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附录8-翻译

附录8 专业外文资料翻译一.英文资料Boiler Circulation＆Water TreatmentAn adequate flow of water and water-steam mixture is necessary for steam generation and control of tube metal temperatures in all the circuits of a steam-generating unit. At supercritical pressures, this flow is produced mechanically by means of pumps. At subcritical pressures, circulation is produced either naturally by the action of the force of gravity, by pumps, or by a combination of the two.Fig-1Simple natural-circulation circuit (diagrammatic)including primary steam separator in drumThe force of gravity available to produce flow in natural circulation comes from the difference between the densities (1b/cuft) of the fluids in the downcomer (downflow) and riser (upflow) portions of the circuit (Fig-1). Maximum pumping effect occurs if the fluid in the downcomers is water at or slightly below saturation temperature and free of steam bubbles. Heat-absorbing rises at saturation temperatureconvey to the boiler drum a water-steam mixture of less density than that of the water in the downcomers. This difference in density establishes the force available for circulation.The flow in the various circuits of boiler units designed for forced circulation at subcritical pressures, is produced by mechanical pumps. There are two general types of forced-circulation systems, a “once-through ”system and a “recirculating”system.The “once-through” force-circulation type receives water from the feed supply, pumping it to the inlet of the heat-absorbing circuits. Fluid heating and steam generation take place along the length of the circuit until evaporation is complete. Further progress through the heated circuits results in superheating the vapor. Conventionally this type of force circulation requires no steam-and-water drum. A modification of the “once-through”type evaporates to partial dryness(90%quality) removeing the excess water in a separator.The “recirculation”forced-circulation-type unit has water supplied to the heat-absorbing circuits through a separate circulating pump. The water pumped is considerably in excess of the steam produced and, like a natural-circulation boiler, a steam-and-water drum is required for steam separation. The separated water together with feedwater from the feed pump is returned through downcomer circuits to the circulating pump for another “round trip.”In the recirculating type of forced circulation there is a net thermal loss for the boil unit because of the separate circulating pump. While practically all the energy required to drive the pumps reappears in the water as added enthalpy, this energy originally came from the fuel at a conversion-to-useful-energy factor of less than 1.0. If an electric motor drive is used, the net energy lost, referred to the fuel input in a plant with 33%thermal efficiency, is about twice the energy supplied to the pump motor.Natural circulationIn a natural-circulation system, circulation increases with increased heat input (and increased steam output) until a point of maximum fluid flow is reached. Beyond this point, any further increase in heat absorption results in a flow decrease. The from of the curve, shown in Fig-2, is produced by two opposing forces, An increase in downcomers and risers as the heat absorption increases. At the same time, the friction and other flow losses in both downcomers and risers also increase. When the rate of increase in these losses (caused primarily by the increase in specific volume in the riser circuits) becomes greater than the gain from increasing density difference, is to design all the circuits to operate in the region of the rising part of the curve, to the left of the peak in Fig-2.When design conditions are limited to the rising portion of the circulation curve, a natural-circulation boiler tends to be self-compensating for the numerousvariations in heat-absorption conditions encountered in an operating unit. These include sudden overloads, change in heat-absorbing-surface cleanliness, nonuniform fuel bed or burner conditions,and even the inability to forecast precisely actual conditions over the operating lifetime.Fig-2 typical relationship between circulation in a boiler circuit (at a given pressure) and amount of steam steam produced(scale arbitraiy)No similar compensating effect is inherent in a forced-circulation unit operating at subcritical pressures, since a large part of the total resistance of the riser circuits, much greater than the natural circulation effect, is caused by flow-distribution devices required at the circuit inlets. Under these conditions, because of the disproportionately large resistance of the distributors, an increase in heat absorption to an individual circuit or group of circuits causes only a slight change in the flow rate.The method of producing flow in boiler circuits, whether natural or mechanical, has virtually no bearing on the effectiveness of heat-absorbing surfaces as long as the inside surface is werred at all times by the water in a water-steam mixture of suitable quality to maintain nucleate boiling. Provided this fundamental requirement is met, the water-film resistance to heat flow is negligibly small, and the overall heat conductance depends on gas-side and tube-wall resistances. Within the nucleate boiling regime, boiler heat-absorbing surface in the furnace or convection portion of the unit absorbs absorbs substantially the same amount of heat per sq ft regardless of whether the circulating flow is produced by natural methods or by pumps.With either type of circulation, any departure from the nucleate boiling regime requires special consideration of the forced-convection stearn-film heat transfer coefficient and its relation to permissible metal temperatures.Forced or natural circulationUnder certain conditions forced circulation can be usefully applied to steam generation. Mechanical means to move the fluid within the circuits are employed for boilers designed to operate above or near the critical pressure (3208.2psia.) There are instances, also, in the process and waste-heat fields where temperature control or consolidating heat pickup from widely separated points can be economically effected by the use of pumps. The condition where forced circulation can be applied to advantage are quite specific.Natural circulation is most effectively emploved when large changes in density usually restricted to subcritical pressure designs where thereis a considerable difference in density between steam and water. At pressures above 2900 psi a natural-circulation system becomes increasingly large and costly,and a pump may be more economical to assure positive flow.The forced-circulation principle, however, is equally operable in both the supercritical and subcritical pressure ranges. The selection of the identifying name “Universal-Pressure”boiler reflects the broad applicability of the once-through forced-circulation principle. Its choice,as opposed to the retention of natural circulation in the subcritical range, is essentially determined by the economics of the installation.Fig-3 Densities of steam and water at saturated steam temperaturefor pressures from atmospheric to criticalThe differential in densities of steam and water for the range of 14.7 to 3208.2 psia is noted in Fig-3. A substantial differential persists well up toward the criticalpressure. As long as the maximum effectiveness off this differential is maintained by the efficient separation of the steam from the water in the circnlating system, as with the use of cyclone steam separator, mechanical aid to circulation is not essential.Internal Treatment of WaterThere are numerous chemicals ,some called boiler compounds, on the market and recommended for “internal” water softening and other treatment. Their duty is to stabilize hardness agents, prevent scaling or residual make deposits easily removable. Such chemicals are also used for neutralization of residual hardness in systems after external treatment. Chemicals of this nature are introduced at a more or less constent rate in dissolved state into feed tanks or systems. The most frequently used chemicals with calcium and magnesium salts results in consolable calcium and magnesium phosphates. Other internal treatment agents are calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hyates, tannins and amines.The most effective method of introducing internal treatment compounds to ensure a reasonable degree of quantity control is by means of dosage apparatus consisting of one or more containers having manual or motor driven agitators and a dosage pump.As a general rule internal treatment alone, for waters of much more than 5°（UK）（７０p.p.m）hardness is not recommended because system and make-up quantities and water composition may become critical and precipitated sludge and salts are liable to increase density of water and solidification of sludge with consequent propensity to foaming and priming in steam plant and circulation complications.Internal treatment is generally used within limits for smallish systems, say up to 23MW or as residual treatment and to raise pH value to a requisite amount.External Treatment of WaterExternal softening of system and make-up water is the more effective and comprehensive method of water treatment for any size of plant and network and it can suit most water characteristics. Nowadays external treatment involves the principle of ion-exchange, which ensures water of virtually zero hardness.The ion-exchange process can be described as follows. Molecules of dissolved salts are dissociated in from of free electrically charged ions in liquid solution. In the forch field they tend to be attracted to opposite charges: positive cations to the negative cathodes and negative anions to the positive anode. Ion-exchange materials are insoluble artificial resins to which activated chemical groups with tied dissociable ions, are attached. Ion exchangers are classified in accordance with dissociation characteristics of the activating groups, strongly, medium or weakly active.Base exchange water treatmentIn the base exchange process, raw water containing calcium and magnesium salts passes through a bed of cation synthetic resin activated by sodium base. Calcium and magnesium salts are exchanged for quantitatively equivalent salts of sodium (sodiumbicarbonate) and soft water.This neutral ion exchange does not change the salt content of free and tied carbonic acid remain constant. Water softened by the base exchange process is free of calcium and magnesium hardness agents. Sodium bicarbonate is dissolved in water and deposits are prevented. There is a tendency for dissociation of sodium bicarbonate at temperatures above 110℃resulting in some part-tied and tied carbon dioxide being released as aggressive agent.When the active exchange material ceases to be effective due to saturation by calcium and magnesium, its softening power is regenerated by flushing with solution of brine. The high concentration of sodium ions in the brine replaces calcium and magnesium chlorides in the exchange material and reactivates it. Calciumn and magnesium chlorides are flushed out with brine to sewage.There is no practical limit to regeneration and exchane material does not become exhausted. In the case of such mechanical impurities as iron content above 0.3mg/1 or manganese over 0.2mg/1 being introduced by raw water, the exchange material can become contaminated thus experiencing reduced capacity. If such impure waters are involved, introduction of a special pre-filter is good practice ; foreign bodies cannot be dislodged from the exchanger bed in the course of regeneration and frequent renewal of the material would be necessary.The base exchange softener consists of a specially lined steel cylinder, half filled exchange material and provided with suitable connections. The plant can be fully automatic with frequency of regeneration dictated by pre-determined quantity of water passing through or by presence of hardness indicated by test. Adjustment of water quantity is seldom required and chemicals other than salt are not necessary. Paralleling of two interconnected units allows alternate regeneration and therefore contiunity of process.Ion-exchange demineralizationFeed water for modern high pressure plant must be of such quality as to have all salts and dissolved silica acid neutralised. With generation of steam, salts should remain as sediment and condensate virtually becomes distilled water.Much progress in development of methods of water treatment is due to evolution of insoluble artificial resins for the process of ion-exchange in order to render water to a degree of purity required for modern plant. In the demineralization process water is passed through such beds of granulated exchangers in series, to achieve purity of 5～20p.p.m.total dissolved solids.In the cation exchanger, cations in water (calcium,magnesium,sodium and potassium) are exchanged for hydrogen ions, forming free acids from water dissolved salts. In the second series connected anion exchange container,the abovemention ed acid water loses the free acids leaving silica and carbon dioxide. Water is then fully deminerelised.Treatment offering full demineralisation is employed in most power stations and also for manufacturing processes requiring optimum purity of water. Complete demineralization of fill and make-up is not necessary for small and medium sized installations; fully treated water or condensate possibly available from associated or adjacent boiler plant and power stations, proves to be most satisfactory for district heating systems.二.中文翻译锅炉水循环和水处理为了产生蒸汽和控制蒸汽发生设备中所有回路的管壁温度，需要充足的水和汽水混合物。

