《微观经济学》习题集 2
微观经济学习题集经济学考研（2）（答案在第三章）
微观经济学习题集经济学考研（2）（答案在第三章）第六章完全竞争的市场一、名词解释市场行业收支相抵点停止营业点二、填空题1.（）是微观经济学划分市场类型的标准。
2.厂商的收益可以分为（）、（）和（）。
3．完全竞争厂商在长期内对全部生产要素的调整可以表现为两个方面：一方面表现为（），另一方面表现为（）。
4．完全竞争行业的长期供给曲线分为三种类型，它们分别是（）、（）和（）的长期供给曲线。
5.完全竞争厂商使用要素的原则是（）。
6.在西方经济学中，市场被划分为（）种类型。
7.在完全竞争的条件下，商品的价格对于厂商来说是既定的，这意味着厂商的平均收益（）边际收益。
三、单项选择题1.市场上厂商的数目很多，厂商之间各自提供的产品有差别，厂商对价格有一定的控制权，厂商进入或退出一个行业比较容易，以上描述的是（）市场的特征。
A.完全竞争；B.垄断竞争；C.垄断；D.寡头。
2.在微观经济学中，对（）行业的长期均衡状态的分析通常被用来作为对消费者统治说法的一种证明。
A.完全垄断；B.完全竞争；C.垄断竞争；D.寡头竞争。
3.根据完全竞争市场的条件，下列（）行业最接近完全竞争行业。
A.自行车行业；B.服装行业；C.玉米行业；D.烟草行业。
4.在短期内，（）是完全竞争厂商的关闭点。
A.SAC曲线与SMC曲线的交点；B.MR曲线与SMC曲线的交点；C.AVC曲线与SMC曲线的交点。
5.在短期内，（）是完全竞争厂商的收支相抵点。
A.SAC曲线与SMC曲线的交点；B.MR曲线与SMC曲线的交点；C.AVC曲线与SMC曲线的交点。
6.在MR=MC的均衡产量上，企业（）。
A.必然得到最大利润；B.必然得到最小利润；C.若获利，则利润最大；若亏损，则亏损最小；D.不可能亏损。
7.如果在厂商的短期均衡产量上，AR小于SAC，但大于AVC，则厂商（）。
A.亏损，立即停产；B.亏损，但继续生产；C.亏损，生产或不生产都可以；D.获得正常利润，继续生产。
微观经济学习题集1-5章
第1章引论一、单选题1、经济学可定义为（）A、政府对市场制度的干预；B、企业取得利润的活动；C、研究如何最合理的配置稀缺资源于诸多用途；D、人们靠收入生活。
2、说“资源是稀缺的”是指（）A、世界上大多数人生活在贫困中；B、相对于资源的需求而言，资源总是不足的；C、资源必须保留给下一代；D、世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光。
3、经济物品是指（）A、有用的物品；B、稀缺的物品；C、有用且稀缺的物品D、须付出一定代价才能消除的物品4、下列说法（）可以用机会成本的概念给予说明。
A、杀鸡焉用宰牛刀B、物以稀为贵C、买卖不成仁义在D、薄利多销E、以人为本5、下列（）是属于规范经济学研究范畴的。
A、电冰箱在夏季热销的原因分析B、政府如何改变收入分配不均的现象C、对中国经济实现经济增长率超过8％的研究D、失业人员的再就业问题研究6、当你走进大学校园时，这意味着你做出了上大学的种选择，下列费用（）不能看做是你上大学的机会成本。
A、因为你上大学而损失的打工所得B、因为必须听课而损失的休息时间C、餐费D、你必须缴纳的学费7、下列（）是规范经济学的说法。
A、医生挣的钱比蓝领工人多B、收入分配中有太多的不公平现象C、从1999年开始，中国的物价水平基本保持稳定状态，这一现象也许会保持到2005年D、如果在20世纪80年代中期你购买了微软公司的1000股股票，现在你愿意出售的话，你肯定赚不少钱8、经济学研究的基本问题是（）A、怎样生产；B、生产什么，生产多少；C、为谁生产；D、以上都包括。
9、在任何一个经济中：（c ）A、因为资源是稀缺的，所以不会存在资源的浪费B、因为存在资源浪费，所以资源并不稀缺C、既存在资源稀缺，又存在资源浪费10、下述物品和服务哪些不具有稀缺的特性（）A、空气B、矿泉水C、食物D、安全保卫E、MBA课程班11、作为经济学的两个组成部分，微观经济学与宏观经济学是：（）A、互相对立B、没有任何联系的C、相互补充的12、实证经济学与规范经济学的根本区别是：（）A、研究方法的不同B、研究对象的不同C、研究范围的不同13、下列问题（）是经济学研究不会涉及的问题。
(完整版)微观经济学习题集及答案
第一章导论（一)选择题1．现有资源不能充分满足人的欲望这一事实被称为（ B ）。
A、机会成本 B、稀缺性 C、规范经济学 D、生产什么的问题2．经济学可定义为（ C ）。
A、研究政府如何对市场机制进行干预的科学B、消费者如何获取收入并进行消费的学说C、研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多经济性用途的科学D、企业取得利润的活动3．经济学研究的基本问题包括( D ）。
A、生产什么，生产多少 B、怎样生产 C、为谁生产 D、以上问题均正确4．“富人的所得税税率比穷人高”是（ D )。
A、规范的表述 B、实证的表述 C、否定的表述 D、理论的表述5．当经济学家说人们是理性的时，这是指（ B ）.A、人们不会作出错误的判断B、人们总会从自己的角度作出最好的决策C、人们根据完全的信息而行事D、人们不会为自己所作出的任何决策而后悔6．研究个别居民户与厂商决策的经济学称为（ B ）。
A、宏观经济学 B、微观经济学 C、实证经济学 D、规范经济学第二章供给和需求的基本原理（一）选择题1．下列哪种情况不可能引起玉米的需求曲线移动（ B ）.A．消费者收入增加 B．玉米价格上升 C．大豆供给量锐减 D．大豆价格上升2．某商品价格下降导致其互补品的( B ）。
A．需求曲线向左移动 B．需求曲线向右移动 C．供给曲线向右移动 D．价格上升3．下列哪种情况使总收益下降（ B ）.A．价格上升，需求缺乏弹性 B．价格上升，需求富有弹性 C．价格下降，需求富有弹性 D．价格上升,供给富有弹性4．某消费者的收入下降，而他对某种商品的需求却增加了，该商品为（ A ）.A．低档商品 B．互补品 C．替代品 D．正常商品5．交叉弹性等于－3,说明两种商品的关系是（ B ）.A．独立品B．互补品 C．替代品D．既可以相互替代,有不可以完全替代6．下面哪一种情况将导致供给的减少（ D ）。
A．消费者收入的增加 B．技术的变化 C．成本的下降 D．替代品价格的上升7．供给曲线的位置由下列哪种因素决定( D ）。
微观经济学第二章习题答案
《微观经济学》(高鸿业第四版）第二章练习题参考答案1. 已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q ｄ＝5０-5Ｐ，供给函数为Q s =-10+5ｐ。
（1） 求均衡价格Ｐe 和均衡数量Q e ，并作出几何图形。
（2） 假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高,使需求函数变为Ｑd ＝６0-5P 。
求出相应的均衡价格Ｐe 和均衡数量Q ｅ，并作出几何图形。
（3） 假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高,使供给函数变为Qｓ=-5+5p 。
求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q ｅ,并作出几何图形。
（4） 利用(1)（2）(3），说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
（5） 利用(1）（２)（3)，说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响.解答:(1)将需求函数d Q = 5０-５Ｐ和供给函数s Q ＝-10+5Ｐ代入均衡条件d Q ＝ s Q ,有:５0- ５Ｐ= -10＋5P 得: Pe=6以均衡价格Pe ＝6代入需求函数 d Q =５0-5ｐ ，得： Q ｅ=50-5206=⨯或者，以均衡价格 Pe ＝6 代入供给函数 s Q =-10+５P ,得： Ｑe=－1０+5206=⨯所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe ＝6 ， Q ｅ=２０ ..．如图1－1所示.Q sQ dQd(２） 将由于消费者收入提高而产生的需求函数d Q =60－5ｐ和原供给函数s Q =－10+5P ， 代入均衡条件d Q =s Q ,有:6０-5Ｐ=-10＝5P 得7=Pe以均衡价格 7=Pe 代入d Q =６0-5p ,得 Qe=6０-5257=⨯或者，以均衡价格7=Pe 代入s Q =-1０＋5P, 得 Ｑe=-10+５257=⨯所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为7=e P ，25=Qe (3） 将原需求函数d Q =５0-5p 和由于技术水平提高而产生的 供给函数Ｑs =-5+5p ,代入均衡条件d Q =s Q ，有: 50-5P=-5+５P 得 5.5=e P以均衡价格5.5=e P 代入d Q =50-5p ,得5.225.5550=⨯-=e Q或者,以均衡价格5.5=e P 代入s Q ＝-5+5P ,得5.225.555=⨯+-=e Q所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为5.5=e P ，5.22=Qe .如图1-3所示. (4)所谓静态分析是考察在既定条件下某一经济事物在经济变量的相互作用下所实现的均衡状态及其特征.也可以说,静态分析是在一个经济模型中根据所给的外生变量来求内生变量的一种分析方法．以(1)Pe-为例,在图1-1中,均衡点E 就是一个体现了静态分析特征的点.它是在给定的供求力量的相互作用下所达到的一个均衡点.在此，给定的供求力量分别用给定的供给函数 s Q =-10＋５P 和需求函数d Q ＝50-5p 表示，均衡点Ｅ具有的特征是:均衡价格6=e P 且当6=e P 时,有d Q =s Q ＝20=Qe ;同时,均衡数量 20=Qe ,切当20=Qe 时,有e s d P P P ==.也可以这样来理解静态分析:在外生变量包括需求函数的参数(50,-５）以及供给函数中的参数（-10,5)给定的条件下，求出的内生变量分别为6=e P ，20=Qe 依此类推，以上所描素的关于静态分析的基本要点，在(２)及其图1-2和(3）及其图1-3中的每一个单独的均衡点()2,1i E 都得到了体现.而所谓的比较静态分析是考察当所有的条件发生变化时,原有的均衡状态会发生什么变化,并分析比较新旧均衡状态.也可以说,比较静态分析是考察在一个经济模型中外生变量变化时对内生变量的影响,并分析比较由不同数值的外生变量所决定的内生变量的不同数值,以(２)为例加以说明．在图１－2中,由均衡点 变动到均衡点 ，就是一种比较静态分析.它表示当需求增加即需求函数发生变化时对均衡点的影响.很清楚,比较新．旧两个均衡点 和 可以看到:由于需求增加由２0增加为2５．也可以这样理解比较静态分析：在供给函数保持不变的前提下，由于需求函数中的外生变量发生变化,即其中一个参数值由50增加为60,从而使得内生变量的数值发生变化,其结果为,均衡价格由原来的6上升为7，同时,均衡数量由原来的20增加为25. 类似的,利用(3）及其图1-3也可以说明比较静态分析方法的基本要求.（5）由(1)和(２）可见,当消费者收入水平提高导致需求增加,即表现为需求曲线右移时,均衡价格提高了,均衡数量增加了.由(1）和(3)可见，当技术水平提高导致供给增加,即表现为供给曲线右移时,均衡价格下降了,均衡数量增加了.总之,一般地有,需求与均衡价格成同方向变动,与均衡数量成同方向变动;供给与均衡价格成反方向变动,与均衡数量同方向变动. 2 假定表2—５是需求函数Q d =5０0-100Ｐ在一定价格范围内的需求表：某商品的需求表（1)求出价格2元和4元之间的需求的价格弧弹性。
微观经济学(第五版)习题
《微观经济学》（第五版）习题集第一章引论一、选择题1．经济学是研究（）。
A．企业如何赚钱的问题；B．如何实现稀缺资源的有效配置问题；C．用数学方法建立理论模型；D．政府如何管制的问题。
2．经济资源与非经济资源的区别主要在于（）。
A．它们是否有用；B．获取它们时，是否要付出一定的费用；C．它们价格的高低；D．它们的效用高低。
3．资源稀缺性的含义是指（）。
A．资源的数量较少；B．获得一定量资源所必须耗费的成本相当高；C．相对于人类无限的欲望来说，再多的资源也显不足；D．资源的价格很高。
4．微观经济学主要研究（）。
A．一国资源的充分利用问题；B．收入的短期波动；C．收入的长期增长；D．一国资源的合理配置问题。
