药理学英文3Dispensing of Pharmacologic Agents
药理学What is pharmacology
药理学What is pharmacology?①药动Pharmacokinetics：what the body does to drug. Refer to the way the body handles drugabsorption, distribution ,metabolism, excretion and toxicity. Onse it is determined, rational, dosage , regimens can be instituted.②药效Pharmacodynamics：what the drug does to body.(1drug receptor.2effect of drug-efficacy 3responses to drug 4toxixity and adverse effests of drug)③治疗Pharmacotherapeutics：the study of the use of drug.④生药Pharmacognosy(sources of drugs：plants,animal,mineral,microbes,synthetics)；⑤Toxicology毒理半衰期t1/2( half-life): the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50%.ED50(half effective dose): the dose of a drug that is effective for 50% of the population exposedto the drug. LD50(half lethal dose): the dose at which death occurs in 50% of subjects.治疗窗Therapeutic index=TD50/ED50: The ratio of the dose producing a specified toxic effect in50% of the test population to the dose producing a specified desired effect in 50% of the population tested.TI越大越安全有效前药Prodrug：Metabolism often results in inactivation of the drug. Some drug which were activated by metabolism.首过效应First pass effect：Drugs that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into thebloodstream go first to the liver via the portal vein. Once there，they may be metabolized so rapidly that most of the drug is inactivated before it can reach its site of action. This loss is called~生物利用度Bioavailability is the relative rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the general circulation( this ih especially important when a drug is administered orally).影响BA：solubility of drug in the stomach，diretary patterns，tablet size，quality control in manufacturing and formulation.受体Drug receptor：A protein macromolecule produced by the body that was designed by natureto interact with an endogenous molecule，but which will also interact with a drug molecule，if it has the correct chemical structure.激动剂Agonist：Has intrinsic activity α=1；拮抗剂Antagonist：Lack intrinsic activity α=0效能Drug efficacy：The ability of a drug to elicit a maximal response—Also called intrinsic activity of a drug. 效应强度Drug potency：A comparative measure，refer to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect.神经递质Neurotransmitters are chemical mediators that transmit nerve impulses across junctionssuch as synapses；Sympathetic postganglionic neuron release norepinephrine；Parasympatheticpostganglionic neuron release acetycholine惊厥Seizures：bridf episode of abnormal electrical activity in the nerve cells of the brain. 痉挛Convulsion：involuntary spasmodic contractions of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body. 癫痫Epilepsy：chronic recurrent pattern of seizures主动转运Active transport：movement across the membrane is mediated by a macromolecule. ①It is a saturable process②It is selective for chemical structure③It requires metabolic energy④It transport molecules against a concentration gradient.pH吸收部位A low pH inhibits ionization of a weak acid and enhances its absorption across a membrane . Weak acids are best absorbed in the stomach. Alkalinic drugs are best absorbed in the small intestine诱导P450加大剂量：Induction of the P450 can lesd to PK tolerance and increased capacity to metabolize a drug. 抑制减少：Inhibition of the P450 results in elevated plama levels and prolonged t1/2.影响药理作用因素：1Preparation and administration 2Drug interaction 3Inherited influence 4Environmental and host influence 5Changes or reacting after long administration神经系统分类Subdivision of nervous system：㈠Central NS㈡Peripheral NS 1Afferent Division 2Efferent Division⑴Somatic ⑵Autonomic①Parasympathetic②sympathetic交感+Sympathetic Effects①Stimulates heartbeat②Raise blood pressure③Dilates the pupils④Dilates the smooth muscle of the trachea and bronchi⑤Stimulates the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose⑥Shunts blood away from the skin and viscera to the skeleted muscles,brain and heart⑦Inhibits peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract⑧Inhibits contraction of the bladder and rectrum 副交感+Parasympathetic Effects: ①Showing down of the heartbeat②Lowering of BP③Constriction of the pupils④Increaser blood flow to the skin and viscera⑤Increased peristalsis of GI tract.拟副交感药适应症①Glaucoma②Bladder/ Gastrointestinal tract atony③Myasthenia gravis④Anticholinergic poisoning and common insecticides⑤Alzheimer’s disease⑥Cholinergic overdose-Atropine 胆碱受体阻断药Cholinocepter-Blocking㈠Cardiovascular：①Affect the heart’s conduction system；②Low doses：decrease the heart rate；③High doses：block inhibitory vagal effect on the auriculoventricular node pacemaker cells；Results：increase heart rate.㈡CNS：①small doses：decrease muscle rigidity and tremors；Parkinson’s Disease；②Drug-induced extrapyramidal reaction；③Large doses：drowsiness, disorientation, hallueinations㈢Eye：①dilated pupil(mydriasis)；②Decrease auommodation due to paralysis of ciliarymuscle(cycloplegia 调节麻痹) ㈣Gastrointestinal：①PSNS controls gastric secretions and smooth muscles that produce gastric motility；②Decreased intestinal and gastric secretions；③Relaxation of smooth muscle tone of gastrointestinal tract；④Decreaced gastrointestinal motility and peristalsis.㈤Genitourinary：①Relaxed detrusor muscles of the bladder；②Increased constriction of the internal sphincter；③Reflex neurogenic bladder；Result：Incontinence ㈥Respiratory：①Relaxed smooth muscles in bronchi and bronchioles；②Bronchodilation；③Decreased airway resistanceAdr激活药适应症㈠Respiratory(Beta2)：asthma，bronchitis；Examples：albuterol，ephedrine，epinephrine，isoproterenol，metaproterenol，terbutaline㈡Topical Nasal Decongestants(alpha1)：constriction of dilated arterioles—decrese congestion；Examples：epinephrine，ephedrine，phenylephrine㈢Ophthalmic：Conjunctival congestion；Open angle glauc ima；Examples：epinephrine㈣V asoactive—pressors—inotropes—cardio selective sympathomimetics(Beta1)：support cardiovascular system during heart failure.阻α适应症①Essential hypertension：blockade on arterioles and veins；Examples：prozosin②Reversal of toxixity of alpha agonist：dopamine extravasation at Ⅳsite③Benign prostatic hyperplasia：decrease smooth muscle contraction in bladder neck & prostatic capsule；Example：tamsulosin 阻β适应症①Angina pectoris(↓O2 requirements)②Hypertensions：“drugs of choices”—↓cardiac work，↓renin，↓total pulmonary resistance③Cardiac dysrhythmias：↓sinus / auriculoventricular node activity④Heart failure：standard therapy—diastolic dysfunction⑤Migrarine：prophylaxisPhenytoin苯妥英适应症：grand mal epilepsy；tonic—clonic and psychomotor seizures. Ethosuximide乙琥胺：optimal choice of petit mal epilepsy.Dizapam安定：given intravenously，is used for status epilepticus in adults.帕金森：resting tremor，rigidity，slowness of movement，Shuffled gait，difficulty with balance.pa 帕金森病因：①Parkinson disease is caused by the death of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra，which produce the neurotransmitter dopamine②Without dopamine，the brain is unable to transmit message between nerve cells，resulting in a decrease in the function③When 80% of dopamine producing cells are damaged，the symptoms of Parkinson disease start to appear.