七年级英语上册Unit8Whenisyourbirthday综合测试题(新版)人教新目标版

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循环流化床锅炉专业词汇英汉对照

循环流化床锅炉专业词汇：CFB boiler (circulating fluidized bed boiler)循环流化床锅炉fuel燃料bottom ash底渣circulating ash循环灰limestone石灰石fluidized air流化风separator分离器circulating combustion循环燃烧heat transfer传热consistence(density) of particles颗粒浓度medium transfer传质desulphurizer脱硫剂combustion chamber燃烧室coal feeder给煤机material feeder给料机air distributor布风板cyclone separator旋风分离器heat exchanger换热器back pass尾部烟道convection heating surface对流受热面bag filter布袋除尘器electrostatic precipitator(ESP)静电除尘器stack, chimney烟囱bed material床料upright pipes（vertical pipe）立管material-returning system回料系统Tapping (bulk packing)density堆积密度Dense region密相区secondary air二次风spout喷口gap rate空隙率Dilute region稀相区airflow气流conical section锥段elutriation扬析Transition region过渡区carryingover phenomena夹带现象Fluidized speed流化速度empty tower velocity空塔速度apparent speed表观速度heat carrying载热formula(equation)公式、方程式flue gas烟气cross-sectionof furnace炉膛截面积dynamic control combustion动力控制燃烧flux通量adaptability适应性peak adjustment调峰heat transfercoefficient传热系数slagging结渣flameout灭火explosion爆炸contamination污染物flue gas and air烟风auxiliary power厂用电abrasion-resistant refractory material耐磨耐火浇筑料expansion膨胀sealing密封boiler proper system锅炉本体系统boilerauxiliary system锅炉辅助系统combustion system燃烧系统steam & water system汽水系统ash handling system灰处理系统ignition system点火系统Furnace炉膛material-returning vessel返料器External heat exchanger外置式热交换器slag cooler冷渣器limestone silo石灰石仓Fluidized air chamber流化风室steam Drum汽包convectionsuperheater对流过热器economizer省煤器Primary air一次风Air preheater空气预热器I.D.fan (induced draft )引风机F.D.fan (forced draft ) 送风机lowersecondary air下二次风Upper secondary air上二次风Limestone fan石灰石风机boiler wall炉墙water wall水冷壁straight section直段denitrogened脱氮denitration脱硝air nozzles风帽orifice小孔air-distributor布风板inner pipe内管external cover外罩annular base plate环形底板bell glass air nozzle钟罩式风帽deformation变形below-bed ignition床下点火secondary air input二次风入口decomposition分解过程superheated wall过热屏reheated wall再热屏separating wall分隔墙parameter参数start-up启动shut down 停机HT insulated cyclone separator高温绝热旋风分离器steam(water)-cooled cyclone separator汽（水）冷旋风分离boilerrating锅炉出力heatradiation loss散热损maintenance维修inertial separator惯性分离器shutter(louver) separator百叶窗分离器air lock device锁气器(rated)nominal load额定负荷evaporative rating蒸发出力fluidized seal material returning device流化密封返料器Valve type material returning device阀型返料器platen heating surface屏式受热面evaporator蒸发器screening 筛分coarse screening宽筛crushing characteristics破碎特性granularity粒度screen cloth筛网screening mesh筛孔mesh diameter筛分孔径screening residue筛余量volatile挥发specific surface area比表面积particle sphericity颗粒球形度spherical degree球形度median diameter中位径gas density气体密度Critical bubbling velocity临界鼓泡速度gas backmixing气体返混fine powder细粉freely falling body motion自由落体运动gravity重力floatage/ bouyance浮力air flow dragging force气流曳力accelerating velocity加速equilibrium relationship平衡关系maximum sedimentation velocity终端沉降速度relative motion相对运动static particle静止颗粒gas-solid sliding velocity气固滑移速度critical value临界值heat transmission factor传热系数near-wall region近壁区gas phase气相gas film气膜bed layer床层particle mass 颗粒团dispersion phase弥散相heat transfer wall surface传热壁面gas phase convection heat transfer coefficient气相对流换热系数particle convection heat transfer coefficient颗粒对流换热系数radiant heat-transfer coefficient辐射换热系数heat emissioncoefficient放热系数volume flow体积流量high intensity高强度emulsification phase乳化项fixed bed固定床material feeding bunker加料仓separation and returning system分离回送系统pneumatic conveying气力输送vortex flow漩涡流动moving bed移动床ash Balance灰平衡circulating circuit循环回路heat transfer mechanism传热机理air duct风道bed density床层密度thermal-conductivity导热系数(导热率)volatile matter挥发物ash sludge灰浆steam blowing out吹管scrapiron铁屑core-annulus flow环核流动radial distribution径向分布overall pressure drop总压降high-speed fluidized bed快速流化床strip floc条状絮状物burning out燃尽dry-out 烘炉safety valve setting安全门整定steam and water quality汽水品质anthracite coal无烟煤lean coal 贫煤momentum 动量banking characteristic 压火特性oil stone 油石fly ash resistivity 飞灰比电阻coil pipe蛇行管flue gasduct烟道air chamber风室carbon content 含碳量gypsum 石膏industrial data acquisition system 工业用采数系统mineral asbestos矿石棉combustion efficiency燃烧效率combustible content可燃物含量excess air coefficient 过量空气系数typical working condition 典型工况active carbon filter活性碳过滤器包墙过热器 enclosed wall superheater下降管 downcomer屏式过热器 platen/screen-type superheater 工质 working medium蒸发设备 evaporating device膜式水冷壁 membrane water wall排渣口 slag discharging outlet水冷蒸发屏 water-cooled evaporating screen喷水减温器water- spraying desuperheater 喷燃器burner反冲洗阀 back wash valve管组 pipe bank进口集箱 inlet header转向室guiding chamber给料皮带material feeding belt加药管 chemical-dosing tube三通T-joint挡板 damper出渣discharge slag进口导叶 inlet guide vane联杆 linkage动平衡 dynamic balance压头 pressure head喘振 surge水冷套 water cooling jacket炉膛负压 furnace vacuum主燃料切除 main fuel trip (MFT)放气阀 vent/exhaust valve疏水阀 drain valve截止阀 stop valve止回阀 check valve弹簧安全装置 spring safety device给料增压风机material feeding booster fan气固两相流风箱gas-solid two-phase flow air box 密封用风sealing air出口烟道outlet flue gas duct排污管blow-down pipe波形板corrugated plate防漩装置a device against rotation水冷蒸发屏water-cooling evaporating screen耐火、绝热材料层refractory and insulatedmaterial layer 气力输送pneumatic conveying闸板gate board点火器igniter减温器desuperheater/attemperator对空排汽阀steam bleeding valve定容式风机constant volume blower逆流（反向电流）countercurrent干燥箱Drying cabinet给水分配管Feed water