5．宏观经济学主要研究（）。
A．一国资源的充分利用问题；B．一国资源的合理配置问题；C．如何生产；D．为谁生产。
6．微观经济学的中心理论是（）。
A．价值理论；B．生产理论；C．价格理论；D．分配理论。
7．下列事物中哪些不具备稀缺性( )A．空气；B．矿泉水；C．食物；D．安全保卫。
8．人们在资源有限而需求无限时必须( )A．使个人利益优于公共利益；B．做出选择；C．降低期望；D．以国家利益为重。
9．下列问题是经济学研究不会涉及的问题（）。
A．在稀缺资源约束条件下，实现资源有效配置的方法；B．如何实现中国人均收入水平翻两翻；C．中国传统文化的现代化问题；D．充分就业和物价水平的稳定。
10．微观经济学的创始人是（）。
A．亚当·斯密；B．约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯；C．米尔顿·弗里德曼；D．阿弗里德·马歇尔。
二、判断题（对的划√，错的划×）1．经济学是研究如何实现稀缺资源有效配置科学。
（）2．经济理论揭示了经济现象之间的因果关联。
（）3．经济学根源于资源的稀缺性与人类欲望的无限性之间的矛盾。
（）4．微观经济学主要研究一国稀缺资源的充分利用问题。
（）5．资源的合理配置问题涉及生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产等三大基本经济问题。
《微观经济学》第2章需求与供给练习题及答案解析
第二章需求与供给一、选择题1.随着公共汽车车票的价格上升，会出现公共汽车车票的( )。
A. 需求量增加；B. 需求量减少；C. 需求增加；D. 需求减少解析：B.本题考察需求量的含义，商品本身价格的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求量的变化。
表示在不同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
2.随着公共汽车票的价格大幅下降，会出现私人汽车的( )。
A. 需求量增加；B. 需求量减少；C. 需求增加；D. 需求减少解析：D.本题考察需求的含义，商品本身价格以外的因素发生变化也就是非价格因素的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求的变化。
表示在每一个与以前相同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
公共汽车和私人汽车互为替代品，替代品价格下降，被研究对象的需求会跟着下降，消费者在相同的价格下减少了对私人汽车的需求数量。
3.随着汽油价格大幅下降，会出现私人汽车的( )。
A. 需求量增加；B. 需求量减少；C. 需求增加；D. 需求减少解析：C.本题考察需求的含义，商品本身价格以外的因素发生变化也就是非价格因素的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称为需求的变化。
表示在每一个与以前相同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
汽油和私人汽车互为互补品，互补品价格下降，被研究对象的需求数量会增加，消费者在相同的价格下增加了对私人汽车的需求数量。
4. 随着养猪专业户的增加，会出现生猪的( )。
A. 需求量增加；B. 需求量减少；C. 需求增加；D. 需求减少解析：A. 本题考察需求量的含义，商品本身价格的变化导致的需求数量的变化被称需求量的变化。
表示在不同的价格下消费者改变了消费数量。
本题供给增加导致生猪价格下降，在较低的价格下消费者增加了生猪的需求数量，是需求量的变化。
5.随着商品房价格上升，商品房的（）A.供给增加；B.供给量增加；C.供给减少；D.供给量减少。
解析：B.本题考察供给量的含义，商品本身价格的变化导致的供给数量的变化被称供给量的变化。
微观经济学习题及答案
微观经济学习题及答案微观经济学是研究个体经济单位如家庭、企业的经济行为和市场运作的科学。
它关注的是资源的分配、产品和劳务的供给与需求、价格的形成机制等问题。
以下是一些微观经济学的习题及答案，供学习参考。
习题1：需求函数假设某商品的需求函数为 \( Q_d = 100 - 5P \)，其中 \( Q_d \)代表需求量，\( P \) 代表价格。
问题：如果价格为10元，计算需求量。
答案：将价格 \( P = 10 \) 代入需求函数，得 \( Q_d = 100 - 5\times 10 = 50 \)。
所以当价格为10元时，需求量为50单位。
习题2：供给函数某商品的供给函数为 \( Q_s = 20 + 3P \)。
问题：如果价格为5元，计算供给量。
答案：将价格 \( P = 5 \) 代入供给函数，得 \( Q_s = 20 + 3\times 5 = 35 \)。
所以当价格为5元时，供给量为35单位。
习题3：市场均衡已知某商品的市场需求函数为 \( Q_d = 100 - 10P \)，市场供给函数为 \( Q_s = 20 + 5P \)。
问题：找出市场均衡价格。
答案：市场均衡时，需求量等于供给量，即 \( Q_d = Q_s \)。
将需求函数和供给函数相等，得 \( 100 - 10P = 20 + 5P \)。
解得 \( P = 6 \)。
所以市场均衡价格为6元。
习题4：消费者剩余假设某消费者对某商品的效用函数为 \( U(Q) = 2Q - Q^2 \)，价格为 \( P = 5 \)。
问题：计算消费者剩余。
答案：消费者剩余等于消费者在不同价格下愿意支付的总金额减去实际支付的总金额。
首先找出需求曲线，即边际效用等于价格：\( 2 - 2Q = 5 \)，解得 \( Q = \frac{1}{2} \)。
消费者在价格为5时愿意支付的总金额为 \( \frac{1}{2} \times (2 \times \frac{1}{2} - (\frac{1}{2})^2) = \frac{7}{8} \)。
范里安中级微观经济学习题集答案
Chapter1NAMEThe MarketIntroduction.The problems in this chapter examine some variations on the apartment market described in the text.In most of the problems we work with the true demand curve constructed from the reservation prices of the consumers rather than the“smoothed”demand curve that we used in the text.Remember that the reservation price of a consumer is that price where he is just indifferent between renting or not renting the apartment. At anyprice below the reservation price the consumer will demand one apartment,at anyprice above the reservation price the consumer will de-mand zero apartments,and exactlyat the reservation price the consumer will be indifferent between having zero or one apartment.You should also observe that when demand curves have the“stair-case”shape used here,there will typically be a range of prices where supplyequals demand.Thus we will ask for the the highest and lowest price in the range.1.1(3)Suppose that we have8people who want to rent an apartment. Their reservation prices are given below.(To keep the numbers small, think of these numbers as being dailyrent pay ments.)Person=A B C D E F G HPrice=402530351018155(a)Plot the market demand curve in the following graph.(Hint:When the market price is equal to some consumer i’s reservation price,there will be two different quantities of apartments demanded,since consumer i will be indifferent between having or not having an apartment.)2THE MARKET(Ch.1)012345678102030406050PriceApartments(b)Suppose the supplyof apartments isfixed at5units.In this case there is a whole range of prices that will be equilibrium prices.What is the highest price that would make the demand for apartments equal to5 units?$18.(c)What is the lowest price that would make the market demand equal to5units?$15.(d)With a supplyof4apartments,which of the people A–H end up getting apartments?A,B,C,D.(e)What if the supplyof apartments increases to6units.What is the range of equilibrium prices?$10to$15.1.2(3)Suppose that there are originally5units in the market and that 1of them is turned into a condominium.(a)Suppose that person A decides to buythe condominium.What will be the highest price at which the demand for apartments will equal the supplyof apartments?What will be the lowest price?Enter y our an-swers in column A,in the table.Then calculate the equilibrium prices of apartments if B,C,...,decide to buythe condominium.NAME3Person A B C D E F G H High price1818181825252525 Low price1515151518151818 (b)Suppose that there were two people at each reservation price and10 apartments.What is the highest price at which demand equals supply?18.Suppose that one of the apartments was turned into a condo-minium.Is that price still an equilibrium price?Yes.1.3(2)Suppose now that a monopolist owns all the apartments and thathe is trying to determine which price and quantity maximize his revenues.