自动化专业英语选修课文翻译
自动化专业英语课后译文

下纠正速度误差,直到速度偏差减小且限流装置退出饱和状 态。现在,速度误差在Ia小于最大允许电流值的情况下进纠 正。 负的速度误差将设置负的电流参考值Ia* 。因为电机电流 不能反向,负的Ia*是没用的。然而,它将“掌管”PI控制器。 当速度误差变正时,“被掌管”的PI控制器将花费较长时间 响 应,造成控制中不必要的延迟。因此,对于负的速度误差, 限流器的电流给定值被设为零。
c(t ) L1 c( s) css (t ) ctr (t )
式中css(t)是稳态响应,ctr(t)是暂态响应。如果系统是不稳定的, 就将没有稳态响应,只有暂态响应。
P2U2A Stability and the Time Response 第二部分第二单元课文A 稳定性和时域响应
P1U1A Electrical Networks
第一部分第一单元课文A
电路
di uL dt
(1-1A-2)
式中 di/dt = 电流变化率, 安培/秒; L = 感应系数, 享利。 电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。 因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分,因此得到 的等式为 : 1 (1-1A-3) u dq
(由于s 是复变量,亟待和零点可能是复数,KZ(s)/P(s) 是复变函数,
因此可用一个有幅值和与其相关的角度或叫幅角的矢量来表示。在公式(23A-2)右边的每一个分解因子可被看作)
P2U4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Plots
第二部分第四单元课文A 频率响应法:波特图
P1U5B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers
第一部分第五单元课文B 直流传动的闭环控制
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, and the field of engineering is no exception. In this document, we will explore the importance of automation in engineering and its impact on various aspects of the industry. We will also provide a detailed analysis of the benefits and challenges associated with automation in engineering. Additionally, we will discuss the significance of specialized English language skills in the automation profession and provide a translated version of the content in Chinese.Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation has revolutionized the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and accuracy. It involves the use of advanced technologies and systems to control and monitor various engineering processes. Automation enables engineers to streamline operations, reduce manual labor, and improve overall performance. It plays a vital role in areas such as manufacturing, construction, energy, transportation, and telecommunications.Benefits of Automation in Engineering:1. Increased Productivity: Automation eliminates repetitive and mundane tasks, allowing engineers to focus on more complex and strategic activities. This leads to increased productivity and faster project completion.2. Improved Efficiency: Automated systems can perform tasks more efficiently than humans, resulting in reduced errors and improved quality of work.3. Enhanced Safety: Automation reduces the risk of accidents and injuries by replacing manual labor with machines in hazardous environments.4. Cost Savings: By automating processes, companies can reduce labor costs, minimize waste, and optimize resource utilization, leading to significant cost savings.5. Better Decision-Making: Automation provides engineers with real-time data and analytics, enabling them to make informed decisions and optimize processes for better outcomes.Challenges of Automation in Engineering:1. Initial Investment: Implementing automation systems requires a significant upfront investment in technology, infrastructure, and training.2. Technological Complexity: Automation involves advanced technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, which require specialized knowledge and expertise to operate and maintain.3. Workforce Adaptability: Automation may lead to job displacement and require the workforce to acquire new skills to adapt to the changing industry landscape.4. Cybersecurity Risks: With increased reliance on interconnected systems, the risk of cyber threats and data breaches becomes a significant concern in automated engineering environments.Importance of Specialized English Language Skills in Automation:English language proficiency is crucial for professionals in the automation field due to the global nature of the industry. Engineers need to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders from different countries. Additionally, technical documentation, research papers, and industry standards are often written in English. Proficiency in specialized English terminology related to automation is essential for clear and accurate communication.Translation in Chinese (简体中文翻译):工程自动化的重要性:自动化在各个行业中都发挥着重要作用,工程领域也不例外。
自动化专业英语(王宏文主编)课文翻译完整版