distrubited pipe放气阀Vent valve副柱sub-post发光二极管light-emitted diode (LED)点动操作stepping operation超载overload变频电机Frequency-converting motor负压vacuum铣床milling machine增压风机Booster fan (Coal Distribution Air Fan)多孔管perforated pipe涡流eddy current闸板gate aboard上升管riser左右对称 bilateral symmetry热冲击thermal shock水平烟道horizontal flue gas duct水冷风室water-cooled air chamber灰斗ash bunker吹灰器soot blower后墙back wall侧墙side wall下水连接管sewage connecting pipes清扫链clean-out chain原理图(示意图)Schematic Diagram落煤管coal spout进口导叶调节门IGV control valve进气箱air input box调节杆dolly bar驱动机构drive mechanism联动试车interlock test running弹簧储能spring energy集汽室steam trap永久负载permanent load油封oil seal热电阻thermal resistance原煤仓（斗）raw coal bunker联箱header管束（排）tube bundle饱和蒸汽saturated steam减速器speed reducer/decelerator耐用的、持久的durable防磨盖板anti-wear cover plate热传导Thermal conduction卧式汽水分离器Horizontal steam-water separator 热偏差 heat deviation(bias)叶轮blade wheel/impeller传动机构actuator联杆link消声器silence/muffler进渣管Slag inlet tube播煤风coal-spreading air水冷套water jacket烟煤soft coal密封垫圈sealing washer起座压力start pressure回座压力reseating/return pressure变送器transmitter标高Elevation苏单项目专业术语缩写1.1缩写表单位或组织CMECChina National Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Corporation China National Mechanical & Equipment Import & Export Company中国机械设备进出口总公司NEC National Electricity Corporation苏丹国家电力公司IEC International Electrical Commission国际电工协会ISO International Standard Organisation国际标准组织LI Lahmeyer International GmbH, Bad Vilbel雷美尔咨询公司VGBTechnische Vereinigung der G roßkraftwerks Betreiber(Technical Association of large Power Plant Operators) 大型电厂协会其它AC Alternating Current 交流电AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator自动电压调整器CFB Circulating Fluid Bed循环流化床CFBB Circulating Fluid Bed Boiler循环流化床锅炉CCR Central Control Room中央控制室CCW Closed Cooling Water System闭式循环冷却水系统CT Current Transformer电流变压器CW Circulating Water System (Cooling Water System) 循环冷却水系统DC Direct Current直流电DCS Distributed Control System分散控制系统DIN German Industrial Standard德国工业标准FAC Final Acceptance Certificate最终验收证FG Function Group功能组GIS Gas (SF6) Insulated Switch-gear气体(SF6)绝缘开关HB Heat Balance热平衡HP High Pressure高压（力）HV High Voltage ( > 36 kV ) 高电压KKS Kraftwerk-Kennzeichen-System = Power Plant Identification System电厂标识系统I&C Instrumentation and Control仪表和控制LDC Load Dispatch Center负荷分配中心LP Low Pressure低压（力）LV Low Voltage ( < 1 kV ) 低电压( < 1 kV )MCR Maximum Continuous Rating最大连续蒸发量MMI Man/Machine Interface人/机界面MR Meeting Report会议纪要MV Medium Voltage ( > 1 kV < 36 kV ) 中电压MVR Manual Voltage Control手动电压控制PAC Provisional Acceptance Certificate初步验收证书PDAProgramming/ Diagnostic/ Alarms Station工程师站POS Process Operation Station过程操作站PT Potential Transformer电压互感器P&ID Process and Instrumentation Diagram工艺流程和仪表图RTU Remote Terminal Unit远程终端SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition电气微机监控系统SLD Single Line Diagram电气主接线ST Steam Turbine 汽轮机SWG Switchgear开关UCB Unit Control Board 机组控制盘VDU Video Display Unit显示器、氧化铁ferric oxide 氧化铝alumina 铝aluminum二氧化硅silicon dioxide 氧化钙(生石灰) calcium oxide熟石灰(氢氧化钙) white lime 石灰石limestone氧化镁magnesia 镁magnesium 碳carbon二氧化碳Carbon dioxide 一氧化碳carbon monoxide烟囱chimney, stack 浇注料refractory总图、总平面图General Layout 工艺流程Process Flow安装图Installation Drawing 装配图erection drawing附件、附属物Appurtenance 除去矿物质（除盐）Demineralize灰厍气化设备Gasifying Device of Fly Ash Silo Gasify 使气化接地与防雷Earthing and Lightning Protection变电站、分站、分所Substation 配置、结构、构成configuration综合水泵房Composite water pump house 精炼厂、炼油厂Refinery燃烧、消耗V Combust 燃烧器Combuster 燃烧N combustion废热锅炉、余热锅炉Heat Recovery Steam Generators循环流化床锅炉Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) boiler蒸汽轮机SteamTurbine Generator (STG) 燃气轮机Gas turbine也就是说（副词）i.e. 从此以后，今后hereafter技术规范（说明）Technical Specification 引风机Induced Draught FanAVR 自动电压调节器automatic voltage regulator 消音器silencers碟片式过滤器debris filter 氯化\用氯气处理Chlorination次氯酸Hypochlorite水除盐装置Water Demineralisation Plant离子交换技术ion exchange technology 阳床（阳离子交换器）cation exchanger 脱二氧化碳器decarbonator 阴床anion exchanger 混床mixed-bedexchanger未净化的水（原水）raw water 澄清水池clarified water basin再生设备Regeneration equipment 凝结剂、絮凝剂Coagulan生活废水Sanitary Waste Water 化粪池septictank饮用水系统Potable Service Water System 水龙头water tap 氨、氨水ammonia 肼、联氨hydrazine 磷酸钠sodiumphosphate 苛性钠、烧碱Caustic soda稀硫酸dilute Sulphuric acid 溴化物Bromide消防栓和消火栓箱Hydrants and hose cabinets推车式灭火器和手提式灭火器Wheeled and portable fire extinguishers备用零件和专用工具Spare parts and special tools往复式无油空气压缩机装置Reciprocating oil free running air compressor unit辅助设备\外部设备ancillary equipment. 过滤设备filtration equipment土建工程和建筑设施Civil Works and Building Facilities沥清防水层asphalt water barriers 钢筋混凝土结构reinforced concrete structure 根据详细规范设计的带有沥青防水层钢筋混凝土屋顶RC concrete roof withasphalt water barriers according detail specification.钢筋混凝土(围)挡墙RC retaining walls 装卸和运输Handling and Transport地磅Weight Bridge 砌筑墙masonrywall 考虑到under consideration混凝土骨架结构concrete skeleton structure 摆放空间lay down areas龙门起重机\龙门吊\行车Gantrycrane 安装和维修erection and maintenance卫生设备,卫生设施sanitary facilities 祈祷prayer(n) pray(V)消防队Fire Brigade 调度室Control Building 管道支架pipe rack测试和校准testing and calibration投标文件Tender Documents试运行和性能试验commissioning and performance testing后翻斗式自卸卡车rear dump truck 磷酸三钠Trisodiumphosphate排水系统和下水道系统Drainage and Sewerage System聚合(高分子)电解质Polyelectrolyte 局域网LAN 母线bus bar电缆沟cable trench 地形勘测topographical survey更改、再布置和重建Modification, relocation and reconstruction。

锅炉专业术语大全(中英文)

