英语中的法语
英语中的法语(下)
英语中的法语（下）These days, French has lost status because the United Nations has five official languages, not just one: English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese.近些年，法语逐渐失去自己的地位，因为联合国有五种官方语言，而非仅仅一种，即:英语，法语，西班牙语，俄语和汉语。
The individual most responsible for bringing English and French together (and one of the greatest writer in English literature) was a customs official who lived in the late fourteenth century named Geoffrey Chaucer,对促进英语和法语相融合最有贡献的人叫做杰弗雷·乔叟，他生活在14世纪晚期，当时任海关官员，也是英国文学界最伟大的作家之一。
whose Canterbury Tales is one of the most extraordinary works in English, practically created, or at least made acceptable, a new language, which was a combination of the more elegant French and the cruder but more powerful Germanic elements.他所著的《坎特伯雷故事集》是英国最杰出的文学作品之一，该作品创造了，或者说使世人接受了一种新的语言，这种语言由更加优雅的法语和虽然粗糙但是强劲有力的日耳曼语的音节组成。
英语中的法语词汇
deluxe 豪华的 (国内的很多商品上常印的词,酒店也常用)
salon 沙龙 (就是文人墨客,影视名流开的party)
scenario 脚本,情节,事态(口语中很常用的,请google一下老外例句,必须掌握)
parasol 阳伞 (小伙子学会此词,为女友遮风避日)
elite 精英分子 (电视广告中好像出过此词,我们都是社会栋梁,国家的精英)
resume 简历 (国内招聘常用,说时注意发音特别;国外都用 CV )
mirage 海市蜃楼 (和普通以age结尾的英语词发音不同)
fiance 未婚夫 (未婚妻是fiancee,多个e, 但发音两词是相同的)
cuisine 烹饪 (老外一般都用cooking,但厨师一般不说cook, 而叫chef )
林斯指出：“现代英语由于历史原因，已变成由三股绳拧成的粗索。古英语的词汇和语法是其中的一股，经中世纪英语大量吸收法语词和词组构成第二股，又从中世纪英语开始，经几个世纪，逐步按照拉丁句法的模式建立起英语自己的复合句体系而构成的第三股”。[3]（20）二、法语借词对英语词汇的影响现代英语中，法语借词对英语词汇的影响主要体现在如下几方面：
你是点菜呢还是吃套菜？
4、She always looks very chic.
她看上去漂亮、雅致。
chic是融入英语的法语词，意为漂亮、雅的流行式样。代价不一定昂贵，但反映高雅的审美情趣，而且卓立于风尚之先。
我先前曾曾陆续发了英语中分别来自日语,意大利语,德语,汉语的贴子,本次总结一下英语中常用的法语词汇.记得中学学都德的最后一课时,就了解到法语是世界上最美的语言,曾在拿破仑时代风靡世界,其实即使是今天法语也是对英语影响最大的语种,如您能在说话或写作时有意无意的使用了法语词汇,则老外会认为你是个很有教养的人.曾有上万法语词汇进入英语,从词形上已看不出来,我们今天只列常用的容易识别的法语词汇(请注意发音和重音的位置):
英语中的外来词总结
英语中的外来词总结在英语中，外来词是指从其他语言借用或引进到英语中的词汇。
这些外来词来自不同的语言和领域，对英语的发展和丰富起到了重要作用。
下面是一些常见的外来词总结：1. 拉丁语：许多英语词汇来自拉丁语，尤其是科学、医学和法律领域的术语。
例如，biology（生物学）、medicine（医学）、jury（陪审团）等。
2. 希腊语：许多科学、数学和文化领域的专业术语来自希腊语。
例如，philosophy（哲学）、psychology（心理学）、geography （地理学）等。
3. 法语：法语对英语的影响最为显著。
许多来自法语的词汇涉及到美食、时尚、文化和政府等领域。
例如，restaurant（餐馆）、champagne（香槟）、ballet（芭蕾舞）、government（政府）等。
4. 德语：德语对英语词汇的影响比较明显，尤其在科学、哲学和文化领域。
例如，kindergarten（幼儿园）、angst（焦虑）、doppelgänger（替身）、zeitgeist（时代精神）等。
5. 荷兰语：一些海洋和贸易相关的词汇来自荷兰语，反映了荷兰在历史上的海洋霸权地位。
例如，yacht（游艇）、landscape （风景）、cookie（饼干）等。
6. 阿拉伯语：阿拉伯语对英语的贡献主要集中在科学、数学和技术领域。
例如，algebra（代数）、algorithm（算法）、zero （零）等。
7. 印度语：印度语对英语的影响主要体现在食物、服饰和宗教词汇等方面。
例如，curry（咖喱）、pyjamas（睡衣）、yoga （瑜伽）等。
语中的外来词丰富了英语的词汇，为人们提供了更广泛的表达和沟通方式。
这些外来词的引入使英语成为了一种全球通用的语言。
英语中的法语
摘要: 英语在发展过程中广泛地向世界上许多语言直接或间接地借用了大量外来词,其中来自法语的词语约占英语词汇的2614%。
本文追溯法语对英语产生重大影响的几个重要历史时期,分析英语中大量的法语借词产生的历史原因及其对英国文化的影响。
英语属印欧语系日耳曼语族, 法语属印欧语系罗曼语族,两者分属不同的语族,但英语吸收了大量的法语词汇。
根据斯基特的《词源词典》统计, 英语中直接或间接来自法语的词汇占英语词汇的2614%。
[1]由此可见法语对英语的影响之深远,法英两种语言的关系之密切。
从8世纪后半叶到10世纪,北欧日德兰半岛和斯堪的纳维亚半岛等地的诺曼人向欧洲大陆各国进行掠夺性和商业性的远征,在各地定居的诺曼人旋即与当地居民同化,其中在法国西北部的诺曼底建立公国的诺曼人接受了法语、基督教和当时法国的政治制度。
诺曼人征服英国前,英国和诺曼底的统治阶级就已经开始了社会、政治和宗教领域的交往。
撒克逊国王埃塞雷德娶了诺曼底的一位公主,其子爱德华后来登上了英国王位。
在这些王朝统治期间,诺曼底贵族及其侍从在英国享有重要地位,也促使一些法语词汇进入了英语。
[2]如:castle就是诺曼底贵族居住的像防御工事一样的新型建筑,取代了古英语的burg。
capun(capon)和bacon 则让人想到法式烹饪的繁冗奢华。
在英语发展的历史中,第一次引进法语的高潮出现在中古英语时期,这是在诺曼人征服英国后三百多年的时间内发生的。
公元1066年,诺曼底的威廉公爵统帅大军进攻英国,英国国王哈罗德的王朝被推翻,法国的公爵成了英国的国王,从而开始了法国诺曼底人对英国的长期统治, 法语是当时的官方语言。
从1066年开始直到1399年亨利四世继位称王之前,三百多年里英国的国王都说法语。
[1]封建领主、贵族官吏以及其他上层人士都以讲法语为荣。
宫廷、法院、学校均使用法语,文学作品也用法语创作。
统治英国的诺曼底人认为英语“粗陋”,不能登大雅之堂,只适于贫困的农民、牧民和偏僻山乡的村民使用。
英语中的法语借词研究
英语中的法语借词研究英语与法语有着密切的历史和文化，这种在语言上也有所体现。
英语从法语中借用了许多词汇，这些借词在英语中广泛使用，为英语词汇库增添了丰富的色彩。
本文将对英语中的法语借词进行深入研究，探究其特点、来源及历史背景。
一、英语中的法语借词特点1、拼写变化英语中的法语借词在拼写上往往发生了变化。
例如，法语中的“beau”在英语中变成了“beautiful”，法语中的“rendezvous”在英语中变成了“reunion”。
这些变化使得这些借词在英语中看起来更像英语词汇，但它们仍然保留了法语的发音和意义。
2、常用词汇英语中的法语借词多为常用词汇，如“delicieux”（美味的）、“premi ère”（第一的）等。
这些词汇在英语中广泛使用，已经成为英语不可或缺的一部分。
3、涉及领域广泛英语中的法语借词涉及领域广泛，包括政治、军事、文化、艺术、食品、时尚等多个领域。
这些借词为英语提供了更多精确和生动的表达方式。
二、英语中的法语借词来源1、诺曼底征服1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服英格兰，将法语作为官方语言。
这一历史事件使得大量法语词汇进入英语，丰富了英语词汇库。
2、贸易和外交贸易和外交也是英语中的法语借词的重要来源。
在国际贸易和外交交流中，英语往往需要借鉴其他语言来表达某些概念或思想。
3、文化和艺术英语中的法语借词还来源于文化和艺术领域。
例如，英文中的“ballet”就源自法语中的“ballet”。
三、英语中的法语借词历史背景法语对英语的影响可以追溯到公元1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服英格兰，将法语作为官方语言。
这一历史事件使得大量法语词汇进入英语。
在此之后，随着贸易、文化和外交交流的不断发展，英语中的法语借词也不断增加。
四、结论英语中的法语借词历史悠久，涉及领域广泛，为英语词汇库增添了新的元素。
这些借词在英语中经过本土化改造，已经成为了英语不可或缺的一部分。
通过深入研究英语中的法语借词，我们可以更好地理解英语的发展历程和法国文化对英国文化的影响。
英语中十大来自法语的词汇
英语中⼗⼤来⾃法语的词汇savoir-faire 处世能⼒“savoir-faire”是知道在如何在任何场合都变现得体、圆滑处世的能⼒。
