语言学 术语翻译及术语解释
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropologicallinguistics 人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction,EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high qualitytranslation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentenceperspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammaticalorganization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern,GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phoneticalphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson,OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviourpotential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象N narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PSrule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralistapproach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretativerules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern,SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study of language 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study ofsociety 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language translation口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness 意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics) 共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化syntagmatic relation 组合关系syntax 句法system network 系统网络system of signs 符号系统。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表-(1)(DOC)胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1.语言的普遍特征: 任意性 arbitrariness多产性 productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许 多不在场的东西 文化传播性 culturaltransmission2o 语言的功能:传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能:Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual3.语言学linguistics ：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学 Morphology句法学syntax双层结构duality语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4.现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5.语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceand performance1.Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a.we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb.we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c.we can u se language to refer to something not presentd.we can produce sentencesthat have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a.i nterpersonalb.phaticc.in formatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn'tit ?"is __a informativeb.phaticc.directived.performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb.hallidayc.chomskyd.the prague school5.Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction 鼻音nasals破裂音plosives咅B分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives 破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6 双元音diphthongs有元音过渡vowel glides1.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb・the perception of soundsc.the combination of soundsd.the production of sounds2.The distinction between vowel s and consonantslies in __a.the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc.the position of the tongued.the shape of the lips3.What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.n asal4.What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a.voicingb.n asalc.approximationd.aspiration6.The phonologicalfeatures of the consonantk are __a.voiced stopb.voiceless stopc.voiced fricatived.voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a.the manner of articulationb.the shape of the lipsc.the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a.aspirationb.n asalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
语言学术语整理
语言学常用术语整理1、传统语法：传统语法是指代表前语言学时期语言研究的特征、特别是18和19世纪欧洲学校语法特征的一系列的看法、程序和规定的语法。
后来被结构主义语言学取代，现代中学教学所用的语法都是传统语法。
传统语法的内容：①把语法分为形态学（词法）和造句法（句法）两大部分，以词法为主，详细讲解各类词在句子中的形态变化和语法作用。
句法往往比较简单，主要为词法服务。
②建立了形态学，研究语法形态和语法意义的对应关系。
③建立了句法成分，主语、谓语、为主要成分，宾语、补语是次要成分，定语、状语是附加成分。
传统语法的特点：①它是规范性的语法，由语法学家订立一些条文，规定人们应该怎么说，不应该怎么说，不顾语言事实。
②它重视书面语，比较少或干脆不考虑口语。
③以拉丁语为楷模，它研究语法照搬拉丁语法框架。
④语言分析中重视意义，忽视形式。
⑤忽视语言结构层次。
贡献：虽然传统语法有许多缺点，但它作为语言学史上的第一个语法学派奠定了语法学基础，对普及语法知识起到了巨大的作用；虽然现在语法学派林立，但名词、动词、形容词、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、主语、宾语等语法范畴在各学派的体系中仍然使用，所以说传统语法对语法学具有开创作用。
2、结构主义语法：结构主义语法是在对传统语法评判的基础上建立起来的，创始人是瑞士语言学家索绪尔，经典著作是《普通语言学教程》，提出了一整套语言学理论。
后来发展成三个分支学派：布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派和美国描写语言学派。
其中以美国描写语言学派的影响最大，代表人物是布龙菲尔德，集大成者是哈里斯。
结构主义语法的基本主张：①语法只能是描写语言，即说明人们怎样说一种语言，而不能像传统语法那样规定人们该怎么说。
②语法必须从形式出发描写语言，而不是像传统语法那样从意义出发来探讨语言。
提出根据分布划分词类。
③强调语言的内部层次，提出用“直接成分分析法”对句法结构进行分析。
④语言单位切分的方法：替代法、分布、转换法、对比分析法。
语言学考研术语名词解释带解释
语⾔学考研术语名词解释带解释语⾔学考研术语-名词解释1.赵元任赵元任，字宣仲，⼜字宜重，江苏武进（今常州）⼈，⽣于天津。
赵元任是“中国语⾔学之⽗”。
他将科学运⽤于语⾔学研究的结果：⽤⾃然科学中的基本概念说明语⾔问题；⽤⾃然科学的先进成果记录和分析语⾳；把⾃然科学中的研究⽅法引⼊语⾔学；引⼊科学的描述事物的⽅式以及解决问题的程序等等。
赵元任成功了，中国的传统语⾔学在他和同时代的⼀批优秀学者的共同努⼒下，终于逐步⽽⼜缓慢地⾛向了现代化。
2.哥本哈根学派哥本哈根学派是受到索绪尔语⾔学思想影响⽽出现的世界三个结构主义语⾔学的主要流派之⼀。
它以1931年哥本哈根语⾔学会的成⽴为标志，主要创始⼈和理论家是丹麦哥本哈根⼤学的语⾔学教授L.叶尔姆斯列夫。
哥本哈根学派的理论叫做“语符学”。
叶尔姆斯列夫认为，语⾔的内在结构是各级要素共同构成的关系⽹络。
为了确定语⾔的基本要素，他把语⾔成分分为“内容”和“表达”两个平⾯。
这两个平⾯⼜各分为“形式”和“实质”两层，“形式”是结构关系，“实质”是体现形式的语⾔的实体（⼀⽅⾯是声⾳，另⼀⽅⾯是意义）。