(a)Fill in the box with the maximum price and revenue that the monop-olist can make if he rents1,2,...,8apartments.(Assume that he must charge one price for all apartments.)Number12345678 Price403530251815105 Revenue40709010090907040(b)Which of the people A–F would get apartments?A,B,C,D.(c)If the monopolist were required bylaw to rent exactly5apartments, what price would he charge to maximize his revenue?$18.(d)Who would get apartments?A,B,C,D,F.(e)If this landlord could charge each individual a different price,and heknew the reservation prices of all the individuals,what is the maximum revenue he could make if he rented all5apartments?$148.(f)If5apartments were rented,which individuals would get the apart-ments?A,B,C,D,F.1.4(2)Suppose that there are5apartments to be rented and that the cityrent-control board sets a maximum rent of$9.Further suppose that people A,B,C,D,and E manage to get an apartment,while F,G,andH are frozen out.4THE MARKET(Ch.1)(a)If subletting is legal—or,at least,practiced—who will sublet to whomin equilibrium?(Assume that people who sublet can evade the cityrent-control restrictions.)E,who is willing to payonly$10for an apartment would sublet to F,who is willing to pay$18.(b)What will be the maximum amount that can be charged for the sublet payment?$18.(c)If you have rent control with unlimited subletting allowed,which ofthe consumers described above will end up in the5apartments?A,B,C,D,F.(d)How does this compare to the market outcome?It’s the same.1.5(2)In the text we argued that a tax on landlords would not getpassed along to the renters.What would happen if instead the tax wasimposed on renters?(a)To answer this question,consider the group of people in Problem1.1.What is the maximum that theywould be willing to payto the landlordif theyeach had to paya$5tax on apartments to the city?Fill in thebox below with these reservation prices.Person A B C D E F G H Reservation Price35202530513100 (b)Using this information determine the maximum equilibrium price ifthere are5apartments to be rented.$13.(c)Of course,the total price a renter pays consists of his or her rent plusthe tax.This amount is$18.(d)How does this compare to what happens if the tax is levied on the landlords?It’s the same.Chapter 2NAMEBudget ConstraintIntroduction.These workouts are designed to build your skills in de-scribing economic situations with graphs and algebra.Budget sets are a good place to start,because both the algebra and the graphing are very easy.Where there are just two goods,a consumer who consumes x 1units of good 1and x 2units of good 2is said to consume the consumption bun-dle ,(x 1,x 2).Anyconsumption bundle can be represented bya point on a two-dimensional graph with quantities of good 1on the horizontal axis and quantities of good 2on the vertical axis.If the prices are p 1for good 1and p 2for good 2,and if the consumer has income m ,then she can afford anyconsumption bundle,(x 1,x 2),such that p 1x 1+p 2x 2≤m .On a graph,the budget line is just the line segment with equation p 1x 1+p 2x 2=m and with x 1and x 2both nonnegative.The budget line is the boundary of the budget set .All of the points that the consumer can afford lie on one side of the line and all of the points that the consumer cannot afford lie on the other.If you know prices and income,you can construct a consumer’s bud-get line byfinding two commoditybundles that she can “just afford”and drawing the straight line that runs through both points.Example:Myrtle has 50dollars to spend.She consumes only apples and bananas.Apples cost 2dollars each and bananas cost 1dollar each.You are to graph her budget line,where apples are measured on the horizontal axis and bananas on the vertical axis.Notice that if she spends all of her income on apples,she can afford 25apples and no bananas.Therefore her budget line goes through the point (25,0)on the horizontal axis.If she spends all of her income on bananas,she can afford 50bananas and no apples.Therfore her budget line also passes throught the point (0,50)on the vertical axis.Mark these two points on your graph.Then draw a straight line between them.This is Myrtle’s budget line.What if you are not told prices or income,but you know two com-moditybundles that the consumer can just afford?Then,if there are just two commodities,you know that a unique line can be drawn through two points,so you have enough information to draw the budget line.Example:Laurel consumes onlyale and bread.If she spends all of her income,she can just afford 20bottles of ale and 5loaves of bread.Another commoditybundle that she can afford if she spends her entire income is 10bottles of ale and 10loaves of bread.If the price of ale is 1dollar per bottle,how much moneydoes she have to spend?You could solve this problem graphically.Measure ale on the horizontal axis and bread on the vertical axis.Plot the two points,(20,5)and (10,10),that you know to be on the budget line.Draw the straight line between these points and extend the line to the horizontal axis.This point denotes the amount of6BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)ale Laurel can afford if she spends all of her moneyon ale.Since ale costs 1dollar a bottle,her income in dollars is equal to the largest number of bottles she can afford.Alternatively,you can reason as follows.Since the bundles (20,5)and (10,10)cost the same,it must be that giving up 10bottles of ale makes her able to afford an extra 5loaves of bread.So bread costs twice as much as ale.The price of ale is 1dollar,so the price of bread is 2dollars.The bundle (20,5)costs as much as her income.Therefore her income must be 20×1+5×2=30.When you have completed this workout,we hope that you will be able to do the following:•Write an equation for the budget line and draw the budget set on a graph when you are given prices and income or when you are given two points on the budget line.