该词在19世纪早期从法语中引进⾄英语。
“savoir-faire”在法语中的字⾯意思是“知道如何做”。
在英语中，这个舶来词经常⽤来形容⼈的圆滑世故，但在法语中，它只是众多形容社交礼貌的词汇之⼀。
法语中“savoir-vivre”表⽰上流社会礼节的知识，字⾯上翻译为“知道如何⽣活”。
Ennui 厌倦，⽆聊“ennui”源于古法语“enui”，表⽰“不悦、烦恼”。
⽽这个词包括英语中的“annoy”都可以追溯到拉丁语“odiō”,意为“厌恶”。
今天“ennui”在英语和法语中均表⽰因为缺乏兴趣、⽆聊⽽产⽣的厌倦、不满等情绪。
Bon Vivant 喜爱美⾷，讲究享受的⼈在法国，⼈们把那些喜爱美⾷，⽣活讲究的⼈为“bon vivant”，字⾯上的意思是“活的很好的⼈”。
如果这是⼀位⼥性，法语中则要⽤阴性表达⽅式“bonne vivante”。
这个词在英语中没有完全类似的词汇，因此英国⼈⼲脆把这个词直接从法语中拿过来，表⽰那些追求⽣活品味的⼈。
Carte Blanche 全权“carte blanche”的说法来⾃法国的⼀种纸牌游戏——⽪克牌。
在17世纪中期，这种游戏在英国也很流⾏。
在这种游戏中，所谓的“carte blanche”是指⼿上没有花牌。
随着时间推移，这种说法开始表⽰在⼀张没有列任何条款的⽩纸上签字，并引申出其现在的意义：拥有⼀切权利。
Je Ne Sais Quoi 难于⾔述的品质“Je ne sais quoi”的意义就如同不懂法语的⼈听到这句话的发⾳⼀样令⼈迷惑。
这句话字⾯上的意思是“我不知道怎么回事”，实际意为“⼀种⽆法定义的、独⼀⽆⼆的品质，尤其是令⼈愉悦的品质”。
这种说法最早在17世纪中期进⼊英⽂，开始表⽰任何神秘的特征。
今天，“Je ne sais quoi”⼤多⽤来形容令⼈愉悦的特质。
英语中的法语词汇
List of French words and phrases used by English speakers AApéritifsArêteArt Nouveauà gogoin abundance. It pertains to the familiar language in French.à la [...]in the manner of/in the style of [...]à la carteliterally: on the menu; In restaurants it refers to ordering individual dishes rather than afixed-price meal.à proposregarding/concerning (note that the correct French syntax is à propos de)abattoirslaughterhouseaccouchementconfinement during childbirth; the process of having a baby; only this last meaning remains in Frenchacquis communautaireused in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated thus far.adieufarewell; literally means "to God," it carries more weight than "au revoir" ("goodbye", literally "Until next time"): it is definitive, implying you will never see the other person again. Depending on the context, misuse of this term can be considered as an insult, as you'll wish for the other person's death or will say that you don't wish to see the other person ever again while alive. It is used for "au revoir" in south of France[1] and to point a deprivation from someone or something. adroitskillful, clever, in French: habile, as a "right-handed" person would be using his "right" hand, as opposed to his left one with which he would be "gauche" meaning "left".aide-mémoire"memory aid"; an object or memorandum to assist in remembrance, or a diplomatic paperproposing the major points of discussionallez!"go!" or "come on!", as a command or as encouragmentamuse-bouche or amuse-gueulea single, bite-sized hors d'œuvre.ancien régimea sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists, an allusion to pre-revolutionary France(used with capital letter in French with this meaning : Ancien Régime)aperçupreview; a first impression; initial insight.apéritifa before-meal drink (in familiar French, it is shortened as "apéro"). In French, it means eitherthe drink or food (amuse-gueules....) you take before a meal. Also, in France, even if you'resupposed to eat after an apéritif, it is socially accepted to take your meal at home, therefore you can have an apéritif at a bar (with or without friends), or at a friend's before going back home. appellation contrôléesupervised use of a name. For the conventional use of the term, see Appellation d'originecontrôléeaprès moi, le délugeliterally: After me, the deluge; remark attributed to Louis XV of France; used in reference to the impending end of a functioning French monarchy and predicting the French Revolution. No.617 Squadron Royal Air Force, famously known as the "Dambusters", uses this as its motto.Also a verse in the song Après Moi by Regina Spektor.arêtea narrow ridge. In French, also fishbone; edge of a polyhedron or graph; bridge of the nose. armoirea type of cabinet; wardrobe.art nouveaua style of decoration and architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It bears a capitalin French (Art nouveau).attachéa person attached to an embassy; in French is also the past participle of the verb attacher (= tofasten, to tight, to be linked...)Attaque au FerAn attack on the opponent's blade in fencing, e.g. beat, expulsion, pressure.au contraireon the contrary.au courantup-to-date; abreast of current affairs.au faitbeing conversant in or with, or instructed in or with.au jusliterally, with juice, referring to a food course served with sauce. Often redundantly formulated, as in 'Open-faced steak sandwich, served with au jus.'