bibliography 参考文献格式
注释及参考文献格式要求
注释及参考文献格式要求附录2四川大学外国语学院本科毕业论文注释及参考文献格式要求一．注释格式为统一格式起见，本院外语专业学生毕业论文的注释采用尾注和夹注，不采用脚注。
凡是对论文中某一单词、词组、引文、或某一说法进行补充性说明的，采用尾注（即下文第1条所说的End-notes）的方式，但在论文里英文统一采用Notes一词（见附录1）；凡是在论文中使用直接引语或间接引语的，一律采用文中夹注的方式（见下文第2条）。
1．尾注（End-notes）在正文需注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码①②③……，在论文的正文之后写注文，每条注文加对应数码，回行时与上一行注文对齐。
加注数码与数码对齐。
2．夹注（In-text Citations）某些引文和／或所依据的文献无需详细注释者，以夹注的形式随文在括弧内注明。
1）来自专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现格式：出版年份：页码例如：Rees said，“As key aspects of learning are not stable，but changeable，this opens the way for the role of the teacher as the pre-eminent mediator in the process”（1986：241）．2）来自专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中没有出现格式：作者姓名出版年份：页码。
例如：“我们所懂得的只是实体存在的片段，可以肯定地说，一切具有重大意义的理论至多只能是部分地真实，但这不应作为放弃理论研究的借口”(Chomsky 1979:48) 。
“One reason perhaps is that the Chinese audience are more familiar with and receptive to Western culture than the average English readers is to Chinese culture”（Fung 1995：71）．3）如果引述的内容为大段原文（超过四行），所引原文左边双倍缩进（即10个字符），右边与上下文对齐。
毕业论文的notes和bibliography格式
Notes格式：“Notes”居中，四号字，加粗。
每条注释数字上标，首行缩进4字符，注释内容用小四号字，1.5倍行距。
如下：Notes1 卫志强．当代跨学科语言学．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：2．2陈侠，黄希庭，白纲．关于网络成瘾的心理学研究．心里科学进展，2003，（11）：331．1)中文机构文件机构名．文件名．出版年代：页码．1中国国家教育部．关于加强高等院校德育教师队伍建设的决定．1998：2．2)中文著作，一个作者：作者名．书名．出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．1卫志强．当代跨学科语言学．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：2．3)中文著作：两个或者三个作者：作者名（用逗号隔开）．书名．出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．2陈侠，黄希庭，白纲．当代跨学科语言学．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：2．4)中文著作：三个以上作者：作者名（用空格隔开）等．书名．出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．3陈侠等．当代跨学科语言学．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：2．5)中文期刊文章：（作者多人以上参照中文著作方式给作者名）作者名．文章名．期刊名，出版年代，（期数）：页码．4陈侠，黄希庭，白纲．关于网络成瘾的心理学研究．心里科学进展，2003，（11）：331．6)中文文集文章：作者名．文章名．文集主编名．文集名．文集出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．5陈侠．关于网络成瘾的心理学研究．卫志强编．当代跨学科语言学．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：331．7)中文译著：作者名．书名．译者名译．出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．6威廉•莎士比亚．罗密欧与朱丽叶．卫志强译．北京：北京语言学院出版社，1992：15．8)中文工具书：主编名（责任人名）编．书名．出版地：出版社，出版年代：页码．7简清国，林茂竹编．英汉多功能词典．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994：1134．9)英文专著，一个作者：作者名．书名．（出版地：出版社，出版年代）页码．8Wang Cunmei．The Investigation of Language Performance about Popular Language of Network．(Wuhan：Wuhan University Press, 2004) 6-7．10)英文专著，两个或者三个作者：作者名（用and连接）．书名．（出版地：出版社，出版年代）页码．9C. A. Dwyer and Zhou Ruanyan．The Investigation of Language Performance about Popular Language of Network．(Wuhan：Wuhan University Press, 2004) 6-7．11)英文专著，三个以上作者：作者名et al．书名．（出版地：出版社，出版年代）页码．10Wang Cunmei et al．The Investigation of Language Performance about Popular Language of Network．(Wuhan：Wuhan University Press, 2004) 6-7．12)英文期刊文章：（作者多人以上参照英文著作方式给作者名）作者名．文章名．期刊名，出版年代，（期数）：页码．11C. A. Dwyer．Assessment and Classroom Learning: Theory and Practice．Assessment in Education, 1998, (1)：111．13)英文文集文章：（包括TCLC, NCLC等大型文献性文集）作者名．文章名．文集主编名, Ed．文集名．(文集出版地：出版社，出版年代) 页码．12Qin Hui．On Localization of the Communicative Approach．Liu Shoulan and Qin Hui, Ed．Teaching English as a Foreign Language—Current Issues．V ol 2．(Kunming: Yunnan University Press, 2002) 9．14)英文工具书：主编名（责任人名）编．书名．（出版地：出版社，出版年代）页码．13Jian Qingguo．A Multifunction English-Chinese Dictionary．(Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1994) 1109．15)网络资源：作者名．文章名．网站名称．（网址）．14卫广新．新课程与角色的转换．香港大学图书馆．（http://sunzil.lib.hku.hk/view/32/3200054.pdf）．*只能接受以.pdf, .html, .htm, .php, .asp为结尾的网址。
bibliography 参考文献格式
Book: Two or More Authors
MLA
Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner.Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the
Hidden Side of Everything.New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.
Journal Article, Continuous Pagination
MLA
Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. "Cracking the
Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures."
MLA
Sloane, Thomas O., ed.Encyclopedia of Rhetoric.New York:OxfordUniversityPress, 2001.
APA
Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001).Encyclopedia of rhetoric.New York:OxfordUniversityPress.
APA
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005).Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side
of everything.New York: William Morrow.