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3 B Three-phase Circuits UNIT 2 A The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 B Transistors UNIT 3 A Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 B Binary Number System UNIT 4 A Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 B Power Electronic Converters UNIT 5 A Types of DC Motors —————————————15 B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers UNIT 6 A AC Machines ———————————————19 B Induction Motor Drive UNIT 7 A Electric Power System ————————————22 B Power System AutomationPART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A The World of Control ————————————27 B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2 A Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 B Steady State————————————————— 31 UNIT 3 A The Root Locus ————————————— 32 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 UNIT 4 A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Manufacturing Industry: An OverviewIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, revolutionizing production processes and enhancing efficiency. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of automation in the manufacturing sector, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future prospects. It also includes a translation of the text into English.Section 1: Definition and Importance of AutomationAutomation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the manufacturing industry, automation is essential for streamlining operations, reducing costs, and improving product quality. It allows companies to achieve higher production rates, increased precision, and improved safety standards.Section 2: Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing2.1 Increased ProductivityAutomation enables manufacturers to produce goods at a faster rate, leading to increased productivity. With the use of advanced robotics and machinery, repetitive tasks can be performed efficiently, allowing workers to focus on more complex and creative aspects of production.2.2 Enhanced Quality ControlAutomated systems ensure consistency and accuracy in manufacturing processes, leading to improved product quality. By minimizing human error, automation reduces defects and variations, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and reduced waste.2.3 Cost ReductionAutomation helps in reducing labor costs by replacing manual work with machines and robots. Although initial investment costs may be high, long-term savings are significant due to increased efficiency and reduced dependence on human labor.2.4 Improved Workplace SafetyAutomation eliminates the need for workers to perform hazardous or physically demanding tasks. Robots and machines can handle tasks that pose risks to human health and safety, thereby reducing workplace accidents and injuries.2.5 Increased FlexibilityAutomated systems can be easily reprogrammed to adapt to changing production requirements. This flexibility allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market demands, introduce new products, and customize production processes.Section 3: Challenges in Implementing Automation3.1 Initial InvestmentImplementing automation requires substantial capital investment for purchasing and integrating machinery, software, and training. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) may face financial constraints in adopting automation technologies.3.2 Workforce AdaptationAutomation may lead to job displacement, as certain tasks previously performed by humans are now handled by machines. Companies need to provide training and re-skilling opportunities to ensure a smooth transition for their workforce.3.3 Technical ComplexityAutomation systems often involve complex integration of various technologies, such as robotics, artificial intelligence, and data analytics. Companies must have skilled personnel capable of managing and maintaining these systems effectively.Section 4: Future Trends in Automation4.1 Collaborative RobotsCollaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans, assisting them in tasks that require precision and strength. These robots can improve productivity and safety by working in close proximity to humans without the need for extensive safety measures.4.2 Internet of Things (IoT) IntegrationThe integration of automation systems with the Internet of Things allows for real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes. IoT enables seamless communication between machines, sensors, and data analytics platforms, leading to predictive maintenance and optimized production.4.