. No longer used in French, except for the slang "être au jus" (to be informed)au paira young foreigner who does domestic chores in exchange for room and board. In France, thosechores are mainly child care/education.au revoir!"See you later!" In French a contraction of Au plaisir de vous revoir (to the pleasure of seeing you again).avant-garde (pl. avant-gardes)applied to cutting-edge or radically innovative movements in art, music and literature;figuratively "on the edge", literally, a military term, meaning "vanguard" (which is thedeformation of avant-garde) or "advance guard", in other words, "first to attack" (antonym of arrière-garde).avant la lettreused to describe something or someone seen as a precursor or forerunner of something (such as an artistic or political movement) before that something was recognized and named, e.g. "a post-modernist avant la lettre", "a feminist avant la lettre"; the expression literally means before the letter, i.e. "before it had a name".avec plaisirmy pleasure (lit. "with pleasure")Balletbric-à-bracBriocheBureauballeta classical type of dancebeau gesteliterally "beautiful gesture"; gracious gesture; also, a gesture noble in form but meaningless in substance. in French : a selfless/generous/fair-play act.Beaux-Artsmonumental architectural style of the early 20th century made famous by the Académie des Beaux-Artsbeaucoupplenty, lots of, much; merci beaucoup: thanks a lot; misused in slang, for example "beaucoup money" (French would add the preposition de : "beaucoup d'argent"), especially in NewOrleans, LA. Occasionally corrupted to Bookoo, typically in the context of French influenced by Vietnamese culture.bel esprit (pl. beaux esprits)literally "fine mind"; a cultivated, highly intelligent personbellea beautiful woman or girl. Common uses of this word are in the phrases the belle of the ball (themost beautiful woman or girl present at a function) and southern belle (a beautiful woman from the southern states of the US)Belle Époquea period in European social history that began during the late 19th century and lasted untilWorld War I.belles-lettresliterally "fine letters"; literature regarded for its aesthetic value rather than its didactic orinformative content; also, light, stylish writings, usually on literary or intellectual subjectsbien fait !literally "well done"; used to express schadenfreude when someone is well-deservedlypunishedbien pensantliterally "well thinking"; right thinking, orthodox. Commonly implies willful blindness to dangers or suffering faced by others. The noun form bien-pensance is rarely seen in English.blaséunimpressed with something because of over-familiarity, jaded.Bleu celesteliterally "sky blue", is a rarely-occurring tincture in heraldry (not being one of the seven main colours or metals or the three "staynard colours").bon appétitliterally "good appetite"; enjoy your mealbon motwell-chosen word(s), particularly a witty remarkbon vivantone who enjoys the good life, an epicureanbon voyageliterally "good journey"; have a good trip!bonjour"good day", a standard greeting in the morning or afternoonbonne chance"good luck" (as in, 'I wish you good luck')les boules(vulgar) literally "the balls"; meaning that whatever you are talking about is dreadful bourgeoismember of the bourgeoisie. The word used to refer to shopkeepers living in towns in the Middle Ages. Now the term is derogatory, and it applies to a person whose beliefs, attitudes, andpractices are conventionally middle-class.bric-à-bracsmall ornamental objects, less valuable than antiques; a collection of old furniture, china, plate and curiosities. Cf. de bric et de broc, corresponding to our "by hook or by crook", and brack, refuse.briochea sweet yeast bun, kind of a crossover between a popover and a light muffin; French also usethe term as slang for 'potbelly', because of the overhang effect.brunettea brown-haired girl. For brown-haired man, French uses brun and for a woman brune."Brunette" is rarely used in French, unless in old literature, and its masculine form, "brunet" (fora boy), is almost unheard of.bureau (pl. bureaux)office. Also means "desk" in French.CCafé au lait Chaise longueChauffeurChignonCul-de-sacContre-jourCreperieça ne fait rien"that doesn't matter"; rendered as san fairy Ann in British WWI slang [2].cachetlit. "stamp"; a