar in most cases. That is to say, for the same object making the sound, there is a basic correspondence and rough equivalence between Chinese and English. So when translating English onomatopoeia into Chinese, we can use the method of direct transliteration according to the sound of Chinese onomatopoeia (Liu, 2007:151-154). For example:（12）Pooh! What do you take me for? (呸! 你把我当成什么人了? )（13）The stream went gurgling on. (溪水潺潺地流。
英语拟声词的任意性和理据性的自我评价
英语拟声词的任意性和理据性的自我评价English: Onomatopoeia, as a type of sound words that imitate or suggest the source of the sound that they describe, is often seen as arbitrary and subjective due to its reliance on the individual speaker's interpretation and cultural background. While some onomatopoeic words may have clear connections to actual sounds, such as "buzz" for the sound of bees or "sizzle" for the sound of frying food, many others can vary greatly across languages and even within the same language. For example, the sound of a dog barking may be represented as "woof" in English, "bau" in Italian, or "wuff" in German. In addition, the way individuals perceive and interpret sounds can also influence the creation of onomatopoeic words. This fluidity and variation in onomatopoeia make it both arbitrary, as it lacks a universal standard, and subjective, as it is influenced by individual experiences and cultural backgrounds.Translated content: 拟声词作为一种模仿或暗示其描述的声音来源的声音词，由于依赖于个体说话者的解释和文化背景，通常被视为任意和主观。
从英汉对比的角度探究拟声词的翻译策略
从英汉对比的角度探究拟声词的翻译策略作者：刘倩来源：《读与写·教育教学版》2012年第06期摘要：拟声词是某种特定语言中用来模拟自然或人为声音的词项。
英语和汉语都有大量拟声词，并且呈现出诸多共性和个性。
本文从语音、句法功能对比英汉拟声词，分析异同并总结拟声词英汉互译的技巧。
了解和掌握英汉拟声词各方面的差异，能丰富我们对于拟声词这一特别词汇类型的知识面，提高译者对拟声词的翻译水平，促进我们更加准确地实现拟声词在英汉两种语言之间的互译。
关键词：拟声词语音句法功能翻译策略中图分类号：H319 文献标识码： A 文章编号：1672-1578（2012)06-0014-021 引言拟声词是某种特定语言中用来模拟自然或人为声音的词项（刘晔，2010），人们使用语言模仿自然世界和人类世界声音，在声音和意义之间建立联系，使语言更加形象化。
拟声词可以在读者大脑中重现某个具体的声音，是重要的词汇和语言现象，存在于每种语言里。
比如：拉丁语“tuxtax”和砰砰的声音对等，模仿猛击的声音；俄语“graf graf”是狗叫的声音；法语“pan” 是手枪或者大炮发出的声音；汉语“miāo（喵）”是猫发出的叫声。