种类水管锅炉water tube boiler自然循环锅炉natural circulation boiler 强制循环锅炉forced circulation boiler 直流锅炉once-through boiler废热锅炉waster heat boiler乏气锅炉exhaust gas boiler正压锅炉supercharged boiler燃煤锅炉coal fired boiler重油锅炉heavy oil boiler燃气锅炉gas fired boiler混烧锅炉multi-fuel fired boiler超临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler 亚临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler汽包锅炉drum boiler辐射式锅炉radiant boiler室内锅炉indoor boiler露天锅炉outdoor boiler辅助锅炉auxiliary boiler常压流化床Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion （AFBC）循环流化床circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC)四角燃烧锅炉corner fired boilerFURNACE 炉膛BURNNER 燃烧器SH；SUPERHEATER 过热器RH；REHEATER 再热器PLATEN SUPERHEATER 屏过PENDANT 悬吊管WATERWALL 水冷壁DOWM COMER 下降管HEADER 联箱、母管STEAM DRUM 汽包ATTEMPERATOR 减温器SPRAY 喷水ECONIMIZER 省煤器AIR PREHEATER 空预器ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR 静电除尘器INDUCED DRAFT FAN 引风机FORCED DRAFT FAN 送风机PRIMARY AIR FAN 一次风机SECONDARY AIR 二次风SEAL AIR FAN 密封风机PULVERIZER 磨煤机COAL FEEDER 给煤机IGNITOR 点火器，油枪INITIATE 启动、引燃、激发、触发CLEAN 清扫ISOLATION 隔离绝缘LIGHT OIL 轻油CHIMINEY STACK 烟囱COMBUSTION 燃烧FLUE GAS 烟气WATER 水STEAM 蒸汽SOOT BLOWER 吹灰器CRUSHER 破碎机SAFETY VALVE 安全阀PURGE 吹扫BOILER EFFLUENT STORAGE POOL 锅炉废水池SPARK 火花，点火花DRAIN&VENT 疏水和排气ASH—HOPPER 灰斗COAL BANKER 煤仓STONE COAL 无烟煤GAS COAL 烟煤UNLOADER 卸煤机STACKER RECLAIMER 堆取料机CONVEYOR 皮带机MMMC＝MILLIMETER MERCURY；MMH2O 毫米汞柱；毫米水柱ALARM LIMITS 报警限制PRESSURE DIFFERENCE 压差LFO.DISCH.PRESS 轻油出口压力AUX.ST SPLY FOR ATOMIZ辅助蒸汽供雾化蒸汽AIR SVCE SUPPLY 服务空气SEAL AIR FAN PRESS 密封风机压力MAINTAINED IGNITORS PULVERIZER A磨煤机A油枪操作LIGHT OIL SEL GRP 1 第一组轻油枪选择STOP IGNITORS GRP 1 第一组油枪停止PULVERIZER SELECTION A磨煤机A选择FEEDER LOCAL SELECT 给煤机就地控制选择FEEDER REMOTE SELECT 给煤机遥控选择PULVERIZER M/A SELECT磨煤机手/自动选择PULVERIZER INERT MODE SELECT 磨煤机惰性方式选择PULVERIZER NORMAL MODE SELECT 磨煤机正常方式选择LUB OIL PUMP 润滑油泵START IGNITOR GRP 1 第一组油枪点火STOP/START SEQUENCE PULVERIZER A 磨煤机A程序停止/启动STOP/START PULVERIZER 磨煤机停止/启动STOP/START IGNITORS 油枪停止/启动STOP/START FEEDER 给煤机停止/启动STOP/START MILL 磨组停止/启动STOP/START PA FLOW 一次风停止/启动OPEN/CLOSE SWING VLVS 摆阀开/关PULVERIZER EMERGENCE TRIP 磨煤机紧急跳闸BOILER TRIP RESET 锅炉跳闸复位ALL AIR HTRS RUNNING 各空预器运行EITHER ID FAN RUNNING 任一吸风机运行EITHER FAN RUNNING 任一风机运行BOILER AIR REQUIRED 锅炉风量需求（>30%）ALL PULV GRP SHUTDOWN 所有磨组停运OPERATE MODE SELECT 运行方式选择MANUAL MODE 手动方式TURBINE FOLLOW MODE 机跟随方式BOILER FOLLOW MODE 炉跟随方式COORDINATE MODE 协调方式SLIDING PRESS MODE 滑压运行方式DECR/INCR PRESS AT FIX LOAD 固定负荷方式增减压力SECONDARY SH INLET TEMP 二级过热器进口温度SEC SH OUT STEAM TEM二级过热器出口蒸汽温度MAIN STEAM TEMP/PRESSURE/FLOW 主汽温度/压力/流量FEED WATER FLOW 给水流量ACTUAL MEGAWATT 有功THROTTLE PRESS 节流压力TURB FIRST STAGE PRESS汽机第一级(调节级)压力PRI AIR DUCT PRESS 一次风管压力SEC AIR DUCT PRESS 二次风管压力PRI/SEC AIR FLOW MILL A A磨组一次/二次风流量FURNACE PRESS 炉膛压力SH/RH SPRAY CONTROL VLVS SELECT 过热器/再热器减温水控制阀选择PLATEN SPARY CONTROL VLVS SIDE A屏过减温水A侧控制阀SEC SH SPARY CONT VLVS SIDE A 二级过热器减温水A侧控制阀SH/RH SPARY WATER STOP VLVS 过热器/再热器减温水截止阀MAIN STEAM STOP VLV 主蒸汽截止阀SH STEAM ELECTR VLV 过热器电磁阀AIR DRAFT SEQUENCE 风机程序控制（顺控）TRANSPORT AIR SEQUENCE 风量程序控制（顺控）PRIMARY AIR SEQUENCE 一次风控制AIR HEATER A MOTER 空预器马达AAIR HEATER MOTOR LEAD 空预器马达选择AIR HEATER LOC/REM SELECT 空预器就地/遥控选择SCANNER BLOWERS 火检吹扫器INDUCED&FORCED DRAFTS 吸送风机SPEED CHANGE (NOT) PERMISSIVE 速度切换（不）允许MILL A GROUP MASTER A 磨组主控器PRI AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER 磨组一次风控制挡板MILL A OUT TEMP CONT DAMPER A磨组出口温度控制挡板BOIL MILL A GR1 WDBOX PR炉A磨组第一组风箱压力BOIL MILL A BNR MET TEMP炉A磨组喷燃器金属温度MILL A LOAD A磨组负荷SEC AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER A磨组二次风流量控制挡板TWIN FLOW AIR HTR A CONT VLV 双流式空预器控制阀PRI AIR FAN A CONT DAMPER A侧一次风机控制挡板FD FAN/ID FAN A CONT DAMPER A送/吸风机控制挡板FD FAN A FLOW A送风机流量O2 IN THE FUEL GAS 烟气含氧量FUEL GAS ID FAN A OUTLET PRESS A吸风机出口压力PRI AIR FAN A OUTLET PRESS A一次风机出口压力AIR HTR A SEC AIR OUT TEM空预器A二次风出口温度MANUAL LOAD SET/RATE 手动负荷设定/负荷率MIN MAX LOAD（LIMITS）最大最小负荷（限制）MANUAL THROTTEL PRESS SET POINT手动节流压力设定值BOILER MASTER 锅炉主控器TURBINE MASTER 汽机主控器SH STEAM TEMP SET POINT 过热温度设定点SH STEAM FINAL TEMP过热汽出口温度收到基as-received basis , ar空气干燥基air-dried basis , ad干燥基dry basis ,d干燥无灰基dry and ash-free basis ,daf水分moisture灰分ash挥发分volatile matter固定碳fixed carbon弹筒发热量bomb calorific value高位发热量gross calorific value低位发热量net calorific value灰变形温度ash deformation temperature灰软化温度ash softening temperature 灰流动温度ash fluid temperature贫煤Meagre coal贫瘦煤Meager-lean coal瘦煤Lean coal焦煤Coking coal肥煤Fat coal气肥煤Gas-fat coal气煤gas coal中粘煤Medium caking coal弱粘煤Poor caking coal不粘煤Noncaking coal长焰煤Long flame coal燃料消耗量fuel consumption rate 火道锅炉 Flame tube boiler疏水器、疏水阀 steam trap饱和蒸汽 saturated steam过热蒸汽 superheated steam震动炉篦 Oscillating bar grate链条炉蓖 Chain grate, travelling grate省煤器 economizer减速器 speed reducer螺旋除渣机 screw slag remover 除尘器 dust collector引风机 combustion air fan鼓风机 exhausting fan上煤机 coal conveyor尖端的、高科技的 Hi-tech节能的 energy-saving高效的 high-efficiency低噪声的 low noise耐用的、持久的 durable蒸发 evaporation额定的 rated热效率 thermal efficiency碳化物 carbide碳化硅 silicon carbide一氧化物 monoxide一氧化碳 carbon monoxide二氧化碳 dioxide二氧化碳亚临界压力锅炉 carbon dioxide subcritical pressure boiler 燃煤锅炉coal-fired boiler启动锅炉start-up boiler炉墙furnace wall管束（排）tube bundle管屏tube platen下降管downcomer上升管riser省煤器管economizer tube再热器管reheater tube过热器管superheated tube蛇形管coil吊挂管supporting tube水冷壁管water wall tube饱和蒸汽管 saturated steam pipe水冷壁water wall鳍片管 finned tube, fin tube, gilled tube 联箱header锅炉本体boiler proper锅炉机组boiler unit炉膛boiler framework燃烧器furnace燃烧室combustion chamber油枪oil gun torch风门damper管板tube plate煤粉管道 pulverized coal piping过热器 superheater沸点 boiling temperature吹灰器 soot blower包墙过热器 wall enclosure superheater再热器reheater炉膛容积 furnace volume再热器冷段primary reheater汽水分离器 steam separator, moisture separator 再热器热段 final reheater省煤器 economizer空气预热器 air preheater安全门safety valve防暴门explosion vent检查孔inspection hole三通阀three-way valve事故喷水阀 emergency water spray valve锅炉排污blowdown大板梁 plate girder, upper