distinctive quality ; quality, prestige.caféa coffee shop (also used in French for "coffee").café au laitcoffee with milk; or a light-brown color. In medicine, it is also used to describe a birthmark that is of a light-brown color (café au lait spot).calquea copied term/thingcarte blancheunlimited authority; literally "white card" (i.e. blank check).carte de visitea calling card, literally "visiting card".carte d'identitéidentity card. Its proper, but less commonly used administrative appellation, is "carte nationale d'identité" (national identity card), abbreviated as CNI.c'est bon"that's good".c'est la guerre!"That's War!"; or "Such is war!" Often used with the meaning that "this means war", but it can be sometimes used as an expression to say that war (or life in general) is harsh but that one must accept it.c'est la mode."That's the fashion."c'est la vie!"That's life!"; or "Such is life!" It is sometimes used as an expression to say that life is harsh but that one must accept it.c'est magnifique!"That's great!"; literally it's magnificent.c’est toutthat is everything, "That's all." See also un point c’est tout.chacun ses goûts / à chacun ses goûts / à chacun son goût / chacun à son goût [all are used] "to each his (their) own taste(s)" or "each to his own taste".chaise longuea long chair for reclining; (also rendered chaise lounge or chase lounge via folk etymology). Champs-Élyséesliterally "Elysian Fields"; Avenue des Champs-Élysées, one of the largest boulevards in Paris.Often referred as simply "les Champs". Pronounced chanz-ay-lee-zaychanteusea female singerchapeaua hat. In French, chapeau is also an expression of congratulations similar to the English "hatsoff to...."chargé d'affairesa diplomat left in charge of day to day business at a diplomatic mission. Within the UnitedStates Department of State a chargé is any officer left in charge of the mission in the absence of the titular chief of mission.charlatana person who is a fraud, a fake, a hoaxer, a deceiver, a con artist.châteaux en Espagneliterally "castles in Spain"; imaginary projects, with little hope of realisation (means the same as "castles in the air" or "pie in the sky"). No known etymology, though it was already used in the 13th century in the Roman de la rose.chauffeurdriverchef d'œuvrea masterpiececherchez la femme"look for the woman", in the sense that, when a man behaves out of character or in anotherwise apparently inexplicable manner, the reason may be found in his trying to cover up an illicit affair with a woman, or to impress or gain favour with a woman. First used by Alexandre Dumas (père) in the third chapter of his novel Les Mohicans de Paris (1854).chevalier d'industrie"knight of industry" : one who lives by his wits, specially by swindling.chezat the house of : often used in the names of restaurants and the like; Chez Marie = "Marie's" chicstylishchignona hairstyle worn in a roll at the nape of the neckcinéma véritérealism in documentary filmmakingcinq, cinquefive; normally referring to the 5 on dice or cards. In French, always spelt cinq.clichélit. negative; trite through overuse; a stereotypecliquea small exclusive group of friends without morale; always used in a pejorative way in French. commandanta commanding officer. In France, used for an airline pilot (le commandant de bord), in the Armyas appellative for a chef de bataillon or a chef d'escadron (roughly equivalent to a major) or in the Navy for any officer from capitaine de corvette to capitaine de vaisseau (equivalent to the Army's majors, lieutenant-colonels and colonels) or for any officer heading a ship.comme ci, comme ça"like this, like that"; so-so, neither good nor bad. In French, usu. couci-couça.comme il faut"as it must be" : in accord with conventions or accepted standards; proper.communiquélit. communicated; an official communication.conciergea receptionist at a hotel or residence. As they have a reputation for gossiping, concierge is alsoa mild insult if you call anyone who isn't a receptionist that (meaning you're a shamelessgossiper).concordatan agreement; a treaty; when used with a capital C in French, it refers to the treaty between the French State and Judaeo-Christian religions during the French Empire (Napoleon) : priests, ministers and rabbis became civil