帕金森治疗：①Dopaminergic agents：Promote activation of dopamine receptors；Levodopa②Anticholinergic agents：Prevent activation of cholinergic receptor；Benztropine Benzodiazepine mechanism苯二氮卓类作用机制①GABAa receptor composition varies in different regions②BNZs bind to receptors with alpha & gamma subunits③BNZ binding “enhances” the effect of GABA on the Cl-current④BNZs—increase the frequency of Cl—channel openings in presence of GABA⑤BNZs exert no effect in the absense of GABA巴比妥类作用机制：Bind to GABAa receptors at different site. Don’t compete for BNZ binding & are not blocked by flumazenil. Increase the duration of Cl—channel openings①Increase GABA effect( increased duration of openings)②Directly activate GABAa channels at high concentrations ③Block effects of glutamate NT*④Block Na+ channels丁螺环酮Buspirone①Anxiolytic but not sedating②5—HT(1a) partial agonist③No drug dependense④Slow on set of action 适应症①Chronic anxiety disorders②anxiety disorders in patients with history of drug dependence or abuseZolpidem & Zaleplon①Benzodiazepine like drugs：Bind to a subset of GABAa receptors w/α1subunits；Effects are blocked by flumazenil (BNZ antagonist)②Produce pure sedation (without anxiolytic，anticonvulsant or muscle relaxing effects)③Minimal effect on REM sleep④适应症：Insomnia；Advantages：less daytime important vs BNZs抗精神病Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia Antipsychotic Mechanism：Primarily Dopamine Antagonists；Chlorpromazine has a 50:1 D2/D3 affinity. Clozapine( atypical) has a 4:1 D2/D3 receptor affinity ratio. Clozapine binds D4 about 10-fold better than D2. Clozapine has high affinity for 5-HT2, α1 and histamine H1 receptors. 吩噻嗪药理作用PhemothiazinesCNS effect①The antipsychotic effects are believed to be due to antagonism of dopaminergic neurotransmission by blocking D2 receptors in the limbic，nigrostriatal and hypothalamic system.②Extrapyramidal symptoms occur most often with chronic administration. They can be treated by lowering the dose or by using an anticholinergic antiparkinsoniam drug such as benztropine mesylate③Phenothiazines having the grestest antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties will exhibit the fewest extrapyramidal effect.④Most phenothiazines are antiemetic.They antagonize apomorphine，which stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone. In high doses，phenothizaine may directly depress the medullary vomiting center. ⑤Phenothiazines are capable of altering temperature—regulating mechanisms. Normally，they produce hypothermia, however，in a hot climate they can cause hypothermia because of failure to lose body heat ⑥Since phenothiazines depress the hypothalamus，endocrine，alterationg may occur，weight gain or increased appetite are seen with phenothiazine use.Peripheral effects①An α-adrenergic blocking activity results in orthostatic hypotension，especially with the chlorpromazine②Anticholinergic effects can results in blurred vision，constipation，dry mouth，decreased sweating and urinary retention③Chlorpromazine is a potent local anesthetic.给药途径Enteral( by the way of the GI tract): oral，rectal，sublingual. Parenteral( not within the alimentary canal): intramuscular subcutaneously intraperitoneally topical.新药评价Basic & Clinical Evaluation of new drugs：1Drug discovery & Drug screening→Chemistry→In vitro studies→Function in cells tissues and at receptors. 2Preclinical safety & Toxicity testing①In vivo-animal studies→Pharmacology and Behavioral Pharmacology→Potency and Efficacy—ED50②Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis→Toxicity-Acute and Chronic—Ld50③Teratogenicity(birth defects) Carcrnogenicity(cancerance) 临床试验(2~10年)3Evaluating Drugs in Humans：Phases of Clinical Trials: PhaseⅠ-Healthy adult volunteers：Evaluation of safety，pharmacokinetics，side effect. Phase Ⅱ-Patients(100)：Evaluation of efficacy，safety，pharmacokinetics and side effects. Single-blind placebo controlled. Ⅲ-Specific patient subpopulations：Determine efficacy for specific indications. Large sample of specific patients (1000)；Randomized double-blind placebo controlled. Ⅳ-Post FDA Approved.阿片受体There are 4 main opioid receptors，the mu receptor，the delta receptor，the kappa receptor and the ORL-1 receptor. The sigma receptors wewe once thought to be opioid receptors，however，pharmacological testing indicated that the sigma receptors were activated by drugs completely unrelated to the opioid. The receptors are found on cell membranes of cells in the nervous system and are found in unique distributions and have different effectsThe mu-receptor：When an opioid binds to the mu-receptor it produces the effects of analgesia. The mu-receptor is also associatal with other effects such as sedation reduced BP，itching，nausea，euphoria，decreased respiration，miosis and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. There are two subtypes of the mu-receptor. The mu1-receptor seem to be associated with its analgesic activities and the mu2-receptor seem to be associated with the effects of respiratory depression and constipation. Respiratory depression is considered the deadly dise effect of opioid analgesic drugs. It is the cause of death in all overdose casesThe kappa-receptor：the kappa-receptor is associated directly with analgesia and sedation but with none of the undesired side effects associated with the mu-receptor. Because of this，it is an area of focus in current research and shows promise in the development of a safer analgesia. Another difference between the kappa and mu receptor is that the kappa receptors only affect nerves that relay “pain produced by non—thermal stimuli” and mu receptors inhibit all pain signals.The delta receptor：~ is found in larger cells than the other receptors and seems to be important in spinal analgesia.The ORL-1 receptors：~is associated with many different biological effect such as memory process，cardiovascular function and renal function.Future of Opioid Analgesics：①The future of Opioid Analgesics seems to be linked to the study of the kappa receptor. The kappa receptor induces analgesia without the dangerous and unwanted side effects that the mu and delta receptors are associated with ②However there are not any selectively strong agonists to this receptors as of now③Another area of research important to the future of opioid analgesics is the study of the endogenous opioid peptides.④Because these peptides are endogenous，on metabolic degradation they break down to amino acids. Heme，the metabolites are nontoxic and to not cause kidney and liver damage.⑤Also，because they are made from amino acid residues，a large number of analogs can be synthesized from a few basic building blocks and simple modifications may be attempted to develop analogs with a desired biological effect.⑥The future study of the endogenous opioid peptides seems to be integral to development of new safer drugs.。
药理学名词解释EnglishandChinese
药理学名词解释EnglishandChinese药理学名词解释1- 折返pull back ：是经传导环路折回到原处的冲动。