另⼀⽅⾯，叶尔姆斯列夫在语⾔中区分“序列”和“系统”。
“序列”是词、短语、句⼦等形式结构。
符号的序列包括内容平⾯和表达平⾯，两者都由系统中的要素构成。
3.描写语⾔学描写语⾔学是结构语⾔学的⼀个分⽀，是20世纪美国的⼀些学者在对美洲印第安语调查和研究的基础上逐步形成和发展起来的，它以⾯向语⾔材料、注重语⾔结构的形式描写⽽著称。
它的主要特点如下：注重⼝语的描写和共时的研究；注重形式的分析，回避意义问题；在结构分析中主要运⽤分布和替换的⽅法，以便从⼀堆语⾔素材中切分出独⽴的单位并加以分类；对句法结构进⾏层次分析；建⽴语素⾳位这个新的单位，这是在语法和语⾳结合的基础上建⽴的⼀个新的单位；强调验证。
4.语⾔学语⾔学是以语⾔为专门研究对象的⼀门独⽴学科。
其主要任务是研究语⾔的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语⾔及其应⽤的现象，来揭⽰语⾔存在和发展的规律。
(完整word版)语言学术语翻译及术语解释
术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1. Design features of Ianguage （语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness （任意性），Duality （二层性 /二重性），Creativity （创造性 /原创性）， Displacement （移位性）,Cultural transmission （文化传播），Interchangeability （可 互换性）2. Functions of language referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 conative 劝慰功能 phatic 寒暄功能ideational function 概念功能 textualfunction 语篇 /文本功能 Performative Function （施为功能）， Phatic communion （寒暄交谈）， 3. Phonetics 语音学）， Morphology （形态学） ，Semantics （语义学）， Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 Neurolinguistics神经语言学emotive 情感功能 metalingualfunction 元语言功能 in terpers onal function 人际功能 Informative （信息 /告知功能）， Emotive Function （情感功能） ， Recreational Function （娱乐功能）， Pho no logy （音系/音位学）； Syntax （句法学）；Pragmatics （语用学）Acoustic pho netics 声学语音学 Psycholi nguistics 心理语言学 Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachr onic 共时和历时 Lan gue vs. parole 语言和言语Compete nee vs. performa nce§言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道 （res on at ing cavities 共鸣腔），phary nx 咽腔,oral cavity 口腔 and n asal cavity 鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs 肺,windpipe （trachea ）气管，vocal folds 声带, larynx 喉,epiglottis 会厌，次声门,pharynx 咽,uvula 小舌,hard palate 硬腭, soft palate 软腭,alveolar ridge 齿龈 6. Consonants and vowels （辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation 发音方式B. Places of articulation 发音位置7. Stop （or plosive ）爆破音 Fricative 摩擦音 Approximant 近似音Lateral （approximant ）边音 Affricates 塞擦音,trill 颤音 and tap 闪音 Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Postal veolar 后齿龈音 Retroflex 卷舌音 Velar 软腭音 Uvular 小舌音, pharyngeal 咽音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs 双元音 Laxvowels 短元音 Tensed vowels 长元音8. Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation 先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation 后滞协同发音. broad tran scriptio n 宽式标音 narrow tran scripti on 严式标音9. minimal pairs 最小对立体 Phoneme 音位phon emic tran scripti ons 音位转写phon etic tran scripti ons 语音转写 phones 音子 alloph ones 音位变体 compleme ntary distributi on 互补分布Alveolar 齿龈音Palatal 硬腭音glottal 声门音triphthongs 三元音phonetic similarity 发音近似性 Free variation 自 由变体assimilation 同化 regressive assimilation 逆同化progressive assimilatio n 顺同化 phono logical rule 音系规则 Epen thesis 增音binary 二分的Distinctive features 区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 向心结构和离心结构subord in ate and coord in ate 从 属和并歹 U The refere ntial theory 指 称理论 Sema ntic tria ngle 语义三角Sense and referenee 涵义和指称Synonymy 同义关系 Antonymy 反义关系 Hyponymy 上下义关系Polysemy 一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms 风格同义词 Collocati onal synonyms 搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term 覆盖项Marked vs. unm arked terms 标记项和非标记项compleme ntary antonymy 互补反义关系 con verse antonymy 逆向反义关系homoph on es:同音异义词 homographs :同形异义词 complete homonyms sema ntic comp onents 语义部分术语解释1. Design feature 的定义：the defining （最典型的，起决定作用的） properties ofhuma n Ian guage that disti nguish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on.2. Synchronic 共时：It refers to the description of a Ianguage at some point of time in history.3. Diachronic 历时：It studies the development or history of Ianguage. In other words, it refers tothe description of a Ianguage as it changes through time .4. prescriptive 规定式：A kind of linguistic s tudy aims to lay down rules for“ correctand standard ” behavior in using Ianguage 5. descriptive 描写式:A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the Ian guagepeople actually use6. Arbitrariness （任意性）：By saying that “Ianguages arbitrary we,mean that there is no logicalconnection betwee n meaning and sound.7. Duality （二层性 /二重性）：it means that Ianguage is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displaceme nt （移位性）：it mean s that Ian guage can be used to com muni cate about thingsCon ceptual meaning^既念意义 Associative mea ning:联想意义 Conno tative mea ning 内涵意义 Affective meaning 情感意义 Collocative meaning 搭配意义 deno tati on:夕卜延意义Social meaning 社会意义 Reflected meaning 反射意义 Thematic meaning 主位意义 conno tati on:内涵that are not prese nt in our immediate com muni catio nal con text.9. compete nee 语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker ' s kno wledge of the un derly ingsystem of rules in a Ian guage.10. Performance 语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a realcommunicational context.11. Langue 语言: it refers to the speaker 'usnderstanding and knowledge of the language that hespeaks.12. Parole 言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.13. Cultural transmission （文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic systemmust be learned ane（w 重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion （寒暄交谈）：it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that have littlemeaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Pho netics（语音学）:it is the study of the characteristics of speech soundsand providesmethods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels 元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close togetherand the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants 辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of theair-stream at some point of the vocal trac.t18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concerned with thelinguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位:the smallest unit of sound in a Ianguage which can distinguish two words.20. Allophone 音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of aneighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulationsare involved.23. complementary distribution 互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the same environment,they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation 自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast,that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merelya different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features 区别特征：A phonetic feature which distinguishes one phonological unit,especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs 最小对立体 --- which can be defined as pairs of words whichdiffer from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides 滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to another are calledvowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individual unit and othersthat can replace it in a given sequence.30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none of them isfunctionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions or properties that thewords stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships betwee n words and expressi ons and the world they describe 具体的物质性的东西）33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element interms of semantic components 语义部分.35. Sense:it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic elementsthemselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences inparticular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e.,different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy ：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39. Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper term in thissenserelation is called superordinate 上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms 下义词, members of the same class are callecdo-hyponyms.。
语言学术语
语言学术语介绍本文档旨在介绍一些常见的语言学术语，以帮助读者更好地理解语言学领域的相关概念和术语。
术语解释以下是一些常见的语言学术语及其解释：1. 语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涵盖了语言的结构、历史、使用和变化等方面。
语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涵盖了语言的结构、历史、使用和变化等方面。
2. 语音学：语音学是研究语音的学科，它关注语音的产生、传播和感知。
语音学：语音学是研究语音的学科，它关注语音的产生、传播和感知。
3. 语法：语法是研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
它涉及词类、短语和句子的形成和组织。
语法：语法是研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
它涉及词类、短语和句子的形成和组织。
4. 词汇学：词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它关注词汇的构成、意义和使用。
词汇学：词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它关注词汇的构成、意义和使用。
5. 句法学：句法学是研究句子结构和句法关系的学科。
它探讨句子中词汇和短语的排列和组合方式。
句法学：句法学是研究句子结构和句法关系的学科。
它探讨句子中词汇和短语的排列和组合方式。
6. 语义学：语义学是研究语义（意义）的学科，它涉及词汇和句子意义的形成和解释。
语义学：语义学是研究语义（意义）的学科，它涉及词汇和句子意义的形成和解释。
7. 语用学：语用学是研究语言使用情境和交际的学科。
它关注语言在特定情境中的意义和目的。
语用学：语用学是研究语言使用情境和交际的学科。
它关注语言在特定情境中的意义和目的。
8. 语音：语音是指语言中的声音单元。
它包括语音音素、音节和音调等。
语音：语音是指语言中的声音单元。
它包括语音音素、音节和音调等。
9. 音标：音标是用来表示语音的符号系统。
它可以用来记录和描述各种语音发音。
音标：音标是用来表示语音的符号系统。
它可以用来记录和描述各种语音发音。
10. 文字：文字是指用来书写语言的符号系统。
不同语言使用不同的文字系统。
文字：文字是指用来书写语言的符号系统。
不同语言使用不同的文字系统。
语言学必考名词解释
of a speech community2.arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kindface that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationshiptotheir meaning.property of havingtwolevels of are composedof elements of the secondary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.language user’s underlying knowledge about the system ofrules.history.ought to be, . laying down rules for language use.in a particular language.adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.properties of the entity a word denotes.properties of the entity a word denotes.in context.situational context.hypothesis, . language determines thought.1the type of language constructed by second or foreignlanguage learners who are still in the process of learning a language,language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the twolanguages are different in structures, negative transfer ofinference occurs and results in errors.something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.20.word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.and consequence of unsuccessful languageor expressing something aloud the simple utterance of a few platitudes uninterrupted chain of spoken or written