servants. This treaty was abolished in 1905 (lawChurch-State separation) but is still in use in Alsace-Lorraine (those territories were underGerman administration during 1871–1918)confrèrea colleague, esp. in the medical and law professions.congéa departure; in French refers to time off workcontea short story, a tale; in French a conte has usually a fantasy context (such as in fairytales) andalways begins with the words "Il était une fois" ("Once upon a time").contre-coupagainst the blowcontre-jouragainst daylightcontretempsan awkward clash; a delaycoquettea flirtatious girl; a teasecordon sanitairea policy of containment directed against a hostile entity or ideology; a chain of buffer states; lit."quarantine line"cortègea funeral procession; in French has a broader meaning and refers to all kinds of processions. corvéeforced labor for minimal or no pay. In French, overall an unpleasant/tedious task.cotte d'armescoat of arms.coup de foudrelit. thunderbolt ("strike of thunder"); a sudden unforeseen event, usually used to describe love at first sight.coup de grâcethe final blow that results in victory (literally "blow of mercy"), historically used in the context of the battlefield to refer to the killing of badly wounded enemy soldiers, now more often used in a figurative context (e.g., business). Frequently pronounced without the final "s" sound by English speakers who believe that any such sound at the end of a French word is supposed to besilent.[citation needed]coup de maîtrestroke of the master, master strokecoup d'œila glance, literally "a blow (or touch) of the eye".coup de théâtreunexpected dramatic turn of events, a plot twistcouturefashion (usually refers to high fashion)couturiera fashion designer (usually refers to high fashion, rather than everyday clothes design)crèchea nativity display; more commonly (in UK), a place where children are left by their parents forshort periods in the supervision of childminders; both meanings still exist in Frenchcrème brûléea dessert consisting primarily of custard and toasted sugar, that is, caramel; literally "burntcream"crème de la crèmebest of the best, "cream of the cream", used to describe highly skilled people or objects. Asynonymous expression in French is « fin du fin ».crème fraîcheliterally "fresh cream", a heavy cream slightly soured with bacterial culture, but not as sour or as thick as sour creamcrêpea thin sweet or savoury pancake eaten as a light meal or dessertcri du cœur"cry from the heart" : an impassioned outcry, as of entreaty or protestcroissanta crescent-shaped bread made of flaky pastrycri d'amoura "cry of love"critiquea critical analysis or evaluation of a work, or the art of criticizing.cuisine minceurgourmet cooking for staying thincul-de-saca dead-end (residential) street; literally "bottom (buttocks) of the bag".DDressaged'accordin accord; agreed; sure; OK; of coursede nouveauagain; anew. Cf. de novode règleaccording to custom;de rigueurrequired or expected, especially in fashion or etiquettede tropexcessive, "too much"déclasséof inferior social statusdécolletéa woman's garment with a low-cut neckline that exposes cleavage, or a situation in which awoman's chest or cleavage is exposed; décolletage is dealt with below.décorthe layout and furnishing of a roomdécoupagedecoration with cut paperdemi-glacea reduced wine-based sauce for meats and poultrydemi-secsemi-dry, usually said of winedéjà vu"already seen" : an impression or illusion of having seen or experienced something before. dénouementthe end resultdérailleura bicycle gear-shift mechanismdernier crithe latest fashion; literally "latest scream"derrièrerear; buttocks; literally "behind"déshabillépartially clad or scantily dressed; also a special type of garment.désolésorrydétenteeasing of diplomatic tensiondiableriewitchcraft, deviltry, or, more figuratively, "wickedness"Dieu et mon droitmotto of the British Monarchy. It appears on a scroll beneath the shield of the coat of arms of the United Kingdom.directeur sportiflit. sports director. A person responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a roadbicycle race. In French, it means any kind of sports director.divertissementan amusing diversion; entertainmentdossiera file containing detailed information about a person; it has a much wider