单次折返可引起期前收缩，连续折返可引起阵发性室上性或室心性心动过速; 多个折返同时发生，可引起心房或心室的扑动和颤动。
2- 后遗效应after effect ：停药后血药浓度虽已降至最低有效浓度以下，但仍残存的生物效应3- 激动药excitomotor ：既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物，能与受体结合激动受体产生效应。
4- 首过消除( first pass elimination )第一关卡：从胃肠道吸收入门静脉系统的药物在到达全身血循环前必先通过肝脏，如果肝脏对其代谢能力很强，或由胆汁排泄的量大，则使进入全身血循环的有效药物量明显减少首关消除：口服药物在胃肠粘膜吸收后，首先经静脉进入肝脏，当经过肠粘膜及肝脏时部分药物发生转化、使进入体循环的有效成分减少。
5- 首关效应First pass effect ：指口服给药后，部分药物在胃肠道，肠粘膜和肝脏被代谢灭活，使进入体循环的药量减少的现象。
6-生物利用度bioavailability ：指药物吸收进入体循环的速度和程度。
.7-药物drug：能影响机体功能及细胞代谢过程, 用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病及计划生育的化学物质。
8- 药理学pharmacology ：是研究药物与机体或病原体相互作用的规律和原理的一门学科。
9- 药效学pharmacokinetics ：研究药物对机体作用，包括药物作用，作用机制，临床应用，不良反应。
9- 药动学pharmacokinetics ：药物代谢动力学，主要研究机体对药物的处置的动态变化10- 新药new drug ：指未曾在中国境内上市销售的药品。
11- 药物不良反应adverse drug reaction ：凡是不符合用药目的并给病人带来痛苦与危害的反应。
12- 药源性疾病drug induced disease ：指在药物使用过程中，如预防、诊断或治疗中，通过各种途径进入人体后诱发的生理生化过程紊乱、结构变化等异常反应或疾病，是药物不良反应的后果。
药理书上的英文
药理书上常用药英文总结（配音标）一、胆碱受体激动药（Cholinoceptor agonists）1.胆碱酯类（choline esters ['kəʊliːn; -lɪn]['estəs]）乙酰胆碱（acetylcholine,ACh [,æsɪtaɪl'kəʊliːn;]）醋甲胆碱（methacholine）卡巴胆碱（carbachol ['ka:bəkɔl]）贝胆碱（bethanechol [bə'θeinəkɔl, bə'θæ-]）2.生物碱类(alkaloids)毛果芸香碱(pilocarpine[,paɪlə(ʊ)'kɑːpiːn] )毒蕈碱(muscarine['mʌskəriːn; -ɪn] )二、抗胆碱酯酶药（Anticholinesterase Drugs['æntɪ,kəʊlɪ'nestəreɪs]）新斯的明（neostigmine[,ni:əu'stiɡmi:n, -min]）毒扁豆碱（physostigmine[,faɪsəʊ'stɪgmiːn] ）三、胆碱受体阻断药1.M胆碱受体阻断药阿托品（atropine['ætrəpiːn; -ɪn])东莨菪碱（scopolamine）山莨菪碱（anisodamine）2.Nm胆碱受体阻断药琥珀胆碱又称司可林（succinylcholine [,sʌksinil'kəuli:n, -'kɔ-] ）筒箭毒碱（d-tubocurarine）四、肾上腺素受体激动药（adrenocepter agonists）1.α受体激动药去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline,NA[,nɔːrə'dren(ə)lɪn]) 间羟胺（metaraminol[,metə'ræminɔl] ）去氧肾上腺素(phenylephrine[,fenəl'efri:n, ,fi:-])甲氧明(methoxamine)2.α、β受体激动药肾上腺素(adrenaline[ə'drenəlɪn])多巴胺(dopamine['dəʊpəmiːn])麻黄碱(ephedrine['efədriːn])3.β受体激动药异丙肾上腺素(isoprenaline[,aisəu'prenəlin])多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine[dəu'bju:təmi:n])四、肾上腺素受体阻断药1.α受体阻断药酚苄明（phenoxybenzamine[fi,nɔksi'benzə,mi:n] ）酚妥拉明（phentolamine [fen'tɒləmiːn]）哌唑嗪(prazosin)特拉唑嗪(terazosin)多沙唑嗪(soxazosin)2.β肾上腺素受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol[prəʊ'prænəlɒl] )五、镇静催眠药（Sedative--hypnotics ['sedətɪv]）1.苯二氮卓类地西泮（安定，diazepam [dai'æzipæm]）氯氮卓(利眠宁，chlordiazepoxide [,klɔːdaɪæzɪ'pɒksaɪd] )艾司唑仑(舒乐安定，estazolam)2.巴比妥类(barbiturates[ba:'bitjuəreits])3.其他镇静催眠药水合氯醛(chloral hydrate ['klɔːræl] ['haɪdreɪt] )甲丙氨酯（meprobamate,眠尔通[mə'prəʊbəmeɪt] ）丁螺环酮(buspirone)六、抗癫痫药及抗惊厥药（Antiepileptic and Anticonvulsants）1.抗癫痫药（antiepileptic drugs['ænti,epi'leptik] ）苯妥英钠(phenytoin sodium[fə'nitəuin, ,feni'təuin]；又名大仑丁，dilantin [dai'læntin])苯巴比妥（鲁米那phenobarbital[,fiːnə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l; ,fenə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l] ）扑米酮（primidone ['praimidəun] ）乙琥胺（ethosuximide[,eθəʊ'sʌksɪmaɪd] ）丙戊酸钠（Sodium Valproate[væl'prəueit] ）卡马西平(carbamazepine [,kɑ:bə'mæzəpi:n])2.抗惊厥药苯二氮卓类：(diazepam)巴比妥类：(phenobarbital)水合氯醛(chloral hydrate)硫酸镁(Magnesium sulfate[mæɡ'ni:ziəm, -ʃi-]['sʌlfeit])七、抗帕金森病药1.拟多巴胺药左旋多巴（L-dopa)卡比多巴（Carbidopa）司来吉兰（Selegiline）2.中枢抗胆碱药苯海索（benzhexol)，又称安坦(Artane）3.其他金刚烷胺（amantadine[ə'mæntədi:n] ）溴隐亭（bromocriptine[,brəumə'kripti:n]）培高利特（pergolide）八、抗精神病药（Antipsychotic Drugs [,æntɪsaɪ'kɒtɪk] ）1.吩噻嗪类（phenothiazines）氯丙嗪（chlorpromazine[klɔː'prəʊməzɪn; -ziːn]）,又名冬眠灵（wintermine）2.硫杂蒽类(thioxanthences)泰尔登（tardan)3.丁酰苯类(butyrophenones)氟哌啶醇（haloperidol）4.其他抗精神病药氯氮平（clozapine）利培酮(risperidone)九、抗抑郁和躁狂药1.抗抑郁症药米帕明（imipramine，[ɪ'mɪprəmiːn] ,丙米嗪）2.抗燥狂症药碳酸锂（lithium carbonate ['lɪθɪəm] ['kɑːbəneɪt] ）十、镇痛药（Analgesics[,ænəl'dʒi:ziks] ）1.阿片生物碱类:吗啡（morphine['mɔːfiːn] ）可待因（codeine['kəʊdiːn] ）2.人工合成阿片类:哌替啶（pethidine ['peθidi:n, -din]；度冷丁，dolantin[də'læntin] ）芬太尼（fentanyl['fentənaɪl; -nɪl]）美沙酮（methadone ['meθədəʊn] ）曲马朵（tramadol）十一、解热镇痛药（Antipyretic and Analgesic Drugs[,æntɪpaɪ'retɪk; -pɪ-] [,æn(ə)l'dʒiːzɪk; -sɪk] ）1.水杨酸类阿司匹林（aspirin['æsp(ə)rɪn] ）2.苯胺类对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen[ə,siːtə'mɪnəfen; ə,setə-]；扑热息痛，paracetamol[,pærə'siːtəmɒl; -'set-] ）3.第四节吲哚衍生物吲哚美辛（indomethacin，消炎痛[,indəu'meθəsin]）4.丙酸类布洛芬（brufen，异丁苯丙酸）5.选择性环氧酶-2抑制剂尼美舒利（nimesulide)吡罗昔康(piroxicam，炎痛喜康)6.其他类解热镇痛药保泰松(phenylbutazone[,fiːnaɪl'bjuːtəzəʊn; ,fenɪl-])十二、抗高血压药（Antihypertensive Drugs['æntɪ,haɪpə'tensɪv]）(一)、肾素-血管紧张素抑制药1、血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药卡托普利(captopril)2、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药氯沙坦(losartan)(二)、钙拮抗药硝苯地平（nifedipine）尼群地平（nitrendipine)氨氯地平(amlodipine)维拉帕米(verapamil [,virə'pæmil])地尔硫卓(diltiazem)(三)、利尿药氢氯噻嗪(四)、交感神经抑制药1、中枢性抗高血压药可乐定(clonidine['kləunidi:n])2、神经节阻断药美加明(mecamylamine [,mekə'mɪləmiːn])3、去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药利血平(reserpine[rɪ'sɜːpiːn])4、肾上腺素受体阻断药哌唑嗪(prazosin['preizəusin])普奈洛尔(propranolol[prəʊ'prænəlɒl])拉贝洛尔(labetalol[lə'bɛtə,lɔl])(五)、扩血管药1、直接扩血管药肼屈嗪(hydralazine [hai'dræləzi:n, -zin] )硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside[,naitrə'prusaid]) 2、K+通道开放药吡那地尔(pinacidil)十三、抗心律失常药（Antiarrythmic Drugs）1.Ⅰ类——钠通道阻滞药ⅠA类奎尼丁（quinidine['kwɪnɪdiːn]）普鲁卡因胺（Procainamide [prəu'keinəmaid]）ⅠB类利多卡因（lidocaine['lɪdə(ʊ)keɪn]）苯妥英钠(phenytoin sodium[fə'nitəuin, ,feni'təuin])美西律（mexiletine）ⅠC类氟卡尼(flecainide)普罗帕酮(propafenone)2.Ⅱ类药----β受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol)3.Ⅲ类药----延长动作电位时程药胺碘酮(amiodarone[,æmiəu'dærəu])索他洛尔（sotalol ['səutəlɔl]）4.Ⅳ类药----延长动作电位时程药维拉帕米(verapamil[,virə'pæmil])5.其他类药---腺苷(adenosine[ə'denə(ʊ)siːn])十四、治疗充血性心力衰竭的药物（Drug Used in Congestive Heart Failure）（一）ACE抑制药和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药1.血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药：卡托普利(catopril)2.血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药：氯沙坦(losartan)（二）利尿药噻嗪类（氢氯噻嗪，hydrochlorothiazide ['haɪdrəʊ,klɔːrə'θaɪəzaɪd]）袢利尿药（呋塞米，furosemide [fjuː'rəʊsəmaɪd]）（三）β受体阻断药卡维地洛（carvedilol）美托洛尔(metoprolol)(四)醛固酮拮抗药螺内酯（spironolactone）(五)正性肌力药1.强心苷（cardiac glycosides）洋地黄毒苷（digitoxin）地高辛（digoxin）毛花苷丙（西地兰，deslanoside)毒毛花苷K（strophanthin)2.拟交感神经药多巴胺（DA）多巴酚丁胺（dobutamine）DA1受体激动药异波帕胺(ibopamine)3.磷酸二酯酶抑制剂氨力农(amrinone, inamrinone)米力农(milrinone)(六)血管扩张药硝酸酯类(nitrates ['naɪtreɪt] )硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside[,naitrə'prusaid])肼屈嗪(hydralazine[hai'dræləzi:n, -zin])哌唑嗪(prazosin['preizəusin])十五、抗心绞痛药（Antianginal drug）1.硝酸酯类硝酸甘油（nitroglycerin['naɪtrə'glɪsərɪn]）2.β-肾上腺素受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol) 多用吲哚洛尔(pindolol)噻马洛尔(timolol)美托洛尔(metoprolol)醋丁洛尔(acebutolol)3.钙拮抗药硝苯地平(nifedipine，心痛定)维拉帕米（verapamil）地尔硫卓（diltiazem）哌克昔林（perhexiline）普尼拉明（prenylamine）4.其他抗心绞痛药卡维地洛尼可地尔吗多明丹参酮Ⅱ-A磺酸钠。
药理学的英语名词解释大全