•Graph the effects of changes in prices and income on budget sets.•Understand the concept of numeraire and know what happens to the budget set when income and all prices are multiplied bythe same positive amount.•Know what the budget set looks like if one or more of the prices is negative.•See that the idea of a “budget set”can be applied to constrained choices where there are other constraints on what you can have,in addition to a constraint on moneyexpenditure.NAME 72.1(0)You have an income of $40to spend on two -modity1costs $10per unit,and commodity2costs $5per unit.(a)Write down your budget equation.10x 1+5x 2=40.(b)If you spent all your income on commodity 1,how much could you buy?4.(c)If you spent all of your income on commodity 2,how much could you buy?8.Use blue ink to draw your budget line in the graphbelow.02468246x1x28(d)Suppose that the price of commodity1falls to $5while every thing else stays the same.Write down your new budget equation.5x 1+5x 2=40.On the graph above,use red ink to draw your new budget line.(e)Suppose that the amount you are allowed to spend falls to $30,while the prices of both commodities remain at $5.Write down your budget equation.5x 1+5x 2=30.Use black ink to draw this budget line.(f)On your diagram,use blue ink to shade in the area representing com-moditybundles that y ou can afford with the budget in Part (e)but could not afford to buywith the budget in Part (a).Use black ink or pencil to shade in the area representing commoditybundles that y ou could afford with the budget in Part (a)but cannot afford with the budget in Part (e).2.2(0)On the graph below,draw a budget line for each case.8BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)(a)p 1=1,p 2=1,m =15.(Use blue ink.)(b)p 1=1,p 2=2,m =20.(Use red ink.)(c)p 1=0,p 2=1,m =10.(Use black ink.)(d)p 1=p 2,m =15p 1.(Use pencil or black ink.Hint:How much of good 1couldyou afford if you spend your entire budget on good 1?)0510152051015x1x2202.3(0)Your budget is such that if you spend your entire income,youcan afford either 4units of good x and 6units of good y or 12units of x and 2units of y .(a)Mark these two consumption bundles and draw the budget line in the graph below.04812164812xy 16(b)What is the ratio of the price of x to the price of y ?1/2.(c)If you spent all of your income on x ,how much x could you buy?16.(d)If you spent all of your income on y ,how much y could you buy?8.(e)Write a budget equation that gives you this budget line,where the price of x is 1.x +2y =16.(f)Write another budget equation that gives you the same budget line,but where the price of x is 3.3x +6y =48.2.4(1)Murphywas consuming 100units of X and 50units of Y .Theprice of X rose from 2to 3.The price of Y remained at 4.(a)How much would Murphy’s income have to rise so that he can still exactlyafford 100units of X and 50units of Y ?$100.2.5(1)If Amyspent her entire allowance,she could afford 8candybars and 8comic books a week.She could also just afford 10candybars and 4comic books a week.The price of a candybar is 50cents.Draw her budget line in the box below.What is Amy’s weekly allowance?$6.0816243281624Candy barsComic books3212 2.6(0)In a small countrynear the Baltic Sea,there are onlythree commodities:potatoes,meatballs,and jam.Prices have been remark-ablystable for the last 50y ears or so.Potatoes cost 2crowns per sack,meatballs cost 4crowns per crock,and jam costs 6crowns per jar.(a)Write down a budget equation for a citizen named Gunnar who has an income of 360crowns per year.Let P stand for the number of sacks of potatoes,M for the number of crocks of meatballs,and J for the number of jars of jam consumed byGunnar in a y ear.2P +4M +6J =360.(b)The citizens of this countryare in general veryclever people,but they are not good at multiplying by 2.This made shopping for potatoes excru-ciatinglydifficult for manycitizens.Therefore it was decided to introduce a new unit of currency,such that potatoes would be the numeraire.A sack of potatoes costs one unit of the new currencywhile the same rel-ative prices applyas in the past.In terms of the new currency ,what is the price of meatballs?2crowns.(c)In terms of the new currency,what is the price of jam?3crowns.(d)What would Gunnar’s income in the new currencyhave to be for him to be exactlyable to afford the same commoditybundles that he could afford before the change?180crowns.(e)Write down Gunnar’s new budget equation.P +2M +3J =180.Is Gunnar’s budget set anydifferent than it was before the change?No.2.7(0)Edmund Stench consumes two commodities,namelygarbage and punk rock video cassettes.He doesn’t actuallyeat the former but keeps it in his backy ard where it is eaten bybillygoats and assorted vermin.The reason that he accepts the garbage is that people payhim $2per sack for taking it.Edmund can accept as much garbage as he wishes at that price.He has no other source of income.Video cassettes cost him $6each.