meaning in modernFrench, as any type of file, or even a computer directorydouceur de vivre"sweetness of life"doyenthe senior member of a group; the feminine is doyennedressagea form of competitive horse training, in French has the broader meaning of taming any kind ofanimaldroit du seigneur"right of the lord" : the purported right of a lord in feudal times to take the virginity of one of his vassals' brides on her wedding night (in precedence to her new husband). The actual French term for this hypothetical custom is droit de cuissage (from cuisse 'thigh').du joursaid of something fashionable or hip for a day and quickly forgotten; today's choice on themenu, as soup du jour, literally "of the day"Eeau de Cologneeau de vieEntréeEn plein airen pointeeau de Colognea type of perfume, originating in Cologne, Germany. Its Italian creator used a French name inorder to commercialize it.eau de toiletteperfume; can be shortened as eau (water); literally "grooming water." Usually refers to aproduct which is less expensive, because it has less aromatic compounds, and is thus used more for everyday purposeseau de vieliterally "water of life" (cf Aquavit and whisky), a type of fruit brandy.écartéa card game; also a ballet positionéchappédance movement foot positionéclaira cream and chocolate icing pastryéclatGreat brilliance, as of performance or achievement. Conspicuous success. Great acclamation or applauseécorchéflayed; biological graphic or model with skin removedélana distinctive flair or styleélan vitalliterally "vital ardor"; the vital force hypothesized by Henri Bergson as a source of efficientcausation and evolution in nature; also called "life-force"éminence grise"grey eminence" : a publicity-shy person with little formal power but great influence over those in authorityen escaliergoing up like stairs; the English tends to be used of text.en garde"[be] on [your] guard", used in fencing, and sometimes mistranscribed as "on guard".en blocas a groupen passantin passingen grande tenueis used in invertebrate paleontology (of Agnostida, an order of Trilobites), to design a shieldwith well marked features. By opposition, some Agnostida have quite smooth shield, with no well marked feature.en plein airliterally "in the open air", and is particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors.en pointe(in ballet) on tiptoe. Though used in French in this same context, it is not an expression as such.A "pointe" is the ballet figure where one stands on tiptoes. The expression "en pointe", though,means "in an acute angle", and, figuratively, it qualifies the most progressive or modern things (ideas, industry...).en principe, oui"in principle, yes" : a diplomatic way of saying 'no'en routeon the way(je suis) enchanté(e)"(I am) enchanted (to meet you)" : a formal greeting on receiving an introduction. Oftenshortened to simply "enchanté".enfant terriblea disruptively unconventional person, a "terrible child".ennuiboredom.ententediplomatic agreement or cooperation. L'Entente cordiale (the Cordial Entente) refers to thegood diplomatic relationship between France and United Kingdom before the first World War. entre nousconfidentially; literally "between us"entréeliterally "entrance"; the first course of a meal (UK English); used to denote the main dish orcourse of a meal (US English).entremetsdesserts/sweet dishes. More literally, a side dish that can be served between the courses of a meal.entrepreneura person who undertakes and operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes someaccountability for the inherent risksEmbonpointa plump, hourglass figure.escargotsnailescritoirewriting desk; spelled "écritoire" in current Frenchesprit de corps"spirit of the body [group]" : a feeling of solidarity among members of a group; morale. Often used in connection with a military force.esprit de l'escalier"wit of the stairs" : a concise, clever statement you don't think of until too late, e.g. on the stairs leaving the scenel'État, c'est moi!"I am the state!" — attributed to the archetypal absolute monarch, Louis XIV of Franceétudea musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in theperformance of an instrument. French for "study".