药理学的英语名词解释大全Pharmacology Glossary: A Comprehensive Guide to English Terminology in PharmacologyIntroduction:Pharmacology, a branch of medicine and biology, plays a crucial role in the discovery, development, and safe use of drugs. As a field that involves the study of how drugs interact with living organisms, pharmacology employs a wide range of specialized terms. In this article, we present a comprehensive glossary of English terminology in pharmacology, aiming to enhance understanding and facilitate communication within the field.1. Pharmacokinetics:Pharmacokinetics refers to the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. It encompasses processes such as drug absorption into the bloodstream, tissue distribution, transformation via metabolic pathways, and excretion.2. Pharmacodynamics:Pharmacodynamics relates to the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body. It examines the interaction between drugs and their target receptors, enzymes, or cellular signaling pathways, leading to therapeutic or toxic effects.3. Bioavailability:Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation after administration, and thereby has an active effect. It is influenced by factors such as drug formulation, dosage form, route of administration, and first-pass metabolism.4. Half-life:The half-life of a drug is the time taken for its concentration in the body to decrease by half. It is an important parameter to determine the duration of action and dosing frequency of drugs. Drugs with a shorter half-life may require more frequent dosing to maintain therapeutic levels.5. Toxicity:Toxicity refers to the potential harmful effects of drugs on the body. It can range from mild and reversible side effects to severe organ damage or life-threatening conditions. Understanding the toxicity profile of drugs is essential for evaluating their safety and establishing appropriate dosage regimens.6. Efficacy:Efficacy describes the extent to which a drug produces the desired therapeutic effect. It represents the maximum achievable effect of a drug and is typically evaluated through clinical trials. Efficacy is distinct from potency, which refers to the dose required to produce a given effect.7. Drug interactions:Drug interactions occur when the effects of one drug are altered by the simultaneous presence of another drug, food, or substance. Interactions can result in enhanced or diminished therapeutic effects, adverse reactions, or changes in drug metabolism. It is crucial to assess and manage potential interactions during drug therapy.8. Pharmacogenetics:Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variations on an individual's response to drugs. By studying genetic markers, researchers can better understand inter-individual differences in drug efficacy and toxicity. This field aims to guide personalized medicine by tailoring drug selection and dosage to an individual's genetic profile.9. Placebo effect:The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a patient experiences a perceived therapeutic benefit from an inactive substance or treatment. This effect underscores the importance of controlling for placebo responses in clinical trials when evaluating drug efficacy.10. Adverse drug reactions:Adverse drug reactions are undesired and harmful effects caused by drug administration. They can range from mild allergic reactions to severe conditions, including anaphylaxis or organ failure. Pharmacovigilance aims to identify, prevent, and manage adverse drug reactions to ensure patient safety.Conclusion:This comprehensive glossary provides a glimpse into the intricacies of pharmacology and its associated English terminology. By familiarizing themselves with these terms, healthcare professionals and researchers can enhance their communication and understanding of pharmacological concepts. As pharmacology continues to evolve, staying updated with the field's terminology becomes essential for driving advancements in drug discovery, development, and therapy.。
药学单词-3
Special terms for pharmacologyAabstinence syndrome 戒断综合征absorption 吸收acid stable penicillin 耐酸青霉素acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合症）active transport 主动转运active tubular secretion 肾小管主动分泌acute toxicity 急性毒性addiction 成瘾additive effect 相加作用adoptive immune therapy 过继性免疫疗法adrenoceptor 肾上腺素受体adrenoceptor agonist 肾上腺受体激动剂adrenoceptor blocker 肾上腺素受体阻断药adrenocortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adverse reaction 不良反应afferent [ˈæfərənt] neuron 传入神经元after effect 后遗效应agonist 激动剂alkylating agent 烷化剂Alzheimer’s disease 阿兹海默氏症Alcoholism 酒精中毒allergy 变态反应amebic abscess阿米巴脓肿ameicide抗阿米巴病药amnesia 遗忘症aminoglycosides 氨基苷类analgesics 镇痛药androgen雄激素类angiotensin 血管紧张素angina pectoris心绞痛antacid 抗酸药antagonism 拮抗作用antianemic drug抗贫血药anthnginal drug 抗心绞痛药antianxiety抗焦虑药antiarrhythmic drug抗心律失常药antiasthmatic drug 平喘药antiatherosclerosic agent 抗动脉粥样硬化药antibacterial activity 抗菌活性antibacterial spectrum 抗菌谱antibiotics 抗生素antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxity 抗体依赖细胞介导细胞毒anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱药anticholinesterase agent 抗胆碱酯酶药anticoagulant 抗凝血药anticonvulsant 抗惊厥药antidepressant 抗抑郁药物antidiarrheal agent 止泻药antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素antifilarial drug 抗丝虫药antifungal drug 抗真菌药antigen presenting cell 抗原提呈细胞antigout 抗痛风药antihelmentics 抗寄生虫药antihistamines 抗组胺药antihyperlipidemic agent 降血脂药antihypertensive 抗高血压药antiinflammatory agent 抗炎药antilymphocyte globulin 抗淋巴细胞球蛋白antilymphocyte serum 抗淋巴细胞血清antileprotic drug 抗麻风药antimalarials 抗疟药antimanic drug 抗躁狂药antimetabolites 抗代谢药antineoplastic agent 抗肿瘤药antipeptic ulcer drug 抗溃疡药antiplatelet 抗血小板药antipruritics 止痒药antipsychotic drug 抗精神失常药antipyretic analgesics 解热镇痛药antischizophrenic drug 抗精神分裂症药antithrombotic drug 抗血栓药antithyroid drug 抗甲状腺药antituberculousis drug 抗结核病药antitussive drug 镇咳药antitussive action 镇咳作用antiviral agent 抗病毒药arrhythmia 心律失常anorexia 厌食area under curve（AUC）曲线下面积ascaricidal drug 驱蛔虫药autacoid 内分泌素automaticity 自动性；自律性按偷摸谋杀nervous system 自主神经系统azathioprine 硫唑嘌呤affinity 亲和力Bbacillus calmette Guerin vaccine（BCG）卡介苗bacterial resistance 细菌耐药性bacteriocidal action 杀菌作用bacteriostatic [bæk,tiəriə'stætik] adj. 阻止细菌繁殖法的，抑制细菌的bacteriostatic action 抑菌作用barbiturates [ba:'bitjuəreits]巴比妥类benzodiazepines [,benzəudai'æzəpi:ns]苯二氮卓类bioavailability 生物利用度biochemical antagonism 生化性拮抗biogenic amine 生物活性胺biological response modifiers 生物反应修饰剂biotransformation 生物转化blood brain barrier（BBB）血脑屏障blood volume expander 血容量扩张药brainstem stimulant 脑干兴奋药broad spectrum antibiotics 广谱抗菌素bronchodilator [,brɔŋkəudai'leitə] n. 支气管扩张剂；支气管扩张器Ccalcium antagonist 钙拮抗药calcium channel blocking agent 钙通道阻滞剂cardiac glycoside 强心苷cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全cardiac output 心输出量carrier transport 载体转运cathartics [kə'θɑ:tik s] 泻药cell cycle non-specific agent 细胞周期非特殊性药物cellular culture 细胞培养central antitussives 中枢性镇咳药central depressant 中枢抑制剂central nervous system（CNS）中枢神经系统central stimulant 中枢兴奋药cephalosporins 头孢菌素cerebral cortex stimulant 大脑皮质兴奋药cerebral hemorrhage 脑溢血chemical antagonism 化学性拮抗chemotherapy 化学治疗学chonic toxicity 慢性毒性chloramphenicol [,klɔ:ræm'fenikɔl] n. 氯霉素choleretics 利胆药cholinesterase inhibitor 胆碱酯酶抑制剂cholinesterase reactivator 胆碱酯酶复活剂cholinesterase [,kəuli'nestəreis] n. 