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)AI technologies, such as machine learning and computer vision, enable automation systems to learn and adapt to new situations. AI-powered robots can analyze data, make decisions, and perform complex tasks with minimal human intervention, revolutionizing the manufacturing industry.Conclusion:Automation has become an integral part of the manufacturing industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased productivity, enhanced quality control, cost reduction, improved workplace safety, and increased flexibility. While challenges exist, such as initial investment and workforce adaptation, the future of automation looks promising with the emergence of collaborative robots, IoT integration, and artificial intelligence. Embracing automation technologies will undoubtedly pave the way for a more efficient and competitive manufacturing sector.Translation:自动化在制造业中的应用:概述简介:自动化在制造业中扮演着重要的角色,革新了生产过程,提高了效率。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output withthe desired value,determines the deviation,and produces a control signalwhich manner in or to small value. The zero reduce which will the deviation tothe automatic controller produces the control signal is called the controlaction.自动控制器把对象的实际输出与期望值进行比较,确定偏差,并产生一个使误差为零或微小值的控制信号。
自动控制器产生控制信号的方式叫做控制作用。
Here we shall present the basic control actions commonly used in industrialautomatic controllers. First we shall introduce the principle of operationof automatic controllers and the methods for generating various controlsignals,such as the use of the derivative and integral of the error signal.Next we shall discuss the effects of particular control modes onthe systemperformance. Then we shall give a brief discussion of methods for reducingthe effects of external disturbances on the system performance. Finally,weshall introduce fluid amplifiers,present basic principles of fluidics,anddiscuss applications of fluidic devices.这里我们会介绍常用工业自动控制器的基本控制操作。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized industries by streamlining processes, increasing efficiency, and reducing human error. As a result, it has become imperative for professionals in the automation industry to possess a strong command of English, particularly in terms of technical vocabulary and terminology. In this text, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the importance of English in the field of automation, along with a sample original text and its translation.Importance of English in Automation:English proficiency is crucial for professionals in the automation industry due to the following reasons:1. Global Collaboration: With the rise of multinational corporations and global supply chains, professionals in automation often collaborate with colleagues and clients from different countries. English serves as a common language of communication, enabling effective collaboration and knowledge sharing.2. Technical Documentation: Automation professionals frequently work with technical documents, such as user manuals, equipment specifications, and engineering drawings. These documents are often written in English, and a strong command of the language is necessary to understand and interpret them accurately.3. Research and Development: English is the predominant language in scientific research and development. Automation professionals need to stay updated with the latest advancements in the field, which are often published in English-language journals and research papers.4. International Conferences and Presentations: Professionals in automation often attend conferences and present their research or projects. English fluency is essential for effective communication and knowledge dissemination in such international forums.Sample Original Text:Title: The Role of Programmable Logic Controllers in Industrial AutomationIntroduction:Industrial automation has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) emerging as a key technology. PLCs are computer-based control systems that automate various industrial processes. This article aims to explore the role of PLCs in industrial automation, their applications, and the benefits they offer.Applications of PLCs:PLCs find extensive applications in various