Book: Second or Later Edition
endnote英文参考文献格式
endnote英文参考文献格式
在EndNote中，英文参考文献格式可以通过以下步骤进行设置：
1. 打开EndNote软件，选择需要插入文献的Word文档。
2. 在EndNote的菜单栏中，选择“Edit”->“Output Styles”->“Open Style Manager”。
3. 在弹出的窗口中，选择需要的英文参考文献格式，例如APA、MLA等。
4. 点击“Select”按钮，然后点击“Close”按钮关闭窗口。
5. 在EndNote的菜单栏中，选择“Insert Bibliography”->“Insert Bibliography and Bibliography Separator”。
6. 在弹出的对话框中，选择需要插入的文献条目，并点击“Insert”按钮。
7. 在Word文档中，将光标放在需要插入文献的位置，点击“Insert Bibliography”即可插入英文参考文献。
需要注意的是，在插入英文参考文献时，需要按照所选择的格式要求进行排版和格式化。
如果需要在文中标注引文，可以在EndNote中设置引文格式，并在Word文档中插入相应的引文。
latex中常用的参考文献文件格式
1. 概述在学术研究和学术写作过程中，引用参考文献是一项必不可少的工作。
而对于使用LaTeX进行学术论文写作的研究人员来说，正确的参考文献格式和引用方式显得尤为重要。
本文将对LaTeX中常用的参考文献文件格式进行详细介绍，帮助读者了解并掌握LaTeX中参考文献的规范要求和格式要求。
2. 参考文献文件格式在使用LaTeX进行学术写作时，通常会用到.bib格式的参考文献文件。
这种文件格式是一种文本格式，其中包含了论文所需的全部参考文献信息。
在LaTeX中，可以使用bibliography和cite命令来引用参考文献，并将参考文献文件与论文进行关联。
3. .bib文件的内容.bib文件通常包括以下几个部分：- 文献条目类型（如article、book等）- 作者名- 文献标题- 出版社、出版地、出版日期- 页码- DOI- URL具体的参考文献条目示例如下：article{author_year,author = {作者尊称},title = {文献标题},journal = {期刊名称},volume = {卷号},number = {期号},pages = {页码范围},year = {出版年份},publisher = {出版社},address = {出版地},doi = {DOI},url = {URL}}4. 参考文献的引用方式在LaTeX中，可以使用cite命令来引用.bib文件中的参考文献条目。
使用\cite{author_year}命令就可以在论文中引用名为author_year的参考文献。
在引用多个参考文献时，可以使用逗号分隔不同的参考文献条目，也可以使用如\cite{author1_year1, author2_year2}的方式同时引用多个参考文献。
5. 参考文献的排版在LaTeX中，可以使用bibliography命令来指定参考文献的排版格式，常用的排版格式包括pl本人n、unsrt、alpha等。
bibliography格式--论文参考文献格式
Bibliography FormatsA bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech — including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such asbooks,newspaper and magazine articles,reference works,government documents,and the like.There are a number of bibliographical formats,and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association(MLA) —are provided below.Book: Single AuthorMLA Ramos, Jorge.Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005.APARamos, J. (2005).Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins.Book: Two or More AuthorsMLA Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner.Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005.APA Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005).Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow.Book: Second or Later EditionMLAFishman, Stephen.The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004.APA Fishman, S. (2004).The public domain: How to find & use copyright-free writings, music, art, & more(2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo.Book: Corporate AuthorMLA Mayo Clinic Health Information.Mayo Clinic Guide to Women's Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005.APA Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005).Mayo clinic guide to women's cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information.Book: Anthology or CompilationMLA Sloane, Thomas O., ed.Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. APA Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001).Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter in Anthology or CompilationMLA Lucas, Stephen E. "Public Speaking."Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47.APA Lucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.),Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press.Signed Magazine ArticleMLA Johnson, Steven. "Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?"Discover July 2005: 38-43.APAJohnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you?Discover, 26, 38-43.Unsigned Magazine ArticleMLA"Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail."Economist19 Feb. 2005: 70.APA Banking for native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19).Economist, 374, 70. Journal Article, Continuous PaginationMolinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. "Cracking theMLA Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures."Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology36 (2005): 380-395.Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbalAPA code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395.Journal Article, Noncontinuous PaginationMLA Gómez, Christina. "Latino Diversity and Political Representation."Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32.APA Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation.Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32.Signed Newspaper ArticleMLA Elliot, Andrea. "In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination."New York Times30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.APAElliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination.New York Times, p. 13A.Unsigned Newspaper ArticleMLA "Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups."Chicago Tribune16 May 2005, Midwest ed., sec.1: 6.APA Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16).Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6. Signed Newspaper EditorialMLA Reyes, Raul A. "Cinco de Mayo and Social Security." A Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A.APA Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security [Editorial].USA Today , p. 13A. Unsigned Newspaper EditorialMLA"Sesame Street's Private Road." Editorial.Christian Science Monitor12 May 2005: 8.APA Sesame street's private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12).Christian Science Monitor, p. 8. Government PublicationMLA United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.Indicators of Equal Employment Opportunity—Status and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004.APAU.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004).Indicators of equal employment opportunity—Status and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Signed Article in Reference WorkMLA Alvarez-Smith, Alma. "Pantoja, Antonia."Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Ch vezáCandelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004.APA Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.),Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture(Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood.Unsigned Article in Reference WorkMLA "Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart."African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004.APA Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.),African-American political leaders(pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File.Personal InterviewMLA Velasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005.APA A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005)Letter or E-Mail CommunicationMLA Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005.APA M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005)Speech or LectureHuang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University MLAof Florida. 25 Feb. 2005.Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution [Lecture]. In Geography 212: Environmental APAscience. University of Florida.Television ProgramMLA"Medical Tourists." Narr. Bob Simon. I. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005.APA Olian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists [Television broadcast]. In Sixty minutes .New York: Columbia Broadcasting System.FilmMLA The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004.Beauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004).The untold story of Emmett Louis Till[Motion picture]. APA United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York,NY 10022)Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted OnlineFrith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. "The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-CulturalMLA Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising."Journal of Communication55.1 (2005): 56-70.27 Apr. 2005 </cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf>.Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis ofAPA women's magazine advertising.Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from /cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdfArticle in Online Scholarly JournalKelsey, Kathleen D., and Alan D'souza. "Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: DoesMLAOnline Journal of Distance Learning Administration7.2 (2004): 13 pp.Interaction Matter?"30 Apr. 2005 </%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.html>.Kelsey, K. D., & D'souza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: DoesAPA interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration , 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from /%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kelsey72.htmlOnline Government PublicationUnited States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated AnalysisMLA and Forecasting.Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 </oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf>.United States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005,APA February).Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from /oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdfOnline Newspaper ArticleWulfhorst, Ellen. "Study: Blogs Haven't Displaced Media."Washington Post16 May 2005. 17 May MLA2005 </wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/16/AR2005051600884.html>.APAWulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs haven't displaced media.Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from Online EditorialKinsley, Michael. "Remember: You Can't Swat a Fly with a Computer." Editorial.Los AngelesMLA Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 </news/opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,1,7723084.column?coll=la-util-op-ed>.Kinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You can't swat a fly with a computer [Editorial].Los APA Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from /news/opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,1,7723084.column?coll=la-util-op-edOnline Magazine ArticleMLAHerper, Matthew. "Race-Based Medicine Arrives." 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 </business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html>.APA Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-based medicine . Retrieved May 11, 2005, from /business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.htmlDocument Accessed from Online ServiceMcCartney, Anthony. "Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers."Tampa Tribune9 Feb. 2005: 9. MLA Academic Universe: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005</universe/>.APA McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers.Tampa Tribune .Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe database.Online Document from BroadcastMLA "Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery.". 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 </2005/TECH/science/05/13/paleontologist.movies.ap/index.html>.Paleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13).Cable News Network. Retrieved MayAPA13, 2005, from /2005/TECH/science/05/13/paleontologist.movies.ap /index.html。
论文的基本结构和引用文献格式(MLA)
论文的基本结构和引用文献格式（MLA格式）学术论文文献的引用有三种形式：文内注释、注解（Notes）和参考文献（Bibliography）。
正文中引用别人的论述、词汇、材料、观点或思想时，文内注释采用同论文末尾参考文献相关联的信息，用圆括号表示。
正文中除了文内注释外，往往还需要注解；注解同文内注释不同，它主要是针对正文中需要说明的问题作注解，而不是针对正文中的引用作注解。
参考文献（Bibliography）是指被论文参考和引用过的所有作品，位于正文末尾。
如论文末尾有注解，参考文献则位于注解后。
论文末尾的“注解”和“参考文献”可能同时存在。
凡是在参考文献中以书的形式出现的出版物品名称，无论是小说、诗歌、戏剧，还是小册子、报刊杂志、电影、光盘、盒式录音磁带、唱片、绘画、雕塑作品等，英文用斜体表示。
中文名称则用书名号表示。
对于“注解”和“参考文献”中提到的文章、论文、短篇小说、短诗、书中的章节，包括未公开出版的讲座、会议发言稿、手稿、学位论文等，都一律加引号表示。
中文的也采用同样方法，避免同书名混淆。
一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异，但本科毕业论文一般应有以下部分：Introduction，（Literature Review）and Discussions (与APA不一致), Conclusion 等等。
当然，研究类型不同，中间部分章节内容也就不同。
北京第二外国语学院教务处对各章布局作如下规定，Introduction、Chapter 1、Chapter 2…Conclusion。
其中，Introduction和Conclusion前不加Chapter等字样。
下面对这些章节的大致内容略作介绍。
Introduction本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis）。
哈佛大学论文英文文献格式
哈佛大学论文英文文献格式这里将参考文献格式分为两种，一种是文内注（In-text Citation），另一种是文章结尾的参考文献目录，一般称为Reference List，也有不同叫法的，下面会说到。
一般来说，许多参考文献格式都是基于两种格式：APA格式和MLA格式，另外还有CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System）等，都是比较常见的参考文献格式。
下面就分别对这四种格式做一个简要的说明。
格式APA是美国心理协会的缩写，全称是The American Psychological Association，APA格式指的是该协会出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第7版。
主要用于社会科学和自然科学类（Social and Natural Sciences）的文章。
国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。
APA格式的细节十分复杂，这里就不赘述了，如果想深入了解，普渡大学官网有一个版块：里面对前面提到的前三种格式都有详细的介绍。
APA文内注的基本格式是“（姓氏，发表年份）”。
文末的参考文献目录是Reference List，必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：期刊类：【】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数：起止页码】Smith, J. (2006). The title of the article. The title of Journal, 1, 101-105.非期刊类：【】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】.(2002).What puters can’t do. New York: Harp& Row.格式MLA 是美国现代语言协会（Modern Language Association）制定的论文指导格式，多用于人文学科（Liberal Arts）。
MLA文内注的基本格式是“（姓氏，文献页码）”。