胆碱酯酶cholinomimetic drug 拟胆碱药chronopharmacology 时辰药理学chylomicrons [,kailəu'maikrɔn] n. [生化]乳糜微滴circadian rhythm 昼夜节律cirrhosis 硬变；硬化症clearance 清除率clinical pharmacology 临床药理学clinical trial 临床试验cluster of differentiation 分化抗原簇coagulant 促凝血药colony stimulating factor 集落刺激因子compartment model 房室模型competitive antagonism 竞争性拮抗competitive muscular relaxant 竞争性肌松药compliance 顺应性concanavalin [kɔnkə'nævəlin] A 伴刀豆球蛋白A conduction anesthesia 传导麻醉conduction velocity 传导速度congenital malformation 先天畸形congestive heat failure（CHF）充血性心衰conjugation reaction 结合反应contraceptive 避孕药contraindication ['kɔntrə,indi'keiʃən] n. [医]禁忌症；禁忌征候constipation[,kɔnsti'peiʃən] n. [医]便秘；受限制coma 昏迷coronary vasodilator [ ˌvæsəudaiˈleitə] 冠状血管扩张药corticosteroid 皮质激素corticotrophin 促皮质素corynebacterium parvum短小棒状杆菌,粉刺丙酸菌corynebacterium parvum vaccine短小棒状杆菌菌苗accumulative intoxication 积蓄中毒cyclophosphamide 环磷酰胺cyclosporine A 环孢霉素Acycloplegia [,saikləu'pli:dʒiə] n. [医]睫状肌麻痹cytochrome P450 oxidase 细胞色素P450氧化酶cytokines 细胞因子cytosis 膜动转运cytochrome 细胞色素cytotoxic T cell杀伤性T细胞cytotoxic T lymphocyte 杀伤性T 淋巴细胞Ddelayed type hypersensitivity 迟发性超敏反应depolarizing muscular relaxant 去极化型肌肉松弛剂digestant 助消化药digitalis[,diɡʒi'teilis] n. [植]洋地黄；[植]毛地黄distribution 分布diuretics 利尿药double blind 双盲dopamine receptor 多巴胺受体dopaminergic agonist 多巴胺激动剂dose response relationship 量效关系down regulation 向下调节drug accumulation 药物蓄积drug action 药物作用drug dependence 药物依赖性drug disposition 药物处置drug interaction 药物相互作用drug metabolism 药物代谢drug receptor 药物受体drug induced disease 药源性疾病duration of action 作用持续时间EEfferent neuron 传出神经元eicosanoids 二十碳烯酸类eicosanoid [ai'kəusə,nɔid] 【生物化学】类二十烷酸，类花生酸electrocardiogram 心电图elimination 消除emetics 催吐药endogenous substrates 内源性底物enzyme induction 酶诱导enzyme inhibition 酶抑制epidural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉ergot ['ə:ɡət] alkaloids 麦角生物碱erythromycin 红霉素estrogen 雌激素etiological treatment 对因治疗euphorigenic [ju:,fɔ:ri'dʒenik] adj. 令人欣快的；欣快感的excretion 排泄expectorant [eks'pektərənt] n. 祛痰剂adj. 化痰的Ffibrinogen 纤维蛋白原fibrinolysin 纤溶酶first-pass effect 首过效应first-order kinetics 一级动力学folic acid antagonist 叶酸拮抗剂Gganglionic blocking agent 神经节阻断药ganglionic stimulant 神经节兴奋药general anesthetics 全麻药geriatric [,dʒeri'ætrik] adj. 老人的；老年医学的n. 老年病人；衰老老人glomerular filtration 肾小球滤过glucocorticoid 糖皮质激素good clinical practice（GCP）临床试验规范graded response 量反应graft versus host reaction 移植物抗宿主反应grand mal （癫痫）大发作Hhallucinogen [hə'lu:sinədʒin] n. 迷幻剂hepatic amebiasis 肝阿米巴病hepatic drug metabolism 肝脏药物代谢hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme 肝微粒体药物代谢酶hepatic microsomal enzyme 肝微粒体酶hepatoenteral circulation 肝肠循环histamine 组胺histamine release inhibitor 组胺释放抑制剂histaminoceptor antagonist 组胺受体拮抗剂hyperlipoproteinemia [,haipə,lipə,prətii'ni:miə] n. 血脂蛋白过多；高脂蛋白血症hypertensive crisis 高血压危象hypoglycemic reaction 低血糖反应Iidiosyncrasy [,idiə'siŋkrəsi] n. 特质；气质；风格；特异体质immunoenhancer 免疫增强剂immunomodulator 免疫调节剂immunopotentiator 免疫增强剂；免疫促进剂immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂immonoregulant 免疫调整剂immomostimulant 免疫刺激剂indication 适应症individual ariation 个体差异induction anesthesia 诱导麻醉infiltration anesthesia 浸润麻醉inhalant anesthetics 吸入麻醉剂insomnia 失眠症insulin] 胰岛素intensive drug monitoring system 集中监测系统interferon 干扰素interferon inductor 干扰素诱导剂interleukin 白介素intra-arterial 动脉给药intramuscular 肌肉注射intraperitoneal 腹腔注射intrathecal 鞘内给药intravenous 静脉给药的intravenous anesthetics 静脉麻醉剂intrinsic activity 内在活性ion channel 离子通道iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血Isoprinosine 异丙酯肌苷Kkinins 激肽类Lβ-lactamase β-内酰胺酶latent period 潜伏期ligand 配体limbic 边缘叶lipid barrier 脂质屏障lipid diffusion 脂溶扩散lipid/aqueous partition coefficient脂/水分配系数loading dose 负荷剂量local action 局部作用local anesthetics 局麻药lubricant cathartics 润滑性泻药lymphokine activated killer 淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞lymphokine 淋巴因子Mmacrolide antibiotic 大环内酯抗生素macrophage 巨噬细胞mania 躁狂mechanism of drug action 药物作用机制metabolism 代谢metabolite 代谢物median effective dose（ED50) 半数有效量median lethal dose（LD50) 半数致死量medullary respiratory center stimulant 延髓呼吸中枢兴奋剂megaloblastic anemia 巨细胞贫血mineralocorticoid[,minərələu'kɔ:tikɔid] n. [生化]盐皮质激素minimal inhibitory concentration（MIC）最低抑菌浓度minimal toxic dose 最小中毒剂量miosis 缩瞳mode of action 作用方式monoamine oxidase inhibitor 单胺氧化酶抑制剂morphine antagonist 吗啡拮抗剂mucolytic agent 粘液溶解药muramyl dipeptide 胞壁酰二肽muscarinic recetor 毒蕈碱受体（M受体）muscarinic [,mʌskə'rinik] adj. [生化]毒蕈硷的myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力myasthenia [,maiəs'θi:niə] n. 肌无力（形容词myasthenic）；肌肉衰弱mydriasis [mi'draiəsis, mai-] 扩瞳；散瞳症；瞳孔放大myocardial contractility 心肌收缩力myocardial infarction 心肌梗死myoclonic seizure肌阵挛发作；肌肉阵挛性发作；阵挛性惊厥myxedema[,miksə'di:mə] n. [医]黏液腺瘤，黏液水肿Nnarcotic analgesics 麻醉性镇痛natural killer 自然杀伤细胞negative chronotropic effect 负性频率作用nephrotoxicity 肾毒性neuroleptics 神经阻断药neuromuscular blocking drug 神经肌肉阻断药nicotinic receptor 烟碱受体（N受体）nitrofurans硝基呋喃类nitrofuran [,naitrəu'fjuəræn; ,naitrəfjuə'ræn] 【药物】硝基呋喃，呋喃西林noncompetitive antagonism 非竞争性拮抗Oobesity 肥胖oral hypoglycemic drug 口服降血糖药hypoglycemic [,haipəuglai'si:mik] adj. 血糖过低的；低血糖症的organophosphates 有机磷酯类osmotic diuretics 渗透性利尿药ototoxicity 耳毒性ovulation inducing agent 促排卵药ovulation inhibitor 排卵抑制药oxytocin 缩宫素oxytocic 子宫兴奋药oxyuricidal drug 驱蛲虫药Ppartial agonist 部分激动剂parasympathetic 副交感的passive transport 被动转运passive tubular resorption 肾小管被动重吸收peak plasma concentration（C max）血药峰浓度peak time（T max）达峰时间penicillinase 霉素酶penicillinase resistant penicillin 耐青霉素酶青霉素perinatal pharmacology 围产期药理学peripheral nervous system（PNS）外周神经系统pernicious anemia 恶性贫血petit mal “absence”失神小发作pharmacodynamics 药效学pharmacogenetics 药物遗传学pharmacokinetics 药动学pharmacological antagonism 药理学拮抗pharmacology 药理学pharmacotherapeutics 药物治疗学pharyngeal demulcent 润喉药pharyngeal [,færin'dʒi:əl] adj. 咽的；咽头的n. 咽的；喉音demulcent [di'mʌlsənt] n. 缓和剂，镇痛剂adj. 缓和的，镇痛的phenothiazines 吩噻嗪类physical dependence 躯体依赖性physiological antagonism 生理性拮抗physiological dependence 生理依赖性placebo 安慰剂placental barrier 胎盘屏障plaque forming cell 空斑形成细胞plasma half life 血浆半衰期plasma protein binding 血浆蛋白结合plasminogen activator 纤溶酶原激活剂plasmodium falciparum 恶性疟原虫plasmodium malariae 三日疟原虫platelet aggregation inhibitor 血小板凝集抑制药platelet activating factor 血小板活化因子polyinosinic polycytidylic 聚肌-胞苷酸polyinosinic acid ['pɔli,inə'sinik; -,ainə] 【生物化学】多聚肌苷酸polycytidylic acid 聚胞苷酸pokeweed mitogen 美洲商陆有丝分裂原polypeptide 多肽类potency 效价potentiation 增强作用postural hypotension 体位性低血压positive inotropic effect 正性肌力作用preanesthetic medication 麻醉前给药prescription-effect monitoring 处方-事件监测primary antituberculosis drug 第一线抗结核药primary document 一次文献（原始文献）profibrinolysin 纤溶酶原progestogen 孕激素prostaglandin 前列腺素prothrombinogen 凝血酶原psychic dependence 精神依赖性psychological dependence 心理依赖性psychomotor seizures 精神运动性发作pure agonist 完全激动剂Qquinolones ['kwinələunz] n. 喹诺酮（quinolone的复数）；喹诺酮类qualitative response 质反应Rreabsorption 重吸收record linkage 记录联用rectal administration 直肠给药redistribution 再分布refractory periods 不应期renal excretion 肾排泄residual period 残留期reversible anticholinesterase agent 可逆性抗胆碱酯酶药Ssafety index 安全指数safety nargin 安全界限salicylates 水杨酸类schistosomiasis ['ʃistəsəu'maiəsis, ,skistə-] n. [医]血吸虫病schistosomicidal agent 抗血吸虫病药schistosomicide [,ʃistəsəumisaid; ,skistə-] n.