industries, including manufacturing, automotive, oil and gas, and food processing. They are used to control and monitor processes such as assembly lines, robotic systems, material handling, and quality control. PLCs offer flexibility, scalability, and reliability, making them an integral part of modern industrial automation.Advantages of PLCs:1. Increased Efficiency: PLCs enable automation of repetitive tasks, leading to improved efficiency and reduced human error. They can perform complex calculations and logic operations at high speeds, resulting in faster and more accurate process control.2. Flexibility and Adaptability: PLCs can be easily programmed and reprogrammed to accommodate changes in production requirements. This flexibility allows for quick adjustments, minimizing downtime and maximizing productivity.3. Remote Monitoring and Control: PLCs can be connected to a network, enabling remote monitoring and control of industrial processes. This feature allows operators to access real-time data, diagnose issues, and make necessary adjustments from a centralized location.4. Cost Savings: By automating processes, PLCs help reduce labor costs, minimize material wastage, and optimize energy consumption. The long-term cost savingsassociated with PLC implementation make them a cost-effective solution for industrial automation.Conclusion:Programmable logic controllers play a vital role in industrial automation, offering numerous advantages such as increased efficiency, flexibility, remote monitoring, and cost savings. As the field of automation continues to evolve, proficiency in English becomes increasingly important for professionals to stay updated with the latest developments and effectively communicate their ideas and findings.Translation (Sample):标题:可编程逻辑控制器在工业自动化中的作用简介:近年来,工业自动化领域取得了重大发展,可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)成为关键技术。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, including the field of engineering. It involves the use of advanced technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In this text, we will explore the significance of automation in the engineering sector and discuss its benefits and applications.1. Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation has revolutionized the engineering industry by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and safety. It allows engineers to streamline processes, reduce errors, and optimize resource utilization. By automating repetitive and mundane tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and creative aspects of their work. This leads to improved project outcomes and overall customer satisfaction.2. Applications of Automation in Engineering:2.1 Industrial Automation:In manufacturing industries, automation is extensively used to control and monitor various processes. It involves the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robots, and computer numerical control (CNC) machines. These technologies enable precise and consistent manufacturing, resulting in higher product quality, reduced production time, and increased output.2.2 Process Automation:Automation is also applied in process industries such as oil refineries, chemical plants, and power plants. It involves the use of distributed control systems (DCS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These systems automate the monitoring and control of complex processes, ensuring efficient and safe operation.Automation minimizes the risk of human errors and improves the overall reliability and productivity of these industries.2.3 Building Automation:In the construction and building management sector, automation is employed to control and regulate various systems within buildings. This includes HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, security, and energy management systems. Automation optimizes energy usage, enhances occupant comfort, and improves the overall operational efficiency of buildings.3. Advantages of Automation in Engineering:3.1 Increased Efficiency:Automation eliminates manual intervention, reducing the time required to complete tasks. This leads to increased efficiency and higher productivity in engineering processes. For example, automated assembly lines can produce products at a faster rate compared to manual assembly, thereby