étuismall ornamental case for needles or cosmeticsexcusez-moiexcuse me; can be used sarcastically (depends on the tone)excusez le mot!excuse the word!; if a certain word has negative connotations (for example, a word-joke at a time of grief)extraordinaireextraordinary, usually as a following adjective, as "musician extraordinaire"et toi ?and you? (Je m'appelle (your name), Et toi ?)(my name is (your name) and yours?)FFleur de LisFoie grasFleur de selfaçadethe front view of an edifice (from the Italian facciata, or face); a fake persona, as in "putting on a façade" (the ç is pronounced like an s)fait accomplilit. accomplished fact; something that has already happened and is thus unlikely to be reversed.A done deal. In French only used in the expression "placer/mettre quelqu'un devant le faitaccompli" meaning to present somebody with a fait accompli.faute de mieuxfor want of betterfauxfalse, ersatz, fake.faux amis"false friends" : words in two different languages that have the same or similar spelling, andoften the same etymology but different meanings, such as the French verb rester which means "to stay" rather than "to rest"faux pas"false step" : violation of accepted, although unwritten, social rulesfemme fatale"deadly woman" : an attractive woman who seduces and takes advantage of men in order to achieve personal goals after which she discards or abandons the victim. Used to describe an attractive woman with whom a relationship is likely to result, or has already resulted, in pain and sorrowfeuilleton"little leaf of paper" : a periodical, or part of a periodical, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams,charades and other literary trifles.fiancé/ebetrothed; lit. a man/woman engaged to be married.fier de l'êtreproud of being; "French, and proud to be so"film noira genre of dark-themed movies from the 1940s and 1950s that focus on stories of crime andimmoralityfilsused after a man's surname to distinguish a son from a father, as George Bush fils (in French, "fils" = son)fin de saison"end of season" : marks the end of an extended (annual) period during which businessincreases significantly, most commonly used for the end of summer tourismflambéa cooking procedure in which alcohol (ethanol) is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames,meaning "flamed" in French. Also used colloquially in reference to something on fire or burned. flambeaua lit torchflâneura gentleman stroller of city streets; an aimless idlerfleur-de-lisa stylized-flower heraldic device; the golden fleur-de-lis on an azure background were the armsof the French Kingdom (often spelled with the old French style as "fleur-de-lys")fleur de selliterally "flower of salt", hand-harvested sea salt collected by workers who scrape only the top layer of salt before it sinks to the bottom of large salt pans.foie grasfatty liver; usually the liver of overfed goose, hence: pâté de foie gras, pâté made from goose liver. However, "foie gras" generally stands for "paté de foie gras" as it is the most common way to use it.folie à deuxa simultaneous occurrence of delusions in two closely related people, often said of anunsuitable romance。
[精品]浅析英语中的法语外来词
![[精品]浅析英语中的法语外来词](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/983d432b24c52cc58bd63186bceb19e8b8f6ecd2.png)
[精品]浅析英语中的法语外来词英语中的法语外来词是指源自法语的词汇，这些词汇在英语中被广泛使用，且具有重要的意义和影响。
这些法语外来词通常是在中世纪时期由法国的诗人、学者和外交官引入英语中的，随着时间的推移，这些词汇逐渐融入到英语的词汇系统中。
下面将对英语中的一些常见法语外来词进行浅析。
首先，法语外来词在英语中主要涵盖了各个领域，如文学、艺术、音乐、法律、政治、时尚等。
比如在文学方面，我们经常使用的词汇如literature（文学）、poetry（诗歌）、novel（小说）等都是源自法语。
在艺术方面，词汇如painting（绘画）、sculpture（雕塑）、exhibition（展览）等也是源自法语的。
这些法语外来词的使用丰富了英语词汇的表达能力，使得英语能够更加准确地描述事物和概念。
其次，法语外来词在英语中具有一定的特点。
首先，这些词汇通常保留了法语的发音和拼写方式，比如châtea u（城堡）、résumé（摘要）、entrepreneur（企业家）等。
其次，这些词汇通常具有高雅、精确的意义，使得它们在特定领域中得到广泛应用。
比如在法律领域，我们使用的词汇如judge（法官）、jury（陪审团）、verdict（判决）等都是源自法语的。
再次，这些词汇在英语中的使用方式和语法规则也与法语有所不同。
比如在法语中，形容词通常位于名词之后，而在英语中则是位于名词之前，比如le livre intéressant（有趣的书）在英语中则是an interesting book（一个有趣的书）。
最后，法语外来词的使用不仅仅是为了增加词汇量和表达能力，也反映了英语和法语之间的文化交流和相互影响。
通过使用法语外来词，英语借鉴了法语的优秀词汇，丰富了自己的表达方式，同时也与法语形成了一种文化联系。
这种文化联系也有助于人们更好地理解和欣赏法国文化。
总之，英语中的法语外来词在词汇系统中起着重要的作用，丰富了英语的表达能力，反映了英语和法语之间的文化交流。
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摘要: 英语在发展过程中广泛地向世界上许多语言直接或间接地借用了大量外来词,其中来自法语的词语约占英语词汇的2614%。
本文追溯法语对英语产生重大影响的几个重要历史时期,分析英语中大量的法语借词产生的历史原因及其对英国文化的影响。
英语属印欧语系日耳曼语族, 法语属印欧语系罗曼语族,两者分属不同的语族,但英语吸收了大量的法语词汇。
根据斯基特的《词源词典》统计, 英语中直接或间接来自法语的词汇占英语词汇的2614%。