beam灰斗ash hopper空气压缩机air compressor混合器mixer磨煤机 coal pulverizer, coal mill一次风机primary air fan送风机 forced draft fan, force fan人孔门man hole引风机 induced draft fan, induced fan 膨胀补偿节expansion joint原煤斗 raw coal bunker, raw coal silo 结渣lagging煤粉仓 pulverized coal bunker看火孔observation hole水循环water circulation风道air duct除尘器 dust collector, precipitator灰渣泵ash pump, slag pump风道air duct轴封泵shaft sealing pump伸缩节expansion joint灰浆泵ash slurry pump风管道air piping保温材料 heat-insulating material除灰管道ash piping稳定燃烧stable combustion烟囱chimney, stack支吊架supports and hangers燃烧combustion水压试验hydraulic test负压negative pressure点火ignition正压positive pressure着火点 firing point, ignition temperature 冷风cold air锅炉上水boiler water filling热风hot air点火用油fuel oil for ignition停炉boiler shutdown熄火fire-offALL AIR HTRS RUNNING 各空预器运行EITHER ID FAN RUNNING 任一吸风机运行EITHER FAN RUNNING 任一风机运行BOILER AIR REQUIRED 锅炉风量需求（>30%）ALL PULV GRP SHUTDOWN 所有磨组停运OPERATE MODE SELECT 运行方式选择MANUAL MODE 手动方式TURBINE FOLLOW MODE 机跟随方式BOILER FOLLOW MODE 炉跟随方式COORDINATE MODE 协调方式SLIDING PRESS MODE 滑压运行方式DECR/INCR PRESS AT FIX LOAD 固定负荷方式增减压力SECONDARY SH INLET TEMP 二级过热器进口温度SEC SH OUT STEAM TEM二级过热器出口蒸汽温度MAIN STEAM TEMP/PRESSURE/FLOW 主汽温度/压力/流量FEED WATER FLOW 给水流量ACTUAL MEGAWATT 有功THROTTLE PRESS 节流压力TURB FIRST STAGE PRESS汽机第一级(调节级)压力PRI AIR DUCT PRESS 一次风管压力SEC AIR DUCT PRESS 二次风管压力PRI/SEC AIR FLOW MILL A A磨组一次/二次风流量FURNACE PRESS 炉膛压力SH/RH SPRAY CONTROL VLVS SELECT 过热器/再热器减温水控制阀选择PLATEN SPARY CONTROL VLVS SIDE A屏过减温水A侧控制阀SEC SH SPARY CONT VLVS SIDE A 二级过热器减温水A侧控制阀SH/RH SPARY WATER STOP VLVS 过热器/再热器减温水截止阀MAIN STEAM STOP VLV 主蒸汽截止阀SH STEAM ELECTR VLV 过热器电磁阀AIR DRAFT SEQUENCE 风机程序控制（顺控）TRANSPORT AIR SEQUENCE 风量程序控制（顺控）PRIMARY AIR SEQUENCE 一次风控制AIR HEATER A MOTER 空预器马达AAIR HEATER MOTOR LEAD 空预器马达选择AIR HEATER LOC/REM SELECT 空预器就地/遥控选择SCANNER BLOWERS 火检吹扫器INDUCED&FORCED DRAFTS 吸送风机SPEED CHANGE (NOT) PERMISSIVE 速度切换（不）允许MILL A GROUP MASTER A 磨组主控器PRI AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER 磨组一次风控制挡板MILL A OUT TEMP CONT DAMPER A磨组出口温度控制挡板BOIL MILL A GR1 WDBOX PR炉A磨组第一组风箱压力BOIL MILL A BNR MET TEMP炉A磨组喷燃器金属温度MILL A LOAD A磨组负荷SEC AIR FLOW MILL A CONT DAMPER A磨组二次风流量控制挡板TWIN FLOW AIR HTR A CONT VLV 双流式空预器控制阀PRI AIR FAN A CONT DAMPER A侧一次风机控制挡板FD FAN/ID FAN A CONT DAMPER A送/吸风机控制挡板FD FAN A FLOW A送风机流量O2 IN THE FUEL GAS 烟气含氧量FUEL GAS ID FAN A OUTLET PRESS A吸风机出口压力PRI AIR FAN A OUTLET PRESS A一次风机出口压力AIR HTR A SEC AIR OUT TEM空预器A二次风出口温度MANUAL LOAD SET/RATE 手动负荷设定/负荷率MIN MAX LOAD（LIMITS）最大最小负荷（限制）MANUAL THROTTEL PRESS SET POINT手动节流压力设定值BOILER MASTER 锅炉主控器TURBINE MASTER 汽机主控器SH STEAM TEMP SET POINT 过热温度设定点SH STEAM FINAL TEMP过热汽出口温度锅炉boiler锅炉机组boiler unit固定式锅炉stationary boiler蒸汽锅炉steam boiler电站锅炉power station boiler工业锅炉industrial boiler生活锅炉domestic boiler热水锅炉hot water boiler船用锅炉marine boiler快装锅炉package boiler组装锅炉shop-assembled boiler散装锅炉field-assembled boiler常压热水锅炉atmospheric pressure hot water boiler 低压锅炉low pressure boiler中压锅炉medium pressure boiler高压锅炉high pressure boiler超高压锅炉superhigh pressure boiler亚临界压力锅炉subcritical pressure boiler超临界压力锅炉supercritical pressure boiler超超临界锅炉ultra supercritical boiler自然循环锅炉natural circulation boiler强制循环锅炉forced circulation boiler直流锅炉once-through boiler复合循环锅炉combined circulation boiler低循环倍率锅炉low circulation boiler火管锅炉fire tube boiler水管锅炉water tube boiler固体燃料锅炉solid-fuel fired boiler液体燃料锅炉liquid-fuel fired boiler气体燃料锅炉gas-fuel fired boiler余热锅炉exhaust heat boiler 余热锅炉（HRSG）电热锅炉electric boiler锅壳式锅炉shell boiler水火管锅壳式锅炉water-fire tube shell boiler卧式内燃锅炉horizontal internal-combustion boiler 角管式锅炉corner tube boiler立式锅炉vertical boiler小型锅炉low-capacity boiler铸铁锅炉cast-iron boiler固态排渣锅炉boiler with dry-ash furnace液态排渣锅炉boiler with slag-tap furnace火床燃烧锅炉grate firing boiler链条炉排锅炉traveling grate boiler抛煤机链条炉排锅炉spreader-stoker-fired boiler火室燃烧锅炉suspension firing boiler煤粉燃烧锅炉pulverized coal fired boiler水煤浆燃烧锅炉coal-water slurrty fired boiler流化床燃烧锅炉fluidized bed boiler循环流化床锅炉circulating fluidized bed boiler增压循环流化床锅炉pressurized fluidized bed boiler微正压锅炉pressure fired boiler增压锅炉supercharged boiler辐射式锅炉radiant boiler通用压力锅炉universal-pressure boiler汽水两用锅炉multifunctional boiler (steam and hot water) 盘管式锅炉coil tube boiler真空相变热水锅炉vacuum phase-change hot water boiler 有机热载体炉organic heat transfer material heater锅炉本体boiler proper受热面heating surface辐射受热面radiant heating surface对流受热面convection heating surface附加受热面auxiliary heating surface受压部件pressure part受压元件pressure part管屏tube panel垂直上升管屏up flow riser tube panel 回带式管屏ribbon panel水平围绕管屏spirally-wound tube panel 管束tube bank错列布置管束staggered bank顺列布置管束in-line bank对流烟道convection pass并联烟道parallel gas passes风道air duct炉膛（燃烧室）furnace水冷炉膛water cooled furnace绝热炉膛insulating furnace炉胆furnace波形炉胆corrugated furnace回燃室reversal chamber冷灰斗water-cooled hopper bottom卫燃带refractory belt折焰角furnace arch炉拱arch前拱front arch后拱rear arch燃烧器burner煤粉燃烧器powdered coal burner旋流式煤粉燃烧器cyclone type burner 直流式煤粉燃烧器impellerless burner低氮氧化物燃烧器low nitrogen oxide burner点火装置flame ignitor油燃烧器oil burner油雾化器oil atomizer机械雾化油燃烧器（压力雾化油燃烧器）mechanical atomizing burner 气流雾化油燃烧器gas atomizing burner气体燃烧器gas burner调风器register炉排grate链条炉排travelling grate stoker链带式炉排chain belt type grate stoker横梁式炉排crossgirder grate stoker鳞片式炉排flake type grate stoker往复炉排reciprocating grate倾斜式往复炉排inclined reciprocating grate振动炉排vibrating stoker抛煤机spreader stoker锅筒drum上锅筒steam drum下锅筒water drum锅壳shell筒体cylindrical shell封头head凸形封头convex head椭圆形封头ellipsoidal head半球形封头hemispherical head平封头flat head管板tube plate孔桥（管孔带）ligament人孔manhole手孔handhole集箱（联箱）header端盖head锅筒内部装置drum internals清洗装置steam washer旋风分离器cyclone separator轴流式分离器turbo separator百叶窗分离器corrugated scrubber钢丝网分离器screen separator多孔板perforated distribution plate集汽管dry pipe排污管blowoff pipe下降管downcomer加药管chemical feed pipe蒸发受热面evaporating heating surface 水冷壁water-cooled wall膜式水冷壁membrane wall双面水冷壁division wall防渣管（凝渣管）boiler slag screen锅炉管束boiler convection tube