【药物】杀血吸虫药secondary antituberculosis drug 第二线抗结核病药secondary document 二次文献secondary reaction 二次作用sedative hypnotics 镇静催眠药selectivity 选择性semisynthetic penicillin 半合成青霉素sensitization 增敏作用sequential analysis 序贯分析serotonin antagonist 5-羟色胺拮抗剂sede effect 副作用skeletal muscular relaxant骨骼肌松弛药sodium channel blocking agent 钠通道阻断剂somnolence ['sɔmnələns] n. 困倦；想睡；嗜眠症species ariation 种属差异spinal anesthesia 脊髓麻醉spinal cord stimulant 脊髓兴奋药spontaneous reporting system 自发呈报系统status epileptics 癫痫持续状态steady 施塔特plasma concentration 稳态血药浓度stimulant cathartics 刺激性泻药structure activity relationship（SAR）构效关系striatum 纹状体stroke 中风；脑溢血subarachnoidal anesthesia 蛛网膜下腔麻醉subcutaneous 皮下给药sulfonamides 磺胺类summation 相加作用surface anesthesia 表面麻醉sympathetic 交感的symptomatic treatment 对症治疗synergism 协同作用Ttachycardia [,tæki'kɑ:diə] n. 心动过速；心跳过速taeniacide ['ti:'niə,said] 杀绦虫剂,灭绦虫药= taenicide, teniacide]adj.灭绦虫的target tissue 靶组织teratogenesis[,terətəu'dʒenisis] 致畸作用；畸形生长；畸形发生tetracyclins 四环素类theophyllines 茶碱类theophylline [,θi:ə'fili:n, -in, ,θiə-, θi'ɔfilin] n. [化]茶碱therapeutic action 治疗作用therapeutic drug monitoring（TDM）治疗药物监测therapeutic index 治疗指数thioxanthenes 硫杂蒽类thioxanthene [,θaiə'zænθi:n; ,θaiɔk-] n.【化学】噻吨，硫蒽thrombolytic[,θrɔmbəu'litik] drug 溶血栓药thymosin ['θaiməsin] n. [生化]胸腺素thyroid hormone 甲状腺激素time-effect curve 时效曲线tolerance 耐受性tonic-clonic seizure（grand mal）强直性阵挛性发作（大发作）toxic effect 毒性反应transmitter 递质trichomonacidal agent 抗滴虫药tricyclic antidepressant 三环类抗抑郁药triglycerides 三酰甘油tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子type A reaction A 型反应type B reaction B 型反应Uuntoward reaction 不良反应uricosuric effect 排尿酸反应uricosuric [,juərikəu'sjuərik] adj. [医]促进尿酸排泄的n. 排尿酸药uterine depressant 子宫抑制药uptake 摄取up regulation 向上调节Vvasodilator [,veizəudai'leitə]血管扩张药vegetative ['vedʒitətiv] nervous system 植物神经系统vermicide 驱肠虫药volunteer 志愿者YYellow card system 黄卡系统。
药理学药效学毒理学专业英语
药动学
临床药理学
免疫药理学
分子药理学
定量药理学
时辰药理学
化学治疗学
抗代谢药
激动药
完全激动药
拮抗药
完全拮抗药
部分拮抗药
部分激动药
自身活性物质
药物吸收
药物分布
药物代谢
药物排泄
药物体内过程
药物处置
药物转运
药物转化
被动转运
主动转运
易化转运
蛋白结合
自由药物
结合药物
一级动力学
零级动力学
线性动力学
浓度-时间曲线
chemical antagonism
physiological antagonism
pharmacokinetic antagonism
hepato-enteric circulation,
enterohepaticcirculation
first pass effect
carrier transport
gonism
sedative
tranquilize
circadian rhythm
refractoriness
neurotransmitter
mediator
modulator
mediator exhaustion
mediator depletion
false transmitter
uptake
re-uptake
respiration stimulant
intravenous anesthetic
inhalation anesthetic
non-steroid antiinflammatory drug
药学专业英语完整翻译
●symptomolytic 消除症状的●neurotransmitter神经递质●Oosperm 受精卵●prostaglandin 前列腺素●polyethylene 聚乙烯●octadecyl 十八(烷)基●osteoarthritis骨关节炎●dyspepsia 消化不良●pathophysiology 病理生理学●osteoporosis 骨质疏松症●hydrophilic 亲水的●urokinase尿激酶●trachoma沙眼●dysfunction功能紊乱●mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖(类) streptomycin 链霉素●pathophysiology 病理生理学●otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学●phlebostenosis 静脉狭窄●nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油●pyrogen 热原,致热物●pseudocholinesterase拟(或假)胆碱酯酶●thioether 硫醚●somatotype体型●uricemia 尿酸血症●hysteroscopy子宫镜检查●chemoprophylaxis 化学预防●antipsychotic抗精神病的（药）●nephroangiosclerosis 肾血管硬化●bacteriostatic 抑菌的●parasympathomimetic拟副交感神经的(药)●adrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素●diuretic 利尿的(药)●vagosympathetic迷走交感神经的●alkaloid生物碱●teratogenesis 致畸作用●polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎●tetanotoxin 破伤风毒素●myotonia肌强直●hyperlipemia高脂血症●bronchiectasis支气管扩张●oxidoreductase氧化还原酶●oncology 肿瘤学●euthanasia 安乐死●Myocardial 心肌的●ophthalmoxerosis 干眼病●Vaginomycosis 阴道霉菌病●encephalorrhagia 脑出血●electrophilicity 亲电性●Mitochondria 线粒体●Stereochemistry 立体化学●Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少●streptokinase 链激酶●superinfection 二重感染，重复感染●osteomyelitis 骨髓炎●macromolecular 大分子的●Menopause 更年期; 绝经●Vasodilation 血管舒张●Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞●phytopharmacology 植物药理学●protoplasm 原生质●schizophrenia 精神分裂症●Hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂●Fluorospectrophotometry荧光分光光度法●bradypnea 呼吸缓慢●Diarrhea 腹泻，痢疾●Pharmacodynamics药效学and pharmacokinetics药动学is the twomain areas of pharmacology药理学. The former studies the the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter studies the effects of biological systems on the drugs. When describing the pharmacokinetics properties of a drug, pharmacologists药理学家are often interested in LADME:●Liberation●Absorption●Distribution●Metabolism●Excretion●药效学和药代动力学是药理学的两个主要领域。
药理专业名词中英文对照
药理专业名词中英文对照IntroductionPharmacology is one of the most important branches of medicine that deals with the study of drugs and their effects on the human body. It is an interdisciplinary science that combines the principles of biochemistry, physiology, and pathology to understand the mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects of different drugs. Pharmacology uses various terminologies in its teachings, and understanding these terminologies is crucial to medical students, healthcare practitioners, and researchers. In this document, we will provide a comprehensive list of pharmacological terms and their English translations.List of pharmacological terms and their English translations1. 药物(yào wù) - drug2. 药理学(yào lǐ xué) - pharmacology3. 毒理学(dú lǐ xué) - toxicology4. 生物利用度(shēng wù lì yòng dù) - bioavailability5. 疗效(liáo xiào) - therapeutic effect6. 副作用(fù zuò yòng) - side effect7. 毒性(dú xìng) - toxicity8. 中药(zhōng yào) - traditional Chinese medicine9. 西药(xī yào) - Western medicine10. 维生素(wéi shēng sù) - vitamin11. 抗生素(kàng shēng sù) - antibiotic12. 皮质激素(pí zhì jī sù) - corticosteroid13. 麻醉药(má zuì yào) - anesthetic14. 镇痛剂(zhèn tòng jì) - analgesic15. 抗炎药(kàng yán yào) - anti-inflammatory drug16. 抗癌药(kàng ái yào) - anticancer drug17. 抗抑郁药(kàng yì yù yào) - antidepressant18. 抗过敏药(kàng guò mǐn yào) - antiallergic drug19. 抗高血压药(kàng gāo xiě yā yào) - antihypertensive drug20. 降血糖药(jiàng xuè táng yào) - hypoglycemic drug21. 支气管扩张剂(zhī qì guǎn kuò zhāng jì) - bronchodilator22. 维持药(wéi chí yào) - maintenance drug23. 靶向药物(bǎ xiàng yào wù) - targeted drug24. 药代动力学(yào dài dòng lì xué) - pharmacokinetics25. 药理动力学(yào lǐ dòng lì xué) - pharmacodynamics26. 最小有效剂量(zuì xiǎo yǒu xiào jì liàng) - minimum effective dose27. 最大耐受剂量(zuì dà nài shòu jì liàng) - maximum tolerated dose28. 毒理指标(dú lǐ zhǐ biāo) - toxicity indices29. 单剂量毒性(dān jì liàng dú xìng) - acute toxicity30. 慢性毒性(màn xìng dú xìng) - chronic toxicity31. 剂量效应关系(jì liàng xiào yìng guān xì) -dose-response relationship32. 代谢通路(dài xiè tōng lù) - metabolic pathway33. 药物相互作用(yào wù xiāng hù zuò yòng) - drug interactions34. 病理生理学(bìng lǐ shēng lǐ xué) - pathophysiology35. 药物治疗(yào wù zhì liáo) - drug therapy36. 抗病毒药(kàng bìng dú yào) - antiviral drug37. 免疫调节剂(miǎn yì tiáo jié jì) - immunomodulator38. 抗结核药(kàng jié hè yào) - antituberculosis drug39. 抗真菌药(kàng zhēn jūn yào) - antifungal drug40. 解热镇痛药(jiě rè zhèn tòng yào) - antipyretic and analgesic drugsConclusionIn conclusion, pharmacology plays a significant role in the treatment, prevention, and management of various diseases. It is essential to have a good understanding of the terminologies used in pharmacology to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs. The list of pharmacological terms provided in this document is not exhaustive, but it provides a comprehensive foundation for healthcare practitioners and medical students. By understanding the English translations of these terminologies, healthcare professionals can effectively decode pharmacological texts and provide optimal care to their patients.。