使用拟声词可以让语言直接生动，本文主要侧重研究英语和汉语拟声词，从语音、句法功能方面对比英汉拟声词，分析其异同，总结英汉拟声词互译的翻译技巧。
2 汉英拟声词在语音层面的对比研究拟声词源于人们对自然世界声音的模仿，因此发音和自然事物之间有着本质固有的直接联系。
自然世界的客观性决定汉英拟声词在语音层面有相似之处；汉英分属不同语系，有各自独特的语音系统，又存在很多不同。
2.1汉英拟声词在语音层面的相同之处“在客观世界中存在着相同的物体，英语国家的人们和中国人们在听力，感受和模仿声音上共享很多相同之处，英语和汉语拟声词的语音形式有时候相同或相似。
我们可以发现在两种语言之间有很多拟声词，它们的发音和所指代的意义非常接近。
浅谈英语拟声词及其翻译
意译法
• 即在翻译的过程中,有时候我们需要将英语拟声词 翻译成汉语中其它种类的词(如描述动作或形象的 词）以下是拟声词意译的两种情形。 • (1)将英语拟声词翻译成汉语其它种类的词(即:在 英语原文中有拟声词,但是在相应的汉语翻译中没 有拟声词)。 • (2)在翻译中加入拟声词。有时候,在英语原文中并 不存在拟声词,但是作为文学作品,其表现力是非常 重要的。为了有助于提高其表现力,我们可以在符 合语言习惯的前提下在翻译中加入拟声词。
浅谈英语拟声词及其翻译
Will Hunting
Team 2
Introduction
• 英汉两种语言中都含有十分丰富的拟声词 (onomatopoeia)。英语拟声词和汉语拟声词一样, 都将声音表达得惟妙惟肖,它们都是模拟声音的一 种构词方法。在语言当中,拟声词如果使Байду номын сангаас恰当的 话可以很好地烘托气氛,使得所使用的文字更加生 动、形象。英语和汉语的拟声词应用都很广泛,它 们有相同之处,不少拟声词在翻译中都可以找到对 应词;但是英语和汉语的拟声词又各有特点,在具 体运用上差别很大,因此,在翻译中要特别注意处 理拟声词的问题。
Definition of Onomatopoeia
• 拟声词(Onomatopoeia)是利用词的发音模 仿人、动物或其它物体声音特征的修辞手 段,可以加强语言的直观性、形象性、生动 性,具有较强的表现力和感染力,能够产生 一种如闻其声、如见其人、身临其境的效 果。简单地说,拟声词就是人模仿自然界的 声音。
What have you learnt from this course
?
Team Work
• We heared the machine whirr. • The frogs in the fields Outside the town were croaking cheerfully. • There were no sounds but that of the tread of the men and the footsteps of the two(shaggy)ponies which drew the van.
从英汉对比的角度探究拟声词的翻译策略
从英汉对比的角度探究拟声词的翻译策略摘要：拟声词是某种特定语言中用来模拟自然或人为声音的词项。
英语和汉语都有大量拟声词，并且呈现出诸多共性和个性。
本文从语音、句法功能对比英汉拟声词，分析异同并总结拟声词英汉互译的技巧。
了解和掌握英汉拟声词各方面的差异，能丰富我们对于拟声词这一特别词汇类型的知识面，提高译者对拟声词的翻译水平，促进我们更加准确地实现拟声词在英汉两种语言之间的互译。
关键词：拟声词语音句法功能翻译策略 1 引言拟声词是某种特定语言中用来模拟自然或人为声音的词项（刘晔，2010），人们使用语言模仿自然世界和人类世界声音，在声音和意义之间建立联系，使语言更加形象化。
拟声词可以在读者大脑中重现某个具体的声音，是重要的词汇和语言现象，存在于每种语言里。
比如：拉丁语“tuxtax”和砰砰的声音对等，模仿猛击的声音；俄语“graf graf”是狗叫的声音；法语“pan” 是手枪或者大炮发出的声音；汉语“miāo（喵）”是猫发出的叫声。
使用拟声词可以让语言直接生动，本文主要侧重研究英语和汉语拟声词，从语音、句法功能方面对比英汉拟声词，分析其异同，总结英汉拟声词互译的翻译技巧。
2 汉英拟声词在语音层面的对比研究拟声词源于人们对自然世界声音的模仿，因此发音和自然事物之间有着本质固有的直接联系。
自然世界的客观性决定汉英拟声词在语音层面有相似之处；汉英分属不同语系，有各自独特的语音系统，又存在很多不同。
2.1汉英拟声词在语音层面的相同之处“在客观世界中存在着相同的物体，英语国家的人们和中国人们在听力，感受和模仿声音上共享很多相同之处，英语和汉语拟声词的语音形式有时候相同或相似。
我们可以发现在两种语言之间有很多拟声词，它们的发音和所指代的意义非常接近。