bank 烟管（火管）fire tube螺纹烟管spirally corrugated tube内螺纹管ribbed tube旗式受热面flag pattern surface过热器superheater辐射式过热器radiant superheater墙式过热器wall superheater屏式过热器platen superheater对流式过热器convection superheater包墙管过热器steam-cooled wall顶棚管过热器（炉顶过热器）steam-cooled roof悬吊式过热器pendant superheater水平式过热器horizontal superheater再热器reheater辐射式再热器radiant reheater对流式再热器convection reheater减温器desuperheater、attemperator表面式减温器drum type surface attemperator喷水减温器spray type attemperator烟气挡板（旁路档板）smoke damper烟气再循环装置gas recirculation equipment汽——汽热交换器steam-steam heat exchanger省煤器economizer沸腾式省煤器steaming economizer非沸腾式省煤器nonsteaming economizer钢管式省煤器steel tube economizer鳍片管式省煤器finned tube economizer铸铁肋片管式省煤器cast-iron gilled tube economizer 可分式省煤器（独立式省煤器）separated economizer 悬吊管pendant tube空气预热器air heater钢管式空气预热器tubular air heater再生式回转空气预热器rotary regenerative air heater受热面转动型再生式空气预热器rotating-plate type regenerative air heater 风罩转动型再生式空气预热器stationary-plate type regenerative air heater 板式空气预热器plate type recuperative air heater铸铁肋片管式空气预热器cast-iron gilled tube air heater暖风机steam air heater锅炉构架boiler structure支承式锅炉构架bottom-supported structure悬吊式锅炉构架top-supported structure by hangers框架式锅炉构架frame type boiler structure桁架式锅炉构架trussed type boiler structure刚性架buckstay锅炉炉墙boiler setting重型炉墙bottom supported heavy wall轻型炉墙sectional supporting water cooled wall敷管炉墙top supported water cooled wall炉墙护板boiler casing锅炉汽水系统boiler steam and water circuit锅炉范围内管道boiler external piping安全阀safety valve静重式安全阀direct-loaded safety valve弹簧式安全阀spring-loaded safety valve杠杆式安全阀deadweight safety valve脉冲式安全阀pulsed safety valve电磁控制式安全阀electric relief valve水封式安全装置water-sealed safety equipment水位表water gauge玻璃水位计glass water gauge双色水位计double-colour water gauge高低水位报警器high-low water level alarm低置水位计remote water level indicator防爆门explosion door排污阀blowdown valve疏水阀（疏水器）bleeder点火程序控制装置ignition control program熄火保护装置flame failure protection额定蒸发量nominal capacity最大连续蒸发量maximum continuous rating额定供热量rated heating capacity额定蒸汽参数nominal steam parameter额定蒸汽压力nominal steam pressure额定蒸汽温度nominal steam temperature额定热水温度nominal hot water temperature给水温度feed watr temperature3.2.2.回水温度return water temperature排污率rate of blowdown锅炉热力计算thermal calculation for boilers锅炉水动力计算hydrodynamic calculation for boilers锅炉烟风阻力计算flue-gas and air resistance calulation for boilers锅炉受压元件强度计算strength calculation of pressure parts for boilers 锅炉水循环boiler circulation循环回路circulation circuit蒸汽品质steam quality蒸汽污染steam contamination机械携带mechanical carry-over溶解携带vaporous carry-over蒸汽净化steam purification蒸汽湿度moisture in steam分段蒸发stage evaporation气温调节steam temperature control给水feed water补给水make-up water锅水boiler water给水品质feedwater condition锅水浓度boiler water concentration总硬度total hardness总碱度total alkalinity悬浮固形物suspended solid matter溶解固形物dissolved solid matter相对碱度relative alkalinity负压燃烧negative-pressure firing压力燃烧pressurized firing自然通风natural draft机械通风mechanical draft平衡通风balanced draft分段送风zone control draft燃料消耗量fuel consumption计算燃料消耗量calculated fuel consumption 理论空气量theoretical air过量空气系数excess air ratio理论燃烧温度theoretical combustion temperature炉膛出口烟气温度furnace outlet gas temperature排烟温度exhaust gas temperature锅炉热效率boiler efficiency保证效率guarantee efficiency燃烧效率combustion efficiency锅炉热损失boiler heat loss排烟热损失heat loss due to exhaust gas气体不完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned gases固体不完全燃烧热损失heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse散热损失heat loss due to radiation灰渣物理热损失heat loss due to sensible heat in slag飞灰可燃物含量（飞灰含碳量）unburned combustible in flue dust 炉渣可燃物含量（炉渣含碳量）unburned combustible in slag漏风系数air leakage factor热风温度hot air temperature一次风（一次空气）primary air二次风（二次空气）secondary air三次风（三次空气）tertiary air炉膛容积热负荷furnace volume heat release rate炉膛截面热强度furnace cross-section heat release rate辐射受热面热流密度（炉壁热流密度）furnace wall heat flux density 炉排面积热负荷grate heat release rate炉排通风截面比percentage of air space水动力特性hydrodynamics循环倍率circulation ratio循环水速circulation velocity运动压头available static head有效压头available head质量流速mass velocity质量含汽率steam quality by mass临界含汽率critical steam quality沸腾换热恶化boiling crisis过冷沸腾subcooled boiling计算压力calculated pressure计算壁温calculated metal temperature最高允许工作压力maximum allowable working pressure 安全系数safety factor许用应力allowable stress理论计算壁厚theoretical calculated thickness最小需要壁厚minimum required thickness公称壁厚（名义壁厚）nominal thickness有效壁厚effective thickness应力集中系数stress concentration factor孔桥减弱系数ligament efficiency焊缝减弱系数weld efficiency开孔补强reinforcement of openings表面清理surface cleaning喷丸（砂）处理shot-rain cleaning封头成型head forming冲压成型press forming旋压成型spin forming爆炸成型explosion forming边缘加工edge processing去毛刺deburring卷板plate rolling冷态卷板cold rolling热态卷板hot rolling矫形shape righting矫圆round set板边预弯preliminary rolling弯管tube bending冷态弯管cold bending胀管tube expansion胀管率expansion efficiency成排焊接panel welding成排弯管panel bending不圆度out-of-roundness直线度straightness/alinement 偏心度eccentricity管端倾斜度gradient of tube-end 通球试验ball passing test锅筒起吊drum lifting砌墙walling烘炉furnace drying煮炉boiling out补炉fetting挖补修理remedy除垢descaling机械除垢mechanical descaling化学清洗chemical cleaning碱煮除垢alkali descaling酸洗除垢acid descaling钝化处理passivating冲管flushing吹管steam-line blowing锅炉改造boiler reforming炉拱改造arch reforming循环系统改造circulation circuit reforming 锅炉启动start-up上水filling水位water level炉内清扫purge点火fire升压raising pressure疏水drain并汽bring a boiler onto the line启动压力start-up pressure启动流量start-up flow rate滑参数启动variable parameter start-up 排污blowdown定期排污periodic blowdown连续排污continuous blowdown吹灰soot blowing压缩空气吹灰compressed air blowing蒸汽吹灰steam blowing药物清灰chemical deashing压火banking fire停炉shutdown定压运行constant pressure operation 变压运行variable pressure operation 经济运行economical operation停炉保养preservation湿法保养wet preservation干法保养dry preservation充气保养gas-filled preservation外部检查visual inspection内部检查internal inspection宏观检验macroscopic examination 漏风试验air leakage test堵灰clogging布风板grid plate。