药理专业名词中英文对照
absolute lethal dose绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数acetylcholine乙酰胆碱乙酰胆碱acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶activation激活作用activator激活剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验addition相加作用additive附加剂additive effect 累加效应；相加作用adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel气凝胶aerosol气溶胶；气雾剂albumin microballoons白蛋白微球制剂alkali-poisoning碱中毒alkaloid生物碱alkalosis碱中毒allergic reaction变态反应allergy变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by药品负责期manufactureranaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin类毒素antagonism拮抗作用antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antipode对映体antiserum抗血清antitoxin抗毒素aqua regia王水aromatic compound芳族化合物artificial antigen人工合成抗原artificial immunization人工免疫astringent收敛药autoimmunity自身免疫bactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作用bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作用Becquerel贝克勒尔bioavailability生物利用度biochemistry生物化学biogenic amine生物胺biological half life生物半衰期biological product生物制品biometrics生物统计学biometry生物统计学biopharmacy生物药剂学blood coagulation血液凝固blood concentration血药浓度blood products血液制品blood volume expander血容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier血脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表面积broad-spectrum antibiotic广谱抗生素carcinogen致癌物carcinogenic test致癌实验carrier载体catecholamine儿茶酚胺cellular immunity细胞免疫chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets嚼用片chiral drug手性药物chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia时值chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test慢性毒性实验chronopharmacology时辰药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处方clinical pharmacology临床药理学coated tablet包衣片coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cold-storage冷藏complement补体complement system补体系统complete antigen完全抗原complex solubilizer助溶剂concentration浓度content uniformity含量均匀度controlled release preparation控释制剂covalent bond共价键crude drugs生药；天然药物cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cytotoxic hexitols己糖醇细胞毒剂date of expiration药品有效期desiccant干燥剂detoxication解毒作用dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖diffusion扩散directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization间歇灭菌法disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度dispensing pharmacy调剂学dissolution溶解dissolvent溶剂dissolving溶解dosage剂量dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate 给药方案或给药速度dose剂量dose or concentration dependency 剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug combination合并用药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作用drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验drug standard药品质量标准Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-time curve药—时曲线drying agent干燥剂EDO最大无作用剂量effect效应effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effector效应器；效应物electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解elimination rate constant消除速率常数endotoxin内毒素enteric coating肠溶衣enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释片enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环environmental pharmacology环境药理学enzyme酶equivalent law当量定律equivalent weight当量essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethnopharmacology人种药理学etiological treatment对因治疗excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date药品有效期extravascular administration血管外给药fatal dose致死量fermentation发酵film-coating薄膜衣filter aid助滤剂filtration过滤first pass effect of hepar肝首过效应first-pass effect首过效应freezing冷冻gamma rays丙种射线gas analysis气体分析gene基因Geneva nomenclature日内瓦命名法gluconeogenesis糖异生作用glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glycolysis酵解gram molecular weight克分子量gram-atom克原子gram-equivalent number克当量数gram-equivalent weight克当量gram-mol克分子gram-molecule克分子growth curve生长曲线half lethal dose半数致死剂量half life time半衰期half-life period半衰期halogenide卤化物haptene半抗原hemolysis溶血histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素humoral immunity体液免疫hydrolysis水解（作用）hyperreactivity高敏性immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant免疫抑制剂implants埋植剂incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences个体差异性individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy工业药剂学inhalation吸入法innocuity test method安全试验法intermediate中间体intoxication中毒intracorporal process of drugs药物的体内过程intrathecal injection鞘内注射intravascular administration血管内给药isomerase异构酶isotonic solution等张溶液isotope同位素Janbon's syndrome Janbon综合症lag time时滞LD100绝对致死剂量LD50半数致死剂量LDO最大耐受剂量least significant difference最小显著差数lethal dose致死量levorotatory form左旋体levulose左旋糖light quantum光量子limit date of using a drug after its production药品使用期Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin 内毒素鲎试剂测定法linear correlation直线相关liniments搽剂liposome脂质体long term toxicity test 长期毒性实验；慢性毒性实验low density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白lysozyme溶菌酶macromolecule大分子magnetic controlled release dosage form磁性控释制剂magnetic medicinal preparations磁性药物制剂materia medica药物学maxial noneffective dose最大无作用剂量maximal tolerable dose最大耐受剂量median lethal dose半数致死剂量mediator介质medical colloidal solution胶体溶液型药剂medium介质mesomer内消旋体microsomal enzyme微粒体酶minimal effective dose最小有效量minimal lethal dose最小致死剂量mixture合剂MLD最小致死剂量mol fraction concentration摩尔分数浓度molal comcentration克分子浓度molar comcentratin克分子浓度molar fraction克分子分数molar volume摩尔分子体积molarity摩尔浓度mole摩尔mole volume摩尔分子体积molecular biology分子生物学molecular disease分子病molecular pharmacology分子药理学molecular solution分子溶液monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体multifunctional enzyme多功能酶multiple dose administration多剂量给药mutation突变natural antibody天然抗体natural antigen天然抗原natural drugs天然药物natural immunity天然免疫neurotoxin神经毒素nitrite poisoning亚硝酸盐中毒nitrohydrochloric acid王水non-essential amino acid非必需氨基酸nondepolarizer非去极化型肌松药normal solution当量溶液normality当量浓度nucleotide核苷酸nutrient营养素ocular inserts眼用膜剂official formula法定处方oligosaccharides低聚糖oral administration口腔内给药oral medicaed soluble paper纸型片剂osmotic pressure渗透压parts per billion concentration PPB浓度parts per hundred concentration PPH浓度parts per hundred million concentration pphm浓度parts per million concentration ppm浓度passive immunity被动免疫passive transport被动转运peak concentration of drug药峰浓度peak time of drug药峰时间penetration enhancers穿透促进剂percentage concentration百分浓度phagocytosis吞噬作用pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmaceutical chemistry药物化学pharmaceutical equivalence药剂等效性pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacodynamics药效动力学pharmacogenetics药物遗传学pharmacokinetics model药物动力学模型pharmacology药理学；药物学physical dependence身体依赖性physical pharmaceutics物理药剂学pill滴丸剂placebo安慰剂plasma血浆plasma protein binding ratio血浆蛋白结合率plasma