文末的参考文献目录在MLA格式中称为Works Cited，同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：期刊类：【】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh, . “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28 (1979): 22.非期刊类：【】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【发表年份】Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in CivilSociety. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.格式CMS格式，又叫芝加哥论文格式，全称The Chicago Manual of Style，源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style，目前已出至第十七版，主要用于人文学科（humanities），它使用脚注、尾注和参考文献目录来注明文献来源。
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APA
U.S.Equal EmploymentOpportunityCommission. (2004).Indicators of equal employment
opportunity—Status and trends.Washington,DC:ernment Printing Office.
MLAቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Gómez, Christina. "Latino Diversity and Political Representation."Journal of Latino-Latin American
Studies1.2 (2004): 19-32.
APA
Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political representation.Journal of Latino-Latin American
code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures.Journal of
Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395.
Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination
Book: Single Author
MLA
Ramos, Jorge.Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History.New York:
Harper, 2005.
APA
Ramos, J. (2005).Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history.New York:
APA
Elliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspiciousAmerica, Muslim converts face discrimination.New
York Times, p.13A.
Unsigned Newspaper Article
MLA
"Fatal Error: Seat-Belt Use Less in Pickups."Chicago Tribune16 May 2005,Midwested.,
Bibliography Formats
A bibliography should cite all the sources used in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to see which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below.
APA
Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.),Encyclopedia of Latino
popular culture(Vol. 2, pp. 613-614).Westport,CT:Greenwood.
Discover, 26, 38-43.
Unsigned Magazine Article
MLA
"Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail."Economist19 Feb. 2005: 70.
APA
Banking for nativeAmericans: On the trail. (2005, February 19).Economist, 374, 70.
APA
Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005).Mayo clinic guide to women's cancers.Rochester,MN:
Mayo Clinic Health Information.
Book: Anthology or Compilation
13A.
APA
Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social security [Editorial].USAToday, p.13A.
Unsigned Newspaper Editorial
MLA
"Sesame Street'sPrivate Road." Editorial.Christian Science Monitor12 May 2005: 8.
APA
Sesame street's private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12).Christian Science Monitor, p. 8.
Government Publication
MLA
United States.U.S.Equal EmploymentOpportunityCommission.Indicators of Equal Employment
Unsigned Article in Reference Work
MLA
"Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart."African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey,
MLA
Sloane, Thomas O., ed.Encyclopedia of Rhetoric.New York:OxfordUniversityPress, 2001.
APA
Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001).Encyclopedia of rhetoric.New York:OxfordUniversityPress.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology36 (2005): 380-395.
APA
Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal
MLA
Johnson, Steven. "Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?"Discover
July 2005: 38-43.
APA
Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you?
APA
Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005).Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side
of everything.New York: William Morrow.
Book: Second or Later Edition
sec.1: 6.
APA
Fatal error: Seat-belt use less in pickups. (2005, May 16).Chicago Tribune, section 1, p. 6.
Signed Newspaper Editorial
MLA
Reyes, Raul A. "Cinco de Mayo and Social Security." A Today6 May 2005, final ed.:
Journal Article, Continuous Pagination
MLA
Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. "Cracking the
Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures."
Studies, 1(2), 19-32.
Signed Newspaper Article
MLA
Elliot, Andrea. "In a Now-SuspiciousAmerica, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination."New York
Times30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13.