IEC 61643-1_2005译文

IEC 61643-1:2005(第2版) 2005-03《低压电涌保护器–第1部分：低压配电系统的电涌保护器–性能要求和试验方法》目次前言引言1 总则1.1 适用范围规范性引用文件1.2 规范性引用文件2 使用条件2.1 正常使用条件2.2 异常使用条件3 定义4分类4.1端口数4.2SPD的设计类型4.3SPD的I、II和III级试验4.4使用地点4.5易触及性4.6安装方式4.7SPD的脱离器4.8过电流保护4.9按IEC 60529的IP代码的外壳防护等级4.10温度范围5 标准的额定值5.1I级试验的冲击电流I imp优选值5.2II级试验的标称放电电流I n优选值5.3III级试验的开路电压U oc优选值5.4电压保护水平U p优选值5.5交流有效值或直流的最大持续工作电压U c的优选值6 技术要求6.1一般要求6.2电气性能要求6.3机械性能要求6.4环境要求6.5安全要求I6.6对二端口和输入/输出分开的一端口的SPD的附加试验要求7 型式试验7.1 一般试验程序7.2 标识和标志7.3 接线端子和连接7.4 直接接触防护试验7.5 确定测量限制电压7.6 动作负载试验7.7 SPD的脱离器和SPD过载时的安全性能7.8 二端口和输入/输出端子分开的一端口的SPD试验7.9 附加试验8 常规和验收试验8.1常规试验8.2验收试验附录A（资料性附录）应用I级试验时对SPD的考虑附录B（规范性附录）TOV值参考文献图1- 用于单相电源去耦网络的示例图2 –用于三相电源去耦网络的示例图3 –确定电压保护水平U p的流程图图4 –测量限制电压的替代试验图5 –动作负载试验的流程图图6 –预处理和动作负载循环试验程序图6 a–I fi低于声明的短路耐受能力的SPD的试验电路图7–在低压系统故障引起的TOV下试验的试验电路示例和相应的时间程序图图8–电缆保持力的试验装置图9–弯曲试验装置图10a–试验装置图10–撞击试验装置图11–滚筒图12a–球压试验装置图12b–球压试验的载荷杆图A.1 –一般雷电流的分布表1 – I、II和III级试验表2 –适用于SPD的型式试验要求表3 – I级试验参数II表4 – III级试验波形参数的允许误差表5 –螺钉的螺纹直径和施加的扭矩表6 –螺钉型端子或无螺纹端子能连接的铜导体截面积表7 –拉力（螺钉型端子）表8 –导体尺寸表9 –拉力（无螺纹端子）表10 –确定测量限制电压需进行的试验表11 –预期短路电流和功率因数表12 –夹紧螺钉的紧固要求表13 –用于撞击要求的落下距离表14 –户外型SPD的电气间隙和爬电距离表15 –户内型SPD的电气间隙和爬电距离表16 –介电强度表17 –过载状况的电流系数k表18 –均衡浪涌电流的误差表B.1 – TOV 试验值III国际电工委员会＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿低压电涌保护器–第1部分：低压配电系统的电涌保护器–性能要求和试验方法前言1) IEC（国际电工委员会）是一个由各国家电工委员会（IEC国家委员会）组成的国际性标准化组织。

工业锅炉使用说明书中英文分解

工业锅炉使用说明书Industrial Boiler Operation InstructionsCS-SM8一、前言Preface本说明书适用于工作压力《2.5Mpa，蒸发量《35t/h的工业锅炉。

This book is suitable for the boiler with capacity ≤35t/h, and working pressure ≤2.5MPa.1、本说明书仅作为用户在制定运行规程中的参考资料。

This boos is written as per the boiler specifications and only for reference to the operation regulations of boiler.2、有关燃料部分、传动部分使用说明，请另见炉排，炉排传动装置，碎渣机使用说明书。

The operation instruction of fuel and driven part shall see details on the books of stoker, grate driven device and slag crusher.3、本说明书如与国家颁布的有关规程有抵触，以上级规程为准，建议用户单位注意参阅。

If there is something in this book against the regulations, subject to the superiors regulations.二、锅炉升火Boiler Firing（一）、升火钱的检查准备 Preparing before firing1、炉墙不允许有凸出裂缝，所有看火孔、人孔、吹灰孔等均需关严。

The furnace wall is not allowed to be cracked. All the fire holes, manholes and ash holes shall be closed.2、所有烟道及风道的挡板，闸门等位置应正确，开关要灵活。

【中英】保温式自动电饭煲说明书 2

【中英对照】保温式自动电饭煲说明书Automatic Electric Cooker Heat Preservation Type保温式自动电饭煲，用磁性元件控制煮饭，且有自动保温元件在饭熟后保持饭温。

本产品外形美观，结构精密，使用简便，坚固耐用，耗电少，有良好的绝缘性能。

Automatic Electric Cooker is equipped with a Permanent Magnetic Controlling System. It is good-looking in design, exquisite and solid in construction, and easy to control, with low power consumption and excellent insulation properties.使用说明instructions1. 把米洗净，倒进锅中：1. Cleaning and putting the rice into the Pan.把米用其他容器洗净后倒进煲内，不宜直接用内煲洗米，以免内煲受到碰撞引起变形，影响使用。

After cleaning the rice in another container, put it into the Pan. Becareful not to wash the rice directly in the Pan; otherwise the Pan may be deformed by bumping prejudicial to the performance of the Cooker.2. 内煲刻度，供放米和水参考用：2. Water and Marks on the Pan.塑料杯按照一杯米约加121杯水的比例。

刻度左边以公升为单位，即把量好洗净的米放进煲内，然后加水至该刻度线。

例如量米0.8公升，水便加到0.8线上。

国产化低压动态煮沸设备在中国啤酒工业中的应用

国产化低压动态煮沸设备在中国啤酒工业中的应用Application of Domestic Low Pressure DynamicBoiling Equipment in China Beer Industry64刘尚义上世纪九十年代以前中国啤酒糖化煮沸工序均是采用传统工艺。

传统工艺糖化二次蒸汽直接排放，能量不能回收，白白浪费掉。

煮沸时间长，总蒸发强度大，耗能高，不能有效去除可挥发性芳香组分，对蛋白质组分的凝聚有破坏作用，而且排放物污染环境。

“低压煮沸”是1976年由德国霍普曼（Huppmann）公司推出。

低压动态煮沸是从普通低压煮沸发展而来，1996年开始应用到啤酒生产中。

上世纪90年代初，我国开始从国外引进低压煮沸设备，主要厂家包括武汉中德啤酒厂、沈阳雪花啤酒有限公司、青岛啤酒二厂等。

低压煮沸主要以节能为目的，但对啤酒质量兼顾不足。

低压煮沸配备了二次蒸汽回收和热能贮存系统。

煮沸锅内压力在0.01-0.03M的恒定压力下煮沸。

通过提高煮沸过程的锅内压力，从而提高麦汁温度，使煮沸时麦汁对流强烈，缩短煮沸时间，即可以提高煮沸效果又可以节约蒸汽。

麦汁从暂存槽进入煮沸锅前，首先通过板式换热器进行预热。

糖化二次蒸汽将78℃的热水加热到98℃，再用其将72℃麦汁预热到93℃,进到煮沸锅内，98℃热水冷却到78℃。

这样，二次蒸汽回收的热量将麦汁从72℃预热到93℃，节省大量能源。

也有另加一组板式换热器将98℃热水加热到100-102℃，将麦汁从72℃加热到95—97℃。

使外用蒸气只加热5—3℃，便可以使麦汁加热到100—102℃。

回收热能中的40%用于煮沸前的麦汁升温，从72℃升至93℃—97℃，剩余的60%热能制备成85℃热水，供CIP和包装及锅炉用水。

到本世纪初期，我国一直都从国外引进“低压动态煮沸技术”。

2007年长春市万峰轻工设备有限公司首先独立自主的开发出国内第一套低压动态煮沸系统装置，并在华润雪花啤酒（宜昌）有限公司首次应用，一次试车成功。

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动态低压煮沸——麦汁煮沸技术的发展现状
麦汁煮沸的目的
●对可挥发性芳香组分的汽提；
●蛋白组分的凝聚；
●酒花及酒花制品的异构化；
●煮沸过程中避免吸氧；
●加热及煮沸的最小耗能；
●沉淀槽中热凝固物的良好分离。

最佳的技术结果只能来源于对煮沸过程的整体把握。

麦汁加热到沸腾温度
过滤麦汁在大约72℃时被转移到煮沸锅中，并被加热。

在加热过程中，麦汁继续以72℃的温度进入煮沸锅。

这样在煮沸锅中形成不均一的麦汁混合物，不同温度的麦汁进到内加热器的底部。

“较冷的”麦汁破坏了加热管中的热平衡，从而打断了向上流。

这个物理过程可以在带有内加热器的煮沸锅中观察到，这就是酿造者常说的内加热器震动。

这种物理现象可以通过改变加热方法来避免，即改善煮沸锅中温度的均一分布；
1．根据一项专利技术，使用循环泵强制麦汁在内加热器中流动，可以产生连续流；
2．麦汁通过板式热交换器进行预加热，可以是：(a)蒸汽加热（由于较高的壁温，有蛋白组分凝聚的风险）。