[1]由此可见法语对英语的影响之深远,法英两种语言的关系之密切。
从8世纪后半叶到10世纪,北欧日德兰半岛和斯堪的纳维亚半岛等地的诺曼人向欧洲大陆各国进行掠夺性和商业性的远征,在各地定居的诺曼人旋即与当地居民同化,其中在法国西北部的诺曼底建立公国的诺曼人接受了法语、基督教和当时法国的政治制度。
诺曼人征服英国前,英国和诺曼底的统治阶级就已经开始了社会、政治和宗教领域的交往。
撒克逊国王埃塞雷德娶了诺曼底的一位公主,其子爱德华后来登上了英国王位。
在这些王朝统治期间,诺曼底贵族及其侍从在英国享有重要地位,也促使一些法语词汇进入了英语。
[2]如:castle就是诺曼底贵族居住的像防御工事一样的新型建筑,取代了古英语的burg。
capun(capon)和bacon 则让人想到法式烹饪的繁冗奢华。
在英语发展的历史中,第一次引进法语的高潮出现在中古英语时期,这是在诺曼人征服英国后三百多年的时间内发生的。
公元1066年,诺曼底的威廉公爵统帅大军进攻英国,英国国王哈罗德的王朝被推翻,法国的公爵成了英国的国王,从而开始了法国诺曼底人对英国的长期统治, 法语是当时的官方语言。
从1066年开始直到1399年亨利四世继位称王之前,三百多年里英国的国王都说法语。
[1]封建领主、贵族官吏以及其他上层人士都以讲法语为荣。
宫廷、法院、学校均使用法语,文学作品也用法语创作。
统治英国的诺曼底人认为英语“粗陋”,不能登大雅之堂,只适于贫困的农民、牧民和偏僻山乡的村民使用。
由于法语在当时社会的主导地位,这个时期的英语很自然地吸收了大量的法语词汇。
中古英语对法语词汇成分的吸收,可分为两个阶段:在第一阶段中(即从1066年至1250年期间),由于法语是在上层社会通用,下层劳动人民仍使用英语,所以渗入英语的法语多是那些居于社会底层的人在使用,在与讲法语的贵族接触时必须熟知的词汇有[3]:noble,dame,servant,messenger,feast,min2strel,juggler,largess等。
居统治地位的贵族的爵位名称绝大部分被法语所取代,公、侯、伯、子、男及其夫人的名称依次为:duke,duchess;marquis(=mar2quess),marchinos;earl,countess;viscount,viscount2ess;baron,baro ness。
在这些词中,惟有earl原是英语,其余全部来自法语。
1150年,史迪夫国王统治时期,Peterborough的一名修道士任朝廷史记官。
尽管他是英国人,但是叙记中却夹带许多法语词汇,如:acorn(come to agreement),bataille,curt(court),cuntess(countess),rent,tresor,carited(charity),pais(peace),miracle,pr ocessiun等。
这一阶段进入英语的法语单词只有900至1000个。
诺曼底王朝统治英国近100年,其势力范围不断扩张,不仅继续统治诺曼底,而且二分之一多的法国国土也曾一度为英王统治,国王在伦敦的宫廷则成了法国文明的中心。
在中古英语时期,英国的国王多是诺曼底的公爵,他们与法国有着千丝万缕的联系。
除亨利一世外,直到15世纪中期,没有一个国王与英国的女性结为配偶。
许多英国上层人士以与法国人联姻为荣。
可见,诺曼人在英国的统治地位和英国人对法国文化的痴迷促使法语在中古英语时期长期成为英国的官方语言。
1204年,约翰王在对法战争中大败,失去领地诺曼底,英国和诺曼底之间的直接联系削弱了,诺曼人开始把英国当成他们永久的家园,也逐渐与英国人融合在一起。
法语被视为官方语言的理论基础和心理基础也随之不存在了。
14世纪时英语已被大部分文学作品和上流社会所接受。
1258年国王的敕令第一次同时以英、法两种语言发布。
到1337年,当爱德华三世召开国会(Parliament一词也源自法语)研究讨伐法国的事情时,国王的发言人一直用英语发言,与会者均能听懂。
[3]但是在几百年的时间内,法庭上依然提倡使用法语。
许多法律词汇一直沿用至今。
如:lese majeste,plaintiff,defendant,privilege,distraint,tort,malfeasance等。
从这些词汇可以想见法语在英国的法律事务中曾经占据的主导地位。
中古时期英语吸收法语词汇的第二阶段大致在1250年至1500年期间。
如上所述,约翰王痛失诺曼底后, 法语作为官方语言的基础不复存在。
统治英国的法国贵族后裔被迫学习英语,转用英语进行交际。
他们一旦遇到语言表达的困难,或者出于需要,或者由于风尚,便借用法语词汇,这便使得许多法语词汇进入英语。
仅在1250年到1400年的150年内,就有约10 000个法语单词进入英语词汇,其中的75%一直沿用至今。
[3]以乔叟著作为例,他在自己的诗著里共用了约8000个单词,而其中约有4000个以上的词是罗曼语族语言( 法语属罗曼语族)。
以下引自乔叟的著名长诗《坎特伯雷故事集》的序言,其中斜体部分的词语均源自法语:[2]What that April with this shoures soteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rote,And bathed every veine in swich licourOf which vertu engendred is the flour,Whan Zephirus eek with his swete brethInspired hath in every holt and hethThe tendre croppes,and the yonge sonneHath in the Ram his halve cours yronne,And smale foules maken melodyeThat slepen al the nyght with open ye,(So piketh hem Nature in hir corages,)Than longen folk to goon on pilgrimsges———And palmers for to seken strange strondesTo ferne halwes couth in sondry londes:And specially from every shires endeOf Engelond to Canterbury they wende,The holy blisful Martyr for to sekeThat hem hath holpen whan that they were seke.以上18行诗句中,除专有名词和martyr(可能直接源于拉丁语)外,至少有18个词源于法语。
在一些涉及狩猎、烹调、比赛等专业性较强的篇章中,源自法语的词汇所占的比例则更大。
这一时期的法语借用词多数是简短词,涉及政治、法律、军事、宗教、文化和医学及日常生活等各个领域。
诺曼人征服英国后,成了英国的统治者,他们不仅以法国的政治体制、法律法规来统治英国人民,也将他们那套奢华繁冗、附庸风雅的生活方式带入了英国。
英文中许多与服饰、时尚、食品、文学艺术相关的词语均来自法语。
如:dress,cloak,collar,but2ton,boots,diamond,salad,sugar,orange,lemon,bis2cuit,cream,art,painting, learning,beauty,color,image,tone,tragedy,preface等。
最为有趣的是英语中最常见的几种食用肉都是用法语词汇来表示的,如:beef(牛肉),veal(小牛肉),mutton(羊肉),pork(猪肉)。
活着饲养的牛(ox)、羊(sheep)、猪(pig)使用英语词汇,但宰杀烹调后被送到法国主子的餐桌上便使用法语词汇了。
确实,从现今英国人生活的许多方面都可以管窥法国文化的影响。
英文中的许多菜名都是法语词汇,英国至今有不少饭店的整个菜单都是用法语写的。
再如,现在英国有一种名酒的品牌称为“beefeater”(食牛肉者),就是以当年威廉一世的王宫侍卫为象征。
酒瓶上身穿当时英国宫廷红色军装的侍卫,便是到英国吃牛肉的“代表人物”。
以此为品牌,目的是要说明此酒品质高贵和公司历史悠久。
诺曼人统治英国初期,英国当时懂法语的人少。
为了便于两国人了解和沟通,除了翻译以外,便是同时使用英语和法语的同义词语。
法语词汇的渗入极大地丰富了英语的同义词,并增强了语言的表现力,许多词一直沿用至今。
例如(按先英语后法语的次序排列):begin—commence;brave—valiant;buy—pur2chase;clothes—garment;dealer—merchant;get—obtain;go on—proceed;harm—injure;hide—conceal;make—manufacture;manmade—artificial;often—frequently;ask—inquire;fire—flame;share—portion;weak—frail;ship—vessel;stop—cease;true—veritable;rise—mount…当然,这些同义词也存在一定的差异,但主要是使用场合及语体色彩的不同。
这么多的同义词共存至今是诺曼底征服时期英国文明和法国文明并存、英语和法语并用的重要历史见证。
此外,源自英、法两种语言的许多词汇由于指的是同一事物或概念,经常被放在一起使用,如:law and order(法律和规定),lord and master(老爷),act and deed(行为),safeand sound(安然无恙),ways and means(方法),ac2knowledge and confess(承认)等。
law and order在英语里早已成为习惯搭配“,法律和秩序”应当作一件事物,谓语动词用第三人称单数。
在中古英语后期, 法语对英语的影响一直持续到“百年战争”(1346～1453)。