reducing production time and costs.3.2 Improved Accuracy and Precision:Automation ensures consistent and precise execution of tasks, minimizing errors caused by human factors. This is particularly crucial in industries where precision is vital, such as aerospace and automotive manufacturing. Automated systems can perform repetitive tasks with high accuracy, resulting in improved product quality and reliability.3.3 Enhanced Safety:Automation reduces the risk of accidents and injuries in the engineering industry. By replacing humans in hazardous or physically demanding tasks, automation improves workplace safety. For instance, robots can handle tasks involving heavy lifting or exposure to harmful substances, protecting workers from potential harm.3.4 Cost Savings:While initial investments in automation technologies may be significant, they often result in long-term cost savings. Automation reduces labor costs by minimizing the need for manual labor and increasing operational efficiency. Moreover, automation optimizes resource utilization, reduces waste, and lowers maintenance costs, leading to overall cost savings for engineering companies.4. Challenges and Considerations:4.1 Skill Requirements:The implementation of automation technologies requires skilled engineers who can design, develop, and maintain automated systems. Companies need to invest in training their workforce to adapt to the changing technological landscape and ensure a smooth transition to automation.4.2 Integration and Compatibility:Integrating automation systems with existing infrastructure and equipment can be challenging. Compatibility issues may arise between different automation components and software, requiring careful planning and coordination. It is essential to ensure seamless integration to maximize the benefits of automation.4.3 Security Concerns:As automation involves the use of interconnected systems and networks, cybersecurity becomes a critical consideration. Engineering companies must implement robust security measures to protect against potential cyber threats and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data.Conclusion:Automation has become an integral part of the engineering industry, enabling increased productivity, efficiency, and safety. From industrial manufacturing to building management, automation offers numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, reduced costs, and enhanced workplace safety. However, it is crucial to address challenges such as skill requirements, integration issues, and cybersecurity concerns tosuccessfully implement automation in engineering processes. Embracing automation will undoubtedly pave the way for a more advanced and sustainable future in the field of engineering.。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation has become an integral part of various industries, including the field of engineering. It involves the use of technology and machines to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. This text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of automation in the engineering field, covering its importance, applications, and future prospects. Additionally, an English translation of the original text will be provided.Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, accuracy, and productivity in engineering processes. By automating repetitive and time-consuming tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and critical aspects of their work. It also reduces the risk of human errors, leading to higher quality output. Moreover, automation enables engineers to monitor and control systems remotely, enhancing safety and minimizing operational risks.Applications of Automation in Engineering:1. Manufacturing and Assembly: Automation is extensively used in manufacturing industries to streamline production processes. Automated systems can perform tasks such as assembly, welding, and material handling with precision and speed. This leads to increased production rates, reduced costs, and improved product quality.2. Robotics: Robotics is a significant application of automation in engineering. Robots are used in various sectors, including automotive, healthcare, and aerospace industries. They can perform complex tasks with high accuracy, consistency, and repeatability. Examples include robotic arms used in assembly lines and surgical robots in medical procedures.3. Control Systems: Automation is vital in control systems, which regulate and optimize various engineering processes. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are commonly used to automate tasks such as temperature control, pressure regulation, and flow management. This ensures efficient operation and minimizes manual intervention.4. Energy Management: Automation plays a crucial role in energy management systems, optimizing energy consumption and reducing waste. Automated systems can monitor and control energy usage in buildings, factories, and power plants. This leads to energy savings, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability.Future Prospects of Automation in Engineering:The future of automation in engineering looks promising, with several emerging trends and technologies. Some of these include:1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is revolutionizing automation by enabling machines to learn, adapt, and make decisions. Machine Learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to optimize processes and predict failures. AI-powered systems can also perform complex tasks that were previously only possible for humans.2. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connects various devices and systems, allowing them to communicate and share data. In engineering, IoT enables remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and real-time data analysis. This leads to improved efficiency, reduced downtime, and enhanced decision-making.3. Digital Twin: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical system or process. It allows engineers to simulate and optimize operations, predict performance, and identify potential issues. Digital twins enable engineers to make informed decisions and improve system performance.4. Cybersecurity: As automation becomes more prevalent, ensuring the security of automated systems is crucial. Cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities. This includes implementing secure communication protocols, encryption techniques, and access control mechanisms.Translation:自动化在工程领域的应用介绍:自动化已成为包括工程领域在内的各个行业的重要组成部分。
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UNIT1A电路1.电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
如果网络不包含能源如电池或发电机,那么就被称作无源网络。
换句话说,如果存在一个或多个能源,那么组合的结果为有源网络。
在研究电网络的特性时,我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。
因为网络由无源电路元件组成,所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性2.就电阻来说,电压电流的关系由欧姆定律给出,欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
在数学上表达为:U=R(1-1A-)式中U=电压,伏特;i=流,安培;R=电阻欧姆3.纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义,法拉第定律指岀电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。
因此可得到:Uddt式中didt=电流变化率,安培/秒;L=感应系数,享利。
4.电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q。
因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分,因此得到的等式为U=,式中电量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。
由定义知,电流等于电荷随时间的变化率,可表示为dadt。
因此电荷增量da等于电流乘以相应的间增量,或dq=idt,那么等式(1A3)可写为中C=电容量,法拉。
5.归纳式(1-A1)、(1-1A2)和(1-A4)描述的三无源电路元件如图1A-所示。
注意,图中的参考方向为惯用的参考方向,因此流过元件的电流与电压降的方向一致6.有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能,例如,电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能,发电机的能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。
7.有源电气元件存在两种基本形式:电压源和电源。
其理想状态为:电压源两端的电压恒定,与从电压源中流出的电流无关。
因为负载变化时电压基本恒定,所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。
另一方面,电流源产生电流,电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。
虽然电流源在实际中不常见,但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件,比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。
电压源和电流源的符号表示如图1A2所示8.分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。
应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第定律,基尔霍夫第一定律指出:一个闭合回路的电压代数和为0,换句话说,任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。
网孔分析指的是:假设有个电流一一即所谓的回路电流一一流过电路中的每一个回路,求每一个回路电压降的代数和,并令其为零。
9.考虑图1A3a所示的电路,其由串联到电压源总的电压降为因为在假定的电流方向上,输入电压代表电压升的方向,所以输电压在(1A5式中为负。
因为电流方向是电压下降的方向,所以每一个无源元件的压降为正。
利用电阻和电感压降公式,可得等式(1-A6是电路电流的微分方程式。
或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。
正如图1A_指出的用积分代替式(11A6)中的i,可得1-A7UNIT 7A电力系统介绍电力系统把其它形式的能源转化为电能并输送给用户。
尽管不同于其它形式的能源,电能不容易储存,一旦生产出来,必须得到使用,但是电力的生产和传输相对高效和廉价。