或者(b)热水加热（避免了不必要的提前凝聚）。

在具有能量贮存系统的啤酒厂里（图1），从贮能罐中出来的97℃的水（循环水），在第二个板式热交换器（Booster HEX）中被蒸汽加热到101℃。

该热循环水逐渐把麦汁加热到期望的煮沸温度。

由于是用水作为热交换介质，麦汁一面的壁温低于麦汁的沸点，有效地减少了不必要的蛋白组分提前凝聚。

由于循环水最终仍然以78℃返回到贮能罐，这项工序并不影响啤酒厂的热水平衡。

从煮沸过程蒸汽中回收的占全部蒸发量的5%的能量完全可以用于麦汁的预加热。

图1 配有能量贮存和“Booster HEX”的麦汁预加热
在酿造过程的开始阶段，用蒸汽加热的Booster热交换器也可以用于贮能罐的加热。

而没有能量贮存系统的啤酒厂则使用来自80℃热水罐的热水，这和上面的过程类似（图2）。

80℃的热水在Booster热交换器中被蒸汽加热到101℃，并在煮沸完成后于80℃左右返回到热水罐中。

所以这种衍生的方法也不会对啤酒厂的热水平衡产生任何影响。

整合了这种麦汁预加热过程的啤酒厂就能避免内加热器的震动。

降低麦汁热应力的同时，有助于对麦汁中的泡沫蛋白组分作温和处理。

由于煮沸锅中温度的连续分布，在煮沸步骤中内加热器的突然启动以及麦汁在搅拌器周围的良好分布都可以实现。

动态低压煮沸
许多几何参数都必须和煮沸锅的设计相配套：内加热器和锥形盖，二级分配器及其在煮沸锅中的位置。

对于可挥发物的汽提，霍夫曼公司在“中国帽子”麦汁分配器的基础上，开发了二级分配装置（图3），这种装置能让麦汁到达麦汁表面两个不同位置，并配有垂直部件，以提高去除麦汁中有害芳香物质的效率。

对于内加热器的锥形盖和麦汁分配器的设计来说，目标是在麦汁煮过程中，锅里形成一种循环运动。

在一个小时的煮沸时间里．锅里的麦汁循环20～30次，完全避免了死角。

设备的设计与工艺的改革相结合，不仅减少了煮沸时间和蒸发率，也对啤酒质量产生了积极的影响。

动态低压煮沸的过程分成以下三个步骤：
● 常压下的预煮沸是为了除去煮沸锅、压力调节系统和蒸汽冷凝器中的空
气； ● 在煮沸锅中增压．然后再释放压力，这个过程重复6次(图4)； ● 常压下的后煮沸使麦汁达到需要的浓度。

图2 配有80℃热水罐和“Booster HEX ”的麦汁预加热
图3 二级麦汁搅拌器
图4 增压和汽提
在煮沸锅烟道阀附近安装一个旁路控制阀，结合蒸汽冷凝器流通速度的控制，使锅内的压力在规定时间内达到150mbar。

能量通过内加热器将麦汁加热到103℃的沸点。

当达到设定的最高压力时，便开始减压。

煮沸锅内的压力以一定速率降低到50mbar。

压力降低的同时，相应的沸点也降低到101℃，并且整个锅内都产生气泡。

这种称之为“瞬间蒸发”的过程是动态低压煮沸与其他煮沸方法最主要的区别，它对可挥发物的汽提效果很好。

而对于使用内加热器或外加热器的常压煮沸，包括使用双层加热锥体的煮沸方法来说，只有和加热面接触的麦汁达到或超过其沸点。

麦汁中到处都产生气泡。

增大麦汁和蒸汽间的接触面积能够提高对有害风味物质的汽提，同时也有利于热凝固物的凝聚。

上升的汽泡同时也产生一些泡沫。

内加热器在减压步骤中仍然工作，麦汁从搅拌器上喷洒下来，可以避免溢锅现象。

供能升压和瞬间蒸发降压过程大约重复六次。

最后，压力降低到常压状态。

后面一步的作用，是使麦汁达到要求的浓度。

采用这种煮沸方法，可以在45～50min内完成煮沸，保证蒸发率在3.5～5.0%。

对质量诸因素的高要求，使最后一次洗糟在较高的浓度下终止成为可能，其它影响该过程的参数与麦芽价格、浸出物损失以及所需的蒸发率有关。

从初始能量的实际价格考虑，降低浸出物收率及节能的综合效果是非常经济的。

除了经济上的优势，降低蒸发率也有利于环境保护。

麦汁加热如果结合了能量贮存系统，和采用常压煮沸的技术相比，其CO2排放甚至可以减少50%，这和京都会议的指标相吻合。

表1 动态低压煮沸试验的分析结果
表1是在一家德国啤酒厂中进行的试验分析结果，用46min，总的蒸发率能够达到4.4～4.9%。

蛋白组分达到较高的质量标准，最后麦汁中游离的DMS含量低于检测限值。

最终麦汁中总的DMS含量低于75mg/L，对于欧洲啤酒来说，这是非常好的结果。

表2 动态低压煮沸对泡沫的影响
在另外两个啤酒厂，我们检测了动态低压煮沸对啤酒泡沫的影响（表2）。

更新了原有的煮沸方法，蒸发率降低到4.5%。

在这两个啤酒厂中，泡沫NIBEM测定均增加了大约50sec。

这样，A厂就从泡沫中级上升到泡沫高级，C厂则达到了一级泡沫值。

降低蒸发率和能量回收系统的安装对啤酒厂的能耗有显著影响。

表3中可以看出两个啤酒厂的代表性数据，蒸汽消耗用kg/hl冷麦汁表示。

B厂采用浸出糖化法，从52℃开始，加热到75℃需要3.62kg蒸汽/hl冷麦汁。

如果没有能量回收系统，将过滤麦汁从72℃加热到沸点还需要5.98kg蒸汽/hl冷麦汁。

如果安装了能量回收系统．来自蒸汽冷凝器的能量可以将麦汁加热到94℃，这样只需要另外的1.1kg蒸汽/hl冷麦汁就可以将麦汁从94℃加热到沸点。

采用动态低压煮沸的啤酒厂的蒸发率是5.5%。

总的蒸汽消耗是15.8kg/hl，能量贮存系统节省了30%的能耗。

A厂的糖化温度是60℃，加热到76℃需要2.33kg/hl冷麦汁。

这与B厂相比低了35%。

A厂总的蒸发率是3.7%。

但是，回收的能量只能将过滤麦汁加热到90℃，要加热到99℃还需要1.96kg/hl的能量。

总的蒸汽消耗是8.48kg/hl。

动态低压煮沸也可以适当改变。

图5是去掉第一次添加酒花这个步骤的一个例子。

为了避免溢锅，我们在95℃到沸点这个阶段安装了蒸汽的脉冲休止模式，分段加热。

这段时间里蛋白组分适度凝聚，也避免了溢锅现象。

到达99℃的煮沸条件后，动态低压煮沸程序就开始“预煮沸”，酒花在100℃时添加。

图5动态低压煮沸和分段加热
麦汁预冷——减少麦汁中游离DMS含量的简单方法
最终产品中的DMS含量取决于原料中DMS前体的含量和煮沸程序的效率与参数的设定。

在煮沸过程中，麦汁中的DMS前体总能转变成DMS。

而游离的DMS则被汽提除去。

麦汁倒到沉淀槽后，对DMS的汽提就终止了，而DMS前体向DMS的转变却仍然在继续。

只有添加像真空蒸发塔或者表面积很大的薄层蒸发器才有可能减少最终产品中的DMS含量。

因为反应速度跟麦汁的温度有关，由此产生一种简单有效的方法：通过一个独立的板式热交换器或者用麦汁冷凝器，将煮沸终麦汁在送入沉淀槽之前，使其温度降到89℃。

DMS含量将被减少近30%，TBA将被减少近20%。

更多关于DMS 和TBA的数据请参考文献。

热应力和DMS的进展
图6和图7不同煮沸技术对游离DMS和热应力组分(用TBA表示)的影响。

这些数据来自四个具有不同煮沸设备的啤酒厂。

内加热器、机械蒸汽再压缩和动态低压煮沸系统可以得到相似的结果：DMS 含量在倒锅时减少，在沉淀槽静置时增加。

而锥体加热系统，则需在沉淀槽静置后增加一个汽提步骤，使冷麦汁的DMS含量降到33mg/L。

图6不同煮沸技术的游离DMS比较
图7不同煮沸技术的热应力(TBA)比较
图7的最后一组数据表示的是这些煮沸方法的热应力增加(ΔTBA)情况。

蒸汽压缩煮沸系统由于供给加热器的压力、温度都比较低，所以其ΔTBA只有16个单位。

接下来的是只有预加热程序的动态低压煮沸系统，使用内加热器加热并煮沸麦汁，ΔTBA达到最大，在这个例子中，满锅麦汁与冷却麦汁的ΔTBA达到33个单位。

总结
动态低压煮沸对麦汁质量和能耗的影响有以下几个内容：温度、沸腾次数、预煮和常压后煮沸。

除了高度的灵活性，这种有效的方法有可能与降低能耗、提高啤酒质量的相关措施广泛联系。

这里提到的每个系统都可以单独安装，甚至各个啤酒厂也可以通过对现有装备的改造来实现。

北京燕京啤酒集团张威威译自《The BREWER International》，2003，11月贾凤超校。