substitute血浆代用液plaster硬膏剂poisoning中毒polyose多糖polypeptide多肽potency效价；效价强度potency unit效价单位powerful drug剧药preparation制剂prescription处方prodrug前体药物proenzyme酶原prohormone激素原prolonged action preparation长效制剂prosthetic group辅基psychic dependence精神依赖性quantum pharmacology量子药理学raceme外消旋体radiopharmaceutics放射药剂学radiotoxicology放射毒理学receptor感受器；受体receptor antagonist受体拮抗剂receptor stimulant受体激动剂recipe处方rectal administration直肠给药refrigeration冷冻relative dosage interval相对给药间隔resistance to drugs抗药性restrictive holagogue限制性剧药ribonucleic acid核糖核酸RNA核糖核酸safety coefficient安全系统safety range安全范围saponins皂甙saturated solution饱和溶液selectivity选择性semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time药—时半对数曲线semisynthetic antibiotics半合成抗生素sensitivity敏感性sensitization致敏作用sensitization test致敏试验sequential design序贯设计serum血清short term carcinogenic test短期致癌实验side effect副作用skin and mucocutaneous administration 皮肤、粘膜表面给药slow pathway慢通道solute溶质solvent溶剂steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度steroid withdrawal syndrome类固醇停药综合征subacute intoxication亚急性中毒subacute poisoning亚急性中毒superinfection二重感染superoxide过氧化物surface activity表面活性surface tension表面张力suspending agent助悬剂suspension悬浮液symptomatic treatment对症治疗synergism协同作用synthetic drugs合成药物tablet hardness片剂硬度tachyphylaxis快速耐受target cell靶细胞targetable drug delivery向靶给药TDM治疗药物临测technology of pharmaceutics制剂学teratogen致畸物teratogenic test致畸试验the Merck index默克索引therapeutic action治疗作用therapeutic dose治疗量therapeutic drug monitoring治疗药物临测therapeutic equivalence治疗等效（值）therapeutic index TI治疗指数threshold dose阈剂量time-effect relationship时效关系tincture酊剂titration滴定titration curve滴定曲线tolerance耐受性toxic reaction毒性反应toxic response毒性反应toxicology毒理学toxoid类毒素trace element 痕量元素；微量元素transmitter递质；介质tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环volume by volume concentration体积比浓度WHO世界卫生组织World Health Organization世界卫生组织。
(医疗药品管理)药理学(Pharmacology)
（医疗药品管理）药理学(Pharmacology)药理学（Pharmacology）授课对象：03 级口腔医学专业授课学时：38 学时授课教师：刘蕾授课内容：祥见各章教学目的与要求：1.药理学(Pharmacology)是研究药物(drug)与机体二者相互作用规律及其原理的一门科学，是一门为临床合理用药防治疾病提供基本理论的医学基础学科，是基础医学与临床医学间的桥梁课。
应着重学习和掌握本科的基本理论，尤其是一些药物的药理作用、临床应用、不良反应及其禁忌症等应重点掌握，为今后指导临床的科学用药。
2.另外，要掌握药物间的隔不久相互作用及配伍情况，以便指导临床合理的联合用药。
3.要求在学习时要纵横联系相关的基础知识。
教学大纲要求：详见各章教学进程：详见后教学方法：药理学的教学是通过理论课和实验课两种方式进行的，采取讲授、实验、演示等方法，配合电视教学，以保证达到教学目的要求。
教学教材与参考书：教材：药理学第六版杨宝峰主编人民卫生出版社参考书：药理学第五版金有豫主编人民卫生出版社医用药理学第三版杨藻宸主编人民卫生出版社生理学第五版姚泰主编人民卫生出版社授课时间 2005 年8 月22 日第1 次课教案完成时间 2005 年7 月20 日课程名称：药理学年级：2003 专业、层次：口腔医学本科学时：2 理论课课程类型：专业基础课课程性质：必修课考核形式：考试授课题目（章节）第一章药理学总论-绪言；第二章药物代谢动力学（教材中 1 页～26 页）基本教材或主要参考书教材：药理学第六版杨宝峰主编人民卫生出版社参考书：药理学第五版金有豫主编人民卫生出版社医用药理学第三版杨藻宸主编人民卫生出版社教学目的与要求：1.掌握（1）药理学的研究对象、任务和目的。
（2）药动学的主要内容及其中的一些基本概念。
2.了解（1）药理学在医学和药学中的地位、药理学的基本研究方法、药理学的发展简史和发展趋向、新药开发与研究的基本过程以及药理研究在其中的地位和作用。
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Discussion
What makes an abbreviation dangerous?
What is the role of the pharmacy technician when a prescription arrives with a dangerous abbreviation?
– Intravenous (vein) – Intra-arterial (artery) – Intracardiac (heart) – Subcutaneous (beneath the skin) – Intramuscular (muscle)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
Chapter 3
Dispensing of Pharmacologic Agents
Chapter 3 Topics
• The Prescription • “Rights” for Correct Drug Administration • Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration • Factors that Influence Drug Action • Endogenous Chemicals that Affect Drug Action
• Mental State, Genes, Gender
Considerations for Elderly Patients
Physiologic Function Changes
– Optic – Auditory – Gastrointestinal – Pulmonary – Cardiovascular – Urinary – Hormonal – Composition of the body
• Topical Dosage Route
– Transdermal (skin surface) – Conjunctival (conjunctiva) or Intraocular (eye) – Intranasal (nose) – Aural (ear) – Intrarespiratory (lung) – Rectal – Vaginal – Urethral
particularly in the elderly and pediatric populations. • Know the effects natural chemicals have on drug action
and response. • Understand the immunization process.
Problematic Abbreviations
Dangerous Abbreviation µg qd qod U MgSO4 MSO4 .2 2.0
Correct Form to Use
Microgram or mcg every day every other day units magnesium sulfate morphine sulfate 0.2 2
• Review: What are the four phases of the pharmacokinetic process?
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination
Factors that Influence Drug Action
• Age
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Peroral (PO, by mouth) Dosage Forms
tablets, capsules, solutions, syrups, elixers, suspensions, magmas, gels, powders, trouches/lozenges
The Prescription
The Prescription
Abbreviation ac bid c cap DAW D/C g
Translation before meals twice a day with capsule dispense as written discontinue gram
Pediatric patients and elderly patients may need a reduced dose because of smaller size or inability of liver to metabolize medication
• Disease
Specific diseases may hinder the pharmacokinetic process of some drugs
“Rights” for Drug Administration
Right Drug
Right Patient
Right Strength
Right Time
Right Route
Discussion
How do the “rights” for correct drug administration help avoid dispensing errors?
What other things should a pharmacy technician check when dispensing a medication?
Mediation Label
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Peroral (PO, by mouth) Dosage Route
Immunization What are the two types of immunity?
Immunization
What are the two types of immunity?
– Active immunity – Passive immunity
Immunization
What are the two types of immunity?
– Oral (swallowed) – Sublingual (under the tongue) – Buccal (dissolves in the check)
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Parenteral Dosage Route
and Response • Teaching Patients Medication Management
Learning Objectives
• Know the components of the prescription, including the commonly used abbreviations.
Translation as needed every every hour every two hours four times a day a sufficient quantity immediately
The Prescription
Abbreviation tab tid ud wk
Translation tablet three times daily as directed week
Considerations for Elderly Patients
• Altered Drug Responses • Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) • Polypharmacy • Noncompliance
Considerations for Pediatric Patients
– Active immunity
Coming in contact with an infectious agent or an inactivated part of an infectious agent through a vaccine
npo pc PO
Translation milliequivalent milliliter no known allergy no known drug allergy nothing by mouth after meals by mouth
The Prescription
Abbreviation prn q qh q2h qid qs stat
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Parenteral Dosage Forms
– Solutions – Suspensions
Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration
• Topical Dosage Forms
• Understand the rights of correct drug administration. • Recognize common dosage forms. • Know the routes of administration. • Recognize factors that influence the effects of drugs,
• Wide variation between age and degree of organ-system development
• Reevaluate all doses at regular intervals. • Be sure the dosage is appropriate for the
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Prescription