(a)If Edmund accepts zero sacks of garbage,how manyvideo cassettescan he buy?0.NAME 11(b)If he accepts 15sacks of garbage,how manyvideo cassettes can he buy?5.(c)Write down an equation for his budget line.6C −2G =0.(d)Draw Edmund’s budget line and shade in his budget set.0510152051015Video cassettesGarbage 202.8(0)If you think Edmund is odd,consider his brother Emmett.Emmett consumes speeches bypoliticians and universityadministrators.He is paid $1per hour for listening to politicians and $2per hour for listening to universityadministrators.(Emmett is in great demand to help fill emptychairs at public lectures because of his distinguished appearance and his abilityto refrain from making rude noises.)Emmett consumes one good for which he must pay.We have agreed not to disclose what that good is,but we can tell you that it costs $15per unit and we shall call it Good X .In additionto what he is paid for consuming speeches,Emmett receives a pension of $50per week.0255075100255075Politician speechesAdministrator speeches10012BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)(a)Write down a budget equation stating those combinations of the three commodities,Good X ,hours of speeches bypoliticians (P ),and hours of speeches byuniversityadministrators (A )that Emmett could afford to consume per week.15X −1P −2A =50.(b)On the graph above,draw a two-dimensional diagram showing the locus of consumptions of the two kinds of speeches that would be possible for Emmett if he consumed 10units of Good X per week.2.9(0)Jonathan Livingstone Yuppie is a prosperous lawyer.He has,in his own words,“outgrown those confining two-commoditylim-its.”Jonathan consumes three goods,unblended Scotch whiskey,de-signer tennis shoes,and meals in French gourmet restaurants.The price of Jonathan’s brand of whiskeyis $20per bottle,the price of designer tennis shoes is $80per pair,and the price of gourmet restaurant meals is $50per meal.After he has paid his taxes and alimony,Jonathan has $400a week to spend.(a)Write down a budget equation for Jonathan,where W stands for the number of bottles of whiskey,T stands for the number of pairs of tennis shoes,and M for the number of gourmet restaurant meals that he consumes.20W +80T +50M =400.(b)Draw a three-dimensional diagram to show his budget bel the intersections of the budget set with each axis.(c)Suppose that he determines that he will buyone pair of designer tennis shoes per week.What equation must be satisfied bythe combinations of restaurant meals and whiskeythat he could afford?20W +50M =320.2.10(0)Martha is preparing for exams in economics and sociology.She has time to read 40pages of economics and 30pages of sociology.In the same amount of time she could also read 30pages of economics and 60pages of sociology.(a)Assuming that the number of pages per hour that she can read of either subject does not depend on how she allocates her time,how many pages of sociologycould she read if she decided to spend all of her time on sociologyand none on economics?150pages.(Hint:You have two points on her budget line,so you should be able to determine the entire line.)(b)How manypages of economics could she read if she decided to spend all of her time reading economics?50pages.2.11(1)HarryHy pe has $5,000to spend on advertising a new kind ofdehydrated sushi.Market research shows that the people most likely to buythis new product are recent recipients of M.B.A.degrees and lawy ers who own hot tubs.Harryis considering advertising in two publications,a boring business magazine and a trendyconsumer publication for people who wish theylived in California.Fact 1:Ads in the boring business magazine cost $500each and ads in the consumer magazine cost $250each.Fact 2:Each ad in the business magazine will be read by1,000recent M.B.A.’s and 300lawyers with hot tubs.Fact 3:Each ad in the consumer publication will be read by300recent M.B.A.’s and 250lawyers who own hot tubs.Fact 4:Nobodyreads more than one ad,and nobodywho reads one magazine reads the other.(a)If Harryspends his entire advertising budget on the business pub-lication,his ad will be read by10,000recent M.B.A.’s and by3,000lawyers with hot tubs.(b)If he spends his entire advertising budget on the consumer publication,his ad will be read by 6,000recent M.B.A.’s and by5,000lawyers with hot tubs.(c)Suppose he spent half of his advertising budget on each publication.His ad would be read by 8,000recent M.B.A.’s and by4,000lawyers with hot tubs.(d)Draw a “budget line”showing the combinations of number of readings byrecent M.B.A.’s and bylawy ers with hot tubs that he can obtain if he spends his entire advertising budget.Does this line extend all the way to the axes?No.Sketch,shade in,and label the budget set,which includes all the combinations of MBA’s and lawyers he can reach if he spends no more than his budget.(e)Let M stand for the number of instances of an ad being read byan M.B.A.and L stand for the number of instances of an ad being read by a lawyer.This budget line is a line segment that lies on the line with equation M +2L =16.With a fixed advertising budget,how manyreadings byM.B.A.’s must he sacrifice to get an additional reading bya lawy er with a hot tub?2.04812164812Lawyers x 1000MBA's x 10001610262.12(0)On the planet Mungo,theyhave two kinds of money ,blue moneyand red money .Everycommodityhas two prices—a red-money price and a blue-moneyprice.EveryMungoan has two incomes—a red income and a blue income.In order to buyan object,a Mungoan has to paythat object’s red-moneyprice in red moneyand its blue-moneyprice in blue money .