”（万石建，2006）比如：2.2汉英拟声词在语音层面的不同之处在某一具体语言中，拟声词不只是对自然世界声音简单的记录，也是一个民族根据固有的语言系统对客观世界的声音重构和加工的结果，融合了某一具体语言和自然声音。
英语拟声词的比拟与翻译
英语拟声词的比较与翻译摘要：拟声词是某一特定语言与自然声音相结合的产物，通过比较英、汉拟声词在语音、表达方式方面的差异，加深对于英、汉语语言体系的认识，并由此探究英汉拟声词的互译。
关键词：拟声词；语音；表达方式；互译一引言拟声词，又称象声词，是模拟自然界声响而创造的词汇，是世界上所有语言都具备的成分。
P．H．Matthew认为，一个词的语音或发音过程模仿了该词所表示的声音或与该词所表示的事物相关，则该词为拟声词。
“Onomatopoeia：a word or process of forming words whose phonetic form is perceived as imitating a sound,or sound associated with something,that they denote.”我国第一部诗歌总集，周代文学的代表作《诗经》的首篇：“关关(睢鸠的叫声)睢鸠，在河之洲，窈窕淑女,君子好逑”。
十九世纪名诗人AlfredTennyson(阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生)则以Break，Break, Break(哗啦,哗啦，哗啦)，冷漠的海水冲击岩石的声音来衬托他痛失挚友的无限衰思．令读者惊心动魄。
本文就英汉拟声词的语音，表达方式，互译方面进行对比。
二英语拟声词的语音比较拟声词是对自然声音的模仿，词的发音即“意义的回声”。
以语音形式对自然界发出的声音进行直接模仿，拟声的基本要求都是“像”客体的声音但也不是说一定要原声实录。
因为自然界的声响各具特色，千奇百怪，而语音却受环境和各拟声词直接源于人类对大自然各种声音的模仿，而这种模仿超越了地域的制，只针对具体的事物。
辜正坤认为“由于人类在表达自己的情绪或作价值判断的时候，其心理活动必然产生相应的生理反应。
心理上的昂扬情绪必然借着生理上的发音器官的开放状态表现出来；同理，心理上的受阻情绪亦借着生理上的促迫状态表现出来。
”因此这种音义同构现象是必然的。
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基于范畴化理论的英语拟声词翻译摘要：英语拟声词的汉译纷繁复杂，缺乏理论支撑。
文章以《苔丝》及其两个中译本为例，以范畴化理论为基础来探讨英语拟声词汉译的方法和技巧。
首先将拟声词类分为三个范畴：行为范畴、事件范畴以及性状范畴。
结合英汉拟声词在范畴层次上不对应的特点，在每一范畴内部通过分析例句，对比其译本总结出其中所使用的翻译方法和技巧。
关键词：范畴化；拟声词；分类；翻译
中图分类号：h059 文献标识码：a
文章编号：1009-0118（2012）07-0290-02
一、范畴化理论及其指导下《苔丝》中拟声词的分类
范畴化理论是认知语言学的理论基础和核心问题。
范畴不是客观世界的真实反映，而是人通过身体及心智对真实世界的特性进行能动处理的结果，是客观因素与生理、心理、文化因素互相作用的结果。
基于经验，从认知的角度来看，人类是从基本层次范畴来认识事体、理解世界的，我们一般以基本层为核心将范畴分为三个层次：上位层范畴、基本层范畴和下位层范畴。
这样的三分并不意味着范畴只有三层，在每相邻的两个范畴层次中间都会有很多界说不明的层次，只是它们不具有这三个层次的典型性。
依据上述理论，《苔丝》中的拟声词也可以分为行为范畴、事件范畴和性状范畴。
因为这些范畴的边界都比较明确，所以没必要详细分析其分类情况，在下面谈及其翻译时，我们会先将典型拟声词
所在的句子类分到三个范畴中，然后在每一范畴内部分析其在范畴化理论基础上所使用的翻译方法和技巧。
二、基于范畴化理论的《苔丝》中拟声词的翻译
（一）行为范畴拟声词的翻译
《苔丝》中可以类分为行为范畴的拟声词共有40个，但我们主要分析具有典型性的拟声词及其译文，进而总结其翻译方法和技巧。
在注重行动和尚武的骑士文化中，动词一般都属于基本层次范畴，然而，汉语属于安土重迁的尚文静文化，所以行为范畴的拟声词划分得较为详细，被翻译成汉语时就有以下两种情况。
1、英语中的基本层次范畴词译为汉语的上位层范畴词，这一点体现了认知范畴的语境依赖性。
这类拟声词的翻译不在于强调其拟声的特点和效果，主要目的是突出动作，例如：
（1)sl:“in short,”concluded the parson,decisively smacking his leg with his switch.