电力系统的组成当今的电力系统由六个主要部分组成:电站升压变压器(将发出来的电升压至传输线所需高电压),传输线,变电站(电压降至配电线电压等级),配电线路和降压变压器(将配电电压降至用户设备使用的电压水平)。
1、电站。
电力系统的电站包括原动机,如由水,蒸汽驱动的涡轮或者燃烧气体操控的电动机和发电机系统,世界上大多数的电能由煤炭、石油、核能或者燃气驱动的蒸汽发电厂产生。
少量电能由水力,柴油和内燃机发电厂产生。
2、变压器。
现代电力系统使用变压器把电能转换为不同的电压。
有了变压器系统的每个阶段都能在合适的电压等级下运行。
在典型的系统中,电站发电机发出的电压范围是1000犬到26000天。
变压器把电压升至13800 765000天后,送至主传输线上。
因为对于长距离传输,电压越高,效率越高。
在变电站,电压被降至69000138000,以便在配电系统中传输。
另外一组变压器把电压进一步降至配电等级,如2400到4160犬,或者15,27,33KV。
最终在使用端,经配电变压器,电压再次被降至240V或120V。
3、传输线。
高压传输系统通常由铜线铝线或者镀铜、镀铝的钢线组成,它们悬挂在高大钢格构塔架上成串的瓷质绝缘体上。
由于含镀层钢线和铁塔的使用,增大了塔与塔之间的距离降低了传输线的成本。
在当前的直线安装中,每公里高压线只需建立6个铁塔。
在一些地区,高压线悬挂于距离较近的木质电线杆上。
对于低压配电线路,更多的使用木质电线杆,而不是铁塔。
在城市和一些地区,明线存在安全危险或者被认为影响美观,所以使用绝缘地下电缆进行配电。
些电缆內核中空,供低压油循环。
油可以为防止水对封闭线路的破坏提供临时保护。
通常使用管式电缆,三根电缆放入线管中,并填满高压油。
这些电缆用于传输高达345<的电流。
4、辅助设备。
每个配电系统包含大量辅助设备来保护发电机、变压器和传输线。
系统通常还包括用来调整电压或用户端其它电力特性的设备。
为了保护电力系统设施,防止短路和过载,对于正常的开关操作,采用断路器。
断路器是大型开关,在短路时或者电流突然上升的情况下自动切断电源。
由于电流断开时,断路器触点两端会形成电流,些大型断路器(如那些用来保护发电机和主输电线的断路器)通常浸入绝缘液体里面,如油,以前普遍采用保险丝。
保险丝由熔点低的合金组成,安装在电路中,当电流超过一定值,它会熔断,切断电路。
现在绝大多数住宅使用空气断路器。
供电故障世界上大多数地方,局部或全国电力设施都连成电网。
电网可以使发电实现区域共享。
同意共享的每个电力企业可以获得不断增加的储备功率,使用更大、效率更高的发电机,从电网中获取电能以应对局部电力故障。
互联的电网是大型复杂系统,包括被不同组织操控的部分。
这些系统可以节约开支,提高整体可靠性,但是也带来了大范围停电的风险。
例如,20038月14日,美国和加拿大发生了历史上最严重的停电事故。
当时,这个区域61800兆瓦的电力供应中断五千万人口受到影响。
(一兆瓦大约可以满足750居民的用电需求)。
停电事件迫切要求更新老化设备,提出关于全国电网可靠性的问题。
尽管存在大范围停电危险,互联电网提供了必要的备份措施和供替换的线路,相对于孤立系统,其整体可靠性要高得多。
国家或地区电网还可以应对由暴风雨、地震、泥石流、森林火灾、人员操作错误或者蓄意破坏造成的意外停电。
供电质量近年来,越来越多的精密复杂生产过程、计算机和网络及许多高科技消费品都使用电力为其提供能量。
这些产品和生产过程对于供电的连续性和电压、频率的恒定性很敏感。
于是,相关部门正采取新措施来保证供电的可靠性和质量。
如提供附加的电气设备来保证电压和电能其它特性保持恒定。
1、电压调整。
长距离传输线存在的电感和电容不容忽视。
当电流流过线路时,随着电流的变化,电感和电容会对线路电压产生影响。
这样供电电压会随负荷变化。
运行中,有几种设备来克服这个波动,被称为电压调整。
这些设备包括感应调节器、三相同步机(也称同步调相机)它们能够改变传输线路中的电感和电容的有效量。
电感和电容作用能相互抵消。
当负载电氵感性电抗大于容性电抗时,这种情况总是岀现在大型电力系统中,对于给定的电压和电流,传送的功率小于两者相等的时候。
这两个量功率之比称为功率因数。
由于传输线损耗和电流成比例如果可能,将在电路中使用电容,这样功率因数尽可能接近于1。
正是这个原因,在电力传输系统中,经常使用大型电容器。
2、世界电力生产。
从1950年到2003年,最近一年的可用数据显示,每年世界电力生产和消费从小于1万亿千瓦时增长到159万亿千瓦时。
同样,发电类型也发生了变化。
在1950年,世界电力约23来自蒸汽源,约13来自水电。
2003年,热源生产65%的电能,水电却降至17%核电占总量的16%出于安全的考虑,在一些国家,特别是美国,核能的增长缓慢2003年,美国电能的20%来自核电厂;在世界领先的法国,这个数字是78%保护世界上大多数电能的生产来自天然气、煤炭、石油和铀等不可再生资源。
煤炭、石油、天然气含有碳元素,它们的燃烧加剧了二氧化碳和其它污染物的排放。
学家们认为,二氧化碳是导致全球变暖,地球表面温度上升的主要因素。
电力用户通过节约用电,如离开房间时关闭电灯等措施消除不必要消耗,可以节省资金,有助于环境保护。
其它保护措施包括购买和使用节能电器和灯泡,在费率较低的非用电高峰使用洗衣机和烘干机等电器。
消费者也可以考虑环境措施,如购买当地公共部门提供的绿色能源等。
绿色能源通常价格较贵,但依靠可再生和环境友好型资源,如风力轮机和地热发电厂。
PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1Part 3 Computer control technology Unit 1PART 5 Process ControlUNIT 1A: A Process Control SystemAs we shall see in the ensuing pages, processes are dynamic in nature. Changes are always occurring, and if actions are not taken, the important process variables—those related to safely, product quality, and production rates—will not achieve design conditions.在后续的章节中,我们可以看到过程的特性是动态的。
各种参量总是在变化,如果不采取措施,这些重要的,与安全、产量以及生产率有关的过程变量将无法达到设计值。
The engineer designing a control system must be sure that the action taken affects the variable to be controlled, that is, that the action taken affects the measured value. Otherwise, the system is not controlling and will probably do more harm than good.工程师在设计控制系统时,必须确保控制行为是可控的,即,控制行为所影响的变量是可测量的。
否则的话,系统不但是不可控的,而且还会有有害的结果。
注:safely 应该改为safety。
翻译示例:One way to accomplish this objective is by first measuring the temperature T(t), then comparing it to its desired value, and based on this comparison, deciding what to do to correct for any deviation. The flow of steam can be used to correct for the deviation. This is, if the temperature is above its desired value, then the steamvalve can be throttled back to cut the steam flow(energy) to the heat exchanger. If the temperature is below its desired value, then the steam valve could be opened some more to increase the steam flow(energy) to the exchanger. All of these can be done manually by operator, and since the procedure is fairly straightforward, it should present no problem. However, since in most process plants there are hundreds of variables that must be maintained at some desired value, this correction procedure would required a tremendous number of operator. Consequently, we would like to accomplish this control automatically. That is, we want to have instruments that control the variable without requiring intervention from the operator. This is what we mean by automatic process control.完成这个目标的一个方法是首先测量温度,然后将其与期望值比较,在比较的基础上再决定如何去做以消除偏差。