(The shops simplyhave two cash registers,and y ou have to payat both registers to buyan object.)It is forbidden to trade one kind of moneyfor the other,and this prohibition is strictlyenforced byMungo’s ruthless and efficient monetarypolice.•There are just two consumer goods on Mungo,ambrosia and bubble gum.All Mungoans prefer more of each good to less.•The blue prices are 1bcu (bcu stands for blue currencyunit)per unit of ambrosia and 1bcu per unit of bubble gum.•The red prices are 2rcus (red currencyunits)per unit of ambrosia and 6rcus per unit of bubble gum.(a)On the graph below,draw the red budget (with red ink)and the blue budget (with blue ink)for a Mungoan named Harold whose blue income is 10and whose red income is 30.Shade in the “budget set”containing all of the commoditybundles that Harold can afford,givenNAME 15its ∗two budget constraints.Remember,Harold has to have enough blue money and enough red moneyto payboth the blue-moneycost and the red-moneycost of a bundle ofgoods.0510152051015AmbrosiaGum 20(b)Another Mungoan,Gladys,faces the same prices that Harold faces and has the same red income as Harold,but Gladys has a blue income of 20.Explain how it is that Gladys will not spend its entire blue income no matter what its tastes maybe.(Hint Draw Glady s’s budget lines.)The blue budget line lies strictlyoutside the red budget line,so to satisfyboth budgets,one must be strictlyinside the red budget line.(c)A group of radical economic reformers on Mungo believe that the currencyrules are unfair.“Whyshould every one have to paytwo prices for every thing?”theyask.Theypropose the following scheme.Mungo will continue to have two currencies,everygood will have a blue price and a red price,and everyMungoan will have a blue income and a red income.But nobodyhas to payboth prices.Instead,every one on Mungo must declare itself to be either a Blue-MoneyPurchaser (a “Blue”)or a Red-Money Purchaser (a “Red”)before it buys anything at all.Blues must make all of their purchases in blue moneyat the blue prices,spending onlytheir blue incomes.Reds must make all of their purchases in red money,spending only their red incomes.Suppose that Harold has the same income after this reform,and that prices do not change.Before declaring which kind of purchaser it will be,∗We refer to all Mungoans bythe gender-neutral pronoun,“it.”Al-though Mungo has two sexes,neither of them is remotelylike either of ours.16BUDGET CONSTRAINT (Ch.2)Harold contemplates the set of commoditybundles that it could afford bymaking one declaration or the other.Let us call a commoditybundle “attainable”if Harold can afford it bydeclaring itself to be a “Blue”and buying the bundle with blue money or if Harold can afford the bundle bydeclaring itself to be a “Red”and buy ing it with red money .On the diagram below,shade in all of the attainable bundles.0510152051015AmbrosiaGum202.13(0)Are Mungoan budgets reallyso fanciful?Can y ou think of sit-uations on earth where people must simultaneouslysatisfymore than onebudget constraint?Is moneythe onlyscarce resource that people use up when consuming?Consumption of manycommoditiestakes time as well as money.People have to simultaneouslysatisfya time budget and a moneybudget.Other examples--people mayhave a calorie budget or a cholesterol budget or an alcohol-intake budget.Chapter 3NAMEPreferencesIntroduction.In the previous section you learned how to use graphs toshow the set of commoditybundles that a consumer can afford.In this section,you learn to put information about the consumer’s preferences on the same kind of graph.Most of the problems ask you to draw indifference curves.Sometimes we give you a formula for the indifference curve.Then all you have to do is graph a known equation.But in some problems,we give you only “qualitative”information about the consumer’s preferences and ask you to sketch indifference curves that are consistent with this information.This requires a little more thought.Don’t be surprised or disappointed if you cannot immediately see the answer when you look at a problem,and don’t expect that you will find the answers hiding somewhere in your textbook.The best way we know to find answers is to “think and doodle.”Draw some axes on scratch paper and label them,then mark a point on your graph and ask yourself,“What other points on the graph would the consumer find indifferent to this point?”If possible,draw a curve connecting such points,making sure that the shape of the line you draw reflects the features required by the problem.This gives you one indifference curve.Now pick another point that is preferred to the first one you drew and draw an indifference curve through it.Example:Jocasta loves to dance and hates housecleaning.She has strictly convex preferences.She prefers dancing to anyother activityand never gets tired of dancing,but the more time she spends cleaning house,the less happyshe is.Let us tryto draw an indifference curve that is consistent with her preferences.There is not enough information here to tell us exactlywhere her indifference curves go,but there is enough information to determine some things about their shape.Take a piece of scratch paper and draw