tlz:“……”牧师态度坚决地拿马鞭子拍着自己的腿，…
tls:“……”牧师用枝条果断地抽打了一下自己的腿，…
例句中的smack主要是强调牧师拍腿的动作，加上这一动作更能显示他下结论时的那种果断的确定的态度。
通过比较，我们发现基于汉语的语言表达习惯，此处仅限于表示拍腿的动作，“抽打”有暴力的意味，所以，“拍着”更符合中文表达习惯。
2、英语中的基本层次范畴词译为汉语的下位层范畴词，这一点同样也体现了认知范畴的语境依赖性。
这类拟声词主要是运用转喻
的方式，将拟声词原本的意义用于描述另外一类事物，例如：（2)sl:the sea was near at hand,but not intrusive;it murmured,…
tlz:…海浪滔滔，克莱尔以为是松涛瑟瑟；松涛瑟瑟，克莱尔却又以为是海浪滔滔。
二者的声音不可分辨。
tls:海就在它身边，却并不扰人。
海涛哗哗地响着，他竟以为是松涛；松涛也哗哗地响着，他又以为是海。
murmur一般指说话窸窸窣窣，低声细气，此处用来描述松林在海风吹拂之下发出瑟瑟的声音。
在特殊的语境中，意义从指人转为指物，得以具体化。
（二）事件范畴拟声词的翻译
事件范畴同样具有层级性，它主要体现的是名物范畴和行为范畴之间的一种关系，体现为名词性。
《苔丝》中可归类于事件范畴的拟声词共有34处，我们依然是通过分析有典型性的拟声词及其译文来总结其翻译技巧。
事件范畴的拟声词不像行为范畴的拟声词那样复杂，一般事件范畴之间都会有其对应表达。
只是中文表达某种声音时有时用“形容词+声”这种形式，有时用“发声体+声”这种形式，例如：
（3)sl:the rat was at last dislodged and amid the barking of dogs,….
tlz:……，那时狗也叫……。
tls:……，苔丝也在狗的汪汪声……
借助于发声体来表达声音也很形象、具体，以上例句的两个译
本分别将barking译为“狗也叫”和“狗的汪汪声”，但是综观整句话，不难发现这句话主要是强调苔丝解开最后一捆麦子的动作，其他声音都是这一动作的背景，所以孙法理将所有声音都译为“＊＊＊声”更适合做背景来突显苔丝的动作。
（三）性状范畴拟声词的翻译
性状范畴的拟声词主要分为以下三种，强调性质、依附于名词的形容词性拟声词和表示状态依附于动词的副词性拟声词，以及做表语被译为动词的分词类拟声词。
1、依据汉语的表达习惯，形容词性的拟声词必须依附于名词才能构成合适的表达，因为汉语中没有表语。
例如：
（4）sl:something in the place, the hour,the crackling fires,…
tlz:那种地方、那种时光、那片哔哔剥剥的火、……。
tls:此时此地，在哔哔剥剥的火光中，……。
（5）sl:the wagon on which mrs.durbeyfield and her family rode was a creaking erection that would scarcely bear the weight of the superincumbent load.
★作者简介：普正芳（1966-），女，壮族，云南广南人，研究方向：英语教学研究及管理。