languagewhich occurs when an L 1 patter is different from the counterpart pattern of thetarget language.sentence, composedof a subject andpredicate, is a basic unit for meaninganalysisis called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence“hang together”; to theresources within language that help relate ideas and information and make linksbetween different parts of a textunits.to be more specific,the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试范围1. Does the traffic light have duality Explain the reasons.2. IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3. What are Leech’s seven types of meaningConceptual meaning. Connotative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning. Reflected meaning. Collocative meaning.Thematic meaning4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar5. Explain surface structure and deep structure.6. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning7. What are the four maxims of the CP8. Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one example to illustrate.9. Explain the two terms s“ense” and “reference” and what is their relationship10. What are the differences between errors and mistakesWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaningWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning(1) The naming theory 命名论----One of the oldest notions converningmeanings, andalsoa very primitive one,was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in alanguage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words arejustnames or label for things. 命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。
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术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1. Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性）， Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate 硬腭,soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1.Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2.Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3.Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4.prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay down rulesfor “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5.descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we meanthat there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, whichconsists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8.Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.petence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of theunderlying system of rules in a language.10.Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.ngue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12.Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13.Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the detailsof the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再） by each speaker.Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14.Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchangesthat have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15.Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16.Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators comevery close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17.Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract. 18.Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and itis concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19.Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20.Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21.Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.plementary distribution互补分布: when two sounds never occur inthe same environment, they are in complementary distribution. 24.Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25.Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature which distinguishesone phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26.minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of wordswhich differ from each other by only one sound.27.vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound toanother are called vowel glides.28.Epenthesis增音： it means a process of inserting a sound after anothersound.29.Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically betweenan individual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.30.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31.Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words wherenone of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group32.Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33.Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.ponential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning ofa lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35.Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37.Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38.Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.39.Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upperterm in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。