a pair of bel the horizontal axis “Hours per dayof housecleaning.”Label the vertical axis “Hours per dayof dancing.”Mark a point a little ways up the vertical axis and write a 4next to it.At this point,she spends 4hours a daydancing and no time housecleaning.Other points that would be indifferent to this point would have to be points where she did more dancing and more housecleaning.The pain of the extra housekeeping should just compensate for the pleasure of the extra dancing.So an indifference curve for Jocasta must be upward sloping.Because she loves dancing and hates housecleaning,it must be that she prefers all the points above this indifference curve to all of the points on or below it.If Jocasta has strictlyconvex preferences,then it must be that if you draw a line between any two points on the same indifference curve,all the points on the line (except the endpoints)are preferred to the endpoints.For this to be the case,it must be that the indifference curve slopes upward ever more steeplyas y ou move to the right along it.You should convince yourself of this by making some drawings on scratch18PREFERENCES (Ch.3)paper.Draw an upward-sloping curve passing through the point (0,4)and getting steeper as one moves to the right.When you have completed this workout,we hope that you will be able to do the following:•Given the formula for an indifference curve,draw this curve,and find its slope at anypoint on the curve.•Determine whether a consumer prefers one bundle to another or is indifferent between them,given specific indifference curves.•Draw indifference curves for the special cases of perfect substitutes and perfect complements.•Draw indifference curves for someone who dislikes one or both com-modities.•Draw indifference curves for someone who likes goods up to a point but who can get “too much”of one or more goods.•Identifyweaklypreferred sets and determine whether these are con-vex sets and whether preferences are convex.•Know what the marginal rate of substitution is and be able to deter-mine whether an indifference curve exhibits “diminishing marginal rate of substitution.”•Determine whether a preference relation or anyother relation be-tween pairs of things is transitive,whether it is reflexive,and whether it is complete.3.1(0)Charlie likes both apples and bananas.He consumes nothing else.The consumption bundle where Charlie consumes x A bushels of apples per year and x B bushels of bananas per year is written as (x A ,x B ).Last year,Charlie consumed 20bushels of apples and 5bushels of bananas.It happens that the set of consumption bundles (x A ,x B )such that Charlie is indifferent between (x A ,x B )and (20,5)is the set of all bundles such that x B =100/x A .The set of bundles (x A ,x B )such that Charlie is just indifferent between (x A ,x B )and the bundle (10,15)is the set of bundles such that x B =150/x A .(a)On the graph below,plot several points that lie on the indifference curve that passes through the point (20,5),and sketch this curve,using blue ink.Do the same,using red ink,for the indifference curve passing through the point (10,15).(b)Use pencil to shade in the set of commoditybundles that Charlie weaklyprefers to the bundle (10,15).Use blue ink to shade in the set of commoditybundles such that Charlie weaklyprefers (20,5)to these bundles.NAME 19010203040102030ApplesBananas 40For each of the following statements about Charlie’s preferences,write “true”or “false.”(c)(30,5)∼(10,15).True.(d)(10,15) (20,5).True.(e)(20,5) (10,10).True.(f)(24,4) (11,9.1).False.(g)(11,14) (2,49).True.(h)A set is convex if for anytwo points in the set,the line segment between them is also in the set.Is the set of bundles that Charlie weakly prefers to (20,5)a convex set?Yes.(i)Is the set of bundles that Charlie considers inferior to (20,5)a convex set?No.(j)The slope of Charlie’s indifference curve through a point,(x A ,x B ),is known as his marginalrateofsubstitutionat that point.20PREFERENCES (Ch.3)(k)Remember that Charlie’s indifference curve through the point (10,10)has the equation x B =100/x A .Those of you who know calculus will remember that the slope of a curve is just its derivative,which in this case is −100/x 2A .(If you don’t know calculus,you will have to take our word for this.)Find Charlie’s marginal rate of substitution at the point,(10,10).−1.(l)What is his marginal rate of substitution at the point (5,20)?−4.(m)What is his marginal rate of substitution at the point (20,5)?(−.25).(n)Do the indifference curves you have drawn for Charlie exhibit dimin-ishing marginal rate of substitution?Yes.3.2(0)Ambrose consumes onlynuts and berries.Fortunately ,he likes both goods.The consumption bundle where Ambrose consumes x 1units of nuts per week and x 2units of berries per week is written as (x 1,x 2).The set of consumption bundles (x 1,x 2)such that Ambrose is indifferent between (x 1,x 2)and (1,16)is the set of bundles such that x 1≥0,x 2≥0,and x 2=20−4√x 1.The set of bundles (x 1,x 2)such that (x 1,x 2)∼(36,0)is the set of bundles such that x 1≥0,x 2≥0and x 2=24−4√x 1.(a)On the graph below,plot several points that lie on the indifference curve that passes through the point (1,16),and sketch this curve,using blue ink.Do the same,using red ink,for the indifference curve passing through the point (36,0).(b)Use pencil to shade in the set of commoditybundles that Ambrose weaklyprefers to the bundle (1,16).Use red ink to shade in the set of all commoditybundles (x 1,x 2)such that Ambrose weaklyprefers (36,0)to these bundles.Is the set of bundles that Ambrose prefers to (1,16)a convex set?Yes.(c)What is the slope of Ambrose’s indifference curve at the point (9,8)?(Hint Recall from calculus the wayto calculate the slope of a curve.If you don’t know calculus,you will have to draw your diagram carefully and estimate the slope.)−2/3.。
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第一章绪论一.选择题1. 经济学可定义为( )。
A. 政府对市场制度的干预;B. 消费者如何获取收入；Ｃ. 研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多用途;D. 企业取得利润的活动。
2.“资源是稀缺的”是指（）。
Ａ．世界上大多数人生活在贫困中；B. 相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的;Ｃ. 资源必须保留给下一代；D. 世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光。
3．经济物品是指（)。
A. 有用的物品；B. 稀缺的物品；C．用钱购买的物品； D. 有用且稀缺的物品。
4. 一国的生产可能性曲线上的点表示( )。
A. 通货膨胀;Ｂ. 失业或者资源没有被充分利用;C. 该国可利用的资源减少及技术水平降低；Ｄ．社会使用既定的生产资源所能生产商品的最大组合。
5. 一国生产可能性曲线以内的点表示( ）。
A. 通货膨胀；B. 该国资源未被充分利用；C. 该国可被利用的资源减少；D. 该国生产处于最适度的水平。
6. 下列各项中哪一项会导致一国生产可能性曲线向外移动?（)A. 失业；Ｂ. 通货膨胀;C．有用性资源增加或技术进步; D. 消费品生产增加，资本物品生产下降。
7. 经济学研究的基本问题包括( )。
A. 生产什么，生产多少； B．怎样生产；C．为谁生产; D. 以上问题均包括。
８. 花1０元钱理发的机会成本是( )。
A. 10元钱的其他最好的用途; Ｂ. 用来理发的时间的其他最好的用途;C. 给理发师１0元钱的价值；D. 1０元钱和用来理发的时间的其他最好的用途。
9. 微观经济学解决的问题是：( ）A. 资源配置问题；B. 资源利用问题；C. 单个经济单位的经济行为; Ｄ. 价格理论。
１0.微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别是( )。
A. 研究方法不同; Ｂ. 研究对象不同;Ｃ．研究范围不同；D．上述都是。
二．判断题1．如果社会不存在稀缺性,也就不会产生经济学。
( )２．稀缺性仅仅是市场经济中所存在的问题。
（)3.资源的稀缺性决定了资源可以得到充分利用,不会出现资源浪费的现象。
( ）４.因为资源是稀缺的，所以产量是既定的,永远无法增加。
（)５.生产什么、怎样生产和为谁生产，这三个问题被称为资源利用问题。
( )6.在不同的经济体制下,资源配置和利用问题的解决方法是不同的。
( )7.经济学根据其研究范畴的不同,可分为微观经济学和宏观经济学。
( )８．微观经济学要解决的问题是资源利用,宏观经济学要解决的问题是资源配置。
( )9．微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论,宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入决定理论。
( )10.微观经济学的基本假设是市场失灵。
( ）11.微观经济学和宏观经济学是相互补充的。
（)12.经济学按其研究方法的不同可以分为实证经济学和规范经济学。
( ）1３.实证经济学要解决“应该是什么”的问题，规范经济学要解决“是什么”的问题。
( ）14．“物价高一些好还是低好”的命题属于实证经济学问题。
（)15.规范经济学的结论以研究者的阶级地位和社会伦理观的不同而有不同的结论。
（)四.分析讨论题１.试述微观经济学研究的基本问题。
2.什么是稀缺性？如何理解稀缺的相对性和绝对性？3. 什么是选择？它包括哪些内容？4. 稀缺性同经济学的关系如何？怎样理解经济学是关于稀缺资源配置和利用的科学?5. 稀缺性同经济制度的关系如何？当前世界上解决资源配置和资源利用问题的经济制度基本有哪两种?6．什么是微观经济学?什么是宏观经济学？两者之间的关系如何?7. 实证经济学和规范经济学的区别与联系是什么?8. 实证分析方法中的假设与理论关系如何?9. 什么是变量？内生变量与外生变量？存量与流量?１０.小王邀请小李参加他的婚礼，小李接受了邀请。
下面哪一项是小李参加小王婚礼的机会成本，哪一项不是，并说明理由。
(1)小李给小王买了1０0元的礼物。
(2)小李在一周前理发花了10元钱。
（３）小李在前往小王家的途中吃午餐用了2０元。
(４）为了参加婚礼小李放弃了听一次哲学讲座。
11.如果经济学家讨论的是“人们的收入差距大一点好些还是小一点好些”的问题，试问这是属于实证经济学问题还是属于规范经济学问题?第一章绪论参考答案一.选择题1.Ｃ2．B 3.D ４.Ｄ 5.B ６.C 7.Ｄ８．D ９.A 10．D二.判断题1.√2．× 3.× 4.× 5.× 6．√７.√８.× 9.√１０．× 11．√ 1２.√ 1３.×１4．×1５.√四.分析讨论题1.答：微观经济学是研究利用市场机制实现资源最优配置的理论。
所谓资源配置,是指把现有资源用于生产可供人们消费的物品或劳务的过程。
由于资源在任何经济社会中都是稀缺的，因而资源最优配置的机制必须决定资源用于何种物品的生产以及如何实现有效率的生产。
另外，在资源的所有权既定的条件下，一定的资源将是获得产品的唯一途径。
所以,资源配置问题就是决定经济社会生产什么和生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的问题，从而构成了微观经济学研究的三大基本问题。
2.答:稀缺性的相对性是指相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言，经济物品,或者说生产这些物品所需要的资源总是不足的。
所以经济学上所说的稀缺性是指相对的稀缺性，是相对于欲望无限性的有限性。
但是，这种稀缺性的存在又是绝对的。
这是指，它存在于人类历史的各个时期和一切社会。
稀缺性是人类社会永恒的问题,只要有人类社会,就会有稀缺性。
３.答:由于资源的相对稀缺性,在一定技术条件下，在生产可能性曲线的多种可能性组合中,究竟该选择哪一种,即一个国家关于消费品和生产资料这两大部类的生产组合，到底选择哪一点？这就有个选择问题。
所谓选择就是如何利用既定的资源去生产经济物品，以便更好地满足人类的需求。
它包括这样三个相关的问题:第一,生产什么物品与生产多少。
因为生产资源是稀缺的。
目的与达到目的手段之间的矛盾迫使人们必需在各种需要之间权衡比较，有所取舍。
同时还必须决定每种产品的产量应各为若干。
第二,如何生产，即采用什么生产方法。
每种生产要素一般有多种用途，而任一种产品一般也可采用多种生产方法。
例如,同一种产品,既可采用多用劳动少用资本的方法,也可采用多用资本少用劳动的生产方法。
这里有一个生产效率的问题,即如何组织生产使生产要素能够最有效率地被使用的问题。
第三,被生产出来的产品怎样在社会成员之间进行分配，即经济学所说的收入分配问题。
人是社会的人,每个人总是生活于组成一定社会形式的人群之中，所以生产总是社会生产。
就是说，社会的人作为劳动的主体,在有目的地作用于劳动的客体——自然物质时,总是在一定的社会形式下进行劳动的。
所以经济分析必然包括生产出来的产品归谁享用以及享用多少的问题。
以上三个方面的问题,即生产什么，怎样生产和为谁生产,也就是人类社会所必须解决的基本问题。
这三个问题被称为资源配置问题。
4.答:经济学是为解决稀缺性问题而产生的,因此，经济学研究的对象就是由稀缺性而引起的选择问题,即资源配置问题。
解决资源的稀缺性问题，人类社会还必须解决如何更好地利用现有的稀缺资源,使之生产出更多的物品。
人类社会往往面临这样一种矛盾:一方面资源是稀缺的，另一方面稀缺的资源还得不到充分的利用。
这种情况就是产量没有达到生产可能性曲线。
生产可能性曲线表示给定技术条件下一个社会可能实现的最大产量。
而且，人类社会为了发展，也不能仅仅满足于达到生产可能性曲线的水平,而要创造条件,达到资本财货与消费品的更大组合。
为什么有时社会生产的资本财货和消费品的组合达不到生产可能性曲线,如何使社会生产的生产资料和消费品的可能性超出原生产可能线?这是一个由稀缺性引起的另一个问题：资源利用。
所谓资源利用就是人类社会如何更好地利用现有的稀缺资源，使之生产出更多的物品。
可见,稀缺性不仅引起了资源配置问题,而且还引起了资源利用问题。
正因为如此,许多经济学家认为把经济学定义为“关于稀缺资源配置和利用的科学”。
5．答：尽管各种社会都存在稀缺性,但解决稀缺性的方法并不同。
也就是说,在不同的经济制度下，资源配置和资源利用问题的解决方法是不同的。
当前世界上解决资源配置和资源利用问题的经济制度基本有两种。
一种是市场经济制度，即通过市场上价格的调节来决定生产什么，如何生产与为谁生产，资源的优化配置和充分利用依靠价格的调节与刺激来实现。
一种是计划经济制度。
即通过中央计划来决定生产什么，如何生产和为谁生产。
资源的优化配置和充分利用依靠计划来实现。
当然，在现实中,许多国家的经济制度都是市场与计划不同程度的结合，但这种结合并不是一半对一半,总是以一种经济制度为主,以另一种为辅的。
现在越来越多的人认识到,市场经济从总体上看比计划经济效率高。
更有利于经济的发展。
既然稀缺性问题的解决离不开具体的经济制度，所以经济学的定义就应该是,研究一定制度下稀缺资源配置和利用的科学。
西方经济学是研究在市场经济制度下，稀缺资源配置与利用的科学。
西方经济学是市场经济的经济学。
６．答：现代西方经济学把经济学原理或经济理论，即有关经济问题的知识体系的全部内容,区分为两大组成部分或两大分支学科：微观经济学和宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济单位为研究对象,通过研究单个经济单位的经济行为和相应的经济变量单项数值的决定来说明价格机制如何解决社会的资源配置问题的经济理论。
宏观经济学是以整个国民经济为研究对象，通过研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化，来说明资源如何才能得到充分利用的经济理论。
微观经济学与宏观经济学在研究对象、解决的问题、中心理论和分析方法上是不同的。
微观经济学:(1）研究对象是单个经济单位的经济行为；（2)解决的问题是资源配置;（3）中心理论是价格理论；(4）研究方法是个量分析。
宏观经济学：（1）研究的对象是整个经济。
（2）解决的问题是资源利用。
(３）中心理论是国民收入决定理论。
(4)研究方法是总量分析。
微观经济学与宏观经济学,在上述各个方面存在着区别。
但它们作为一门科学的一套理论体系或知识体系的两大组成部分，又是密切联系的。
首先,它们是整体与整体由已构成的个体之间的关系。
两者不是互相排斥而是互相补充的。
其次，微观经济学与宏观经济学都是以实证分析为主。
第三,微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
就是说，宏观经济行为的分析总是要以一定的微观分析为其理论基础。
7.答:实证经济学与规范经济学的区别，首先表现在怎样对待“价值判断”？所谓价值判断是指对经济事物社会价值的判断,即对某一经济事物是好还是坏的判断。
实证经济学企图超脱和排斥一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，并根据这些规律，分析和预测人们经济行为的效果。
规范经济学则以一定的价值判断为基础,预先提出某些标准作为分析处理经济问题的标准,树立经济理论的前提,作为制定经济政策的依据,并研究如何才能符合这些标准。