美国文学史概论之二：殖民地时期文学
美国文学
美国文学一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (V olumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰?史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。
《美国文学史》（增订版）（童明主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，归纳核心考点。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，对核心考点进行了归纳总结。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》（增订版）每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
4．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学：1620—1763 2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3章 文学与美国革命：1764—18153.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2部分 美国浪漫主义时期：1815—1865第4章 美国浪漫主义时期4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5章 早期浪漫主义5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题和典型题详解第6章 超验主义和符号表征6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题和典型题详解第7章 霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题和典型题详解第8章 惠特曼和狄金森8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题和典型题详解第9章 文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3部分 美国现实主义时期：1865—1914第10章 现实主义时期10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题和典型题详解第11章 地区和地方色彩写作11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题和典型题详解第12章 亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题和典型题详解第13章 自然主义文学13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题和典型题详解第14章 女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题和典型题详解第4部分 美国现代主义时期：1914—1945第15章 美国现代主义15.1 复习笔记15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题和典型题详解第16章 现代主义的演变16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题和典型题详解第17章 欧洲的美国现代主义17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题和典型题详解第18章 两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题和典型题详解第19章 现代美国诗歌19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题和典型题详解第20章 非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5部分 多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章 新形势下的多元化文学21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题和典型题解析第22章 美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题和典型题详解第23章 主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题和典型题详解第24章 1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题和典型题详解第25章 20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题和典型题详解第26章 当代多民族文学和小说26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题和典型题详解第27章 美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题和典型题详解第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America（发现美洲大陆）Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲？1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
美国文学殖民地时期的文学
History And Anthology Of American LiteraturePart I The Literature of Colonial AmericaHistorical IntroductionThe First American Writings & WritersPuritan ThoughtsHistorical Introduction● 1. The discovery of the American continent by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America2. English and European explorersThe earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese, each group settling in different parts of the continent and they all contributed to the forming of the American civilization, but the colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.3. English and European settlementsThe first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.Two Important New England Settlements→(Map) The Plymouth ColonyFlagship Mayflower arrives – 1620 Leader - William Bradford Settlers known as Pilgrims (朝圣者，朝觐者,清教徒前辈移民) and Separatists (主张脱离英国国教者) "The Mayflower Compact" provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain. The Massachusetts Bay Colony Flagship Arbella arrives – 1630 Leader - John Winthrop Settlers are mostly Puritans or Congregational (公理会教派的) Puritans "The Arbella Covenant" clearly establishes a religious and theocratic (神权政治的) settlement, free of ties to Great Britain.4. The first American writings●The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of thesesettlements. They wrote in diaries and in journals. They wrote letters and contracts and government charters and religious and political statements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting themselves to the unfamiliar climates and crops, about dealing with Indians. All seemed possible to them in the new world through hard work and faith.1) Captain John Smith●His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, were the first distinctly Americanliterature to be written in English. Smith’s descriptions of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters, and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He portrayed English North America as a land of endless bounty.His vision helped lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans who saw themselves as new saints with a spiritual mission to flee the Old World and create a New Israel (Jerusalem---Heaven on earth), a New Promised Land, in the America that John Smith had described.2) The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies●The writers of the Southern and Middle Colonies who followed John Smith made theirgreatest contribution to American literature in the 18th century, in the Age of Reason and Revolution.●William Byrd II Thomas JeffersonUntil that time, literature developed slowly, especially in the South. Farms widely dispersed. Towns were few. Illiteracy was high. And there was little of the religious ferment and zeal that inspired such a tide of literature to flow from Puritan New England.The First American Writer●Captain John Smith (1580-1631) was the first American writer and he published eight inall.●1)A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened inVirginia Since the First Planting of That Colony(1608), defending the handling of the settlement and proclaiming the merits of the new land●2) A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1612), a guide to the countryand an invitation to the bold sprits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantations in the new land●3) General History of Virginia (1624), containing his most famous tale of how the Indianprincess Pocahontas saved him from the wrath of her father Powhatan●Captain John Smith contributed more to the survival of the Jamestown colony than didanyone else. And he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.Early New England Literature●New England: →(Map)● A region of the northeast United States comprising the modern states of Maine, NewHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.1) A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical, political. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture. Southern society was almost completely rural, interested primarily in the development of a tobacco economy.●2) Theocracy:The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with thediscipline of a harsh church. The first intention in Massachusetts was to found a theocracy —a society in which God would govern through the church. The church thus became the supreme political body. The ideal may have been inspiring, but because of the imperfections of the human material, in practice theocracy often led to injustice and intolerance (不容异说, 偏狭).●3) The Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing: Overthe years the puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their somber religion, one that stressed hard work, thrift (节俭;节约), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃). These were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.●Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works, an example as well as an advocate of thePuritan ideal of hard work.4) The American poets: The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet.William Bradford and John Winthrop● 1. William Bradford (1590-1657), first governor of Plymouth. He wrote The History ofPlymouth Plantation (1856).●William Bradford started the History in 1630, ten years after the Mayflower voyage,beginning his story with an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New World. In addition to History, Bradford left a wealth of letters, other prose writings about the colony, and even a narrative poem.●He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers. The New England colonies mournedhim at his death, in words written later by Cotton Mather, as “a common blessing and father to them all”.●The Pilgrim Fathers: English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded thecolony of Plymouth, Massachusetts2. John Winthrop (1588 –1649), first governor at Boston. He wrote The History of New England (1826).John Winthrop began to keep a journal on the Bay Colonists’voyage to Massachusetts aboard the ship Arbella in 1630 and he maintained this practice for the rest of his life. The History is less appropriate than “journal”, for the work has not the scope and order of a history. Yet it remains Winthrop’s chief work.● 3. Importance of the Histories●Both works are notable for their candid simplicity and honesty. Each book is the mostvaluable kind of historical source---an account of events by a man who has been a major figure of his time. Both accounts were written, not from literary ambition, but from a sense of the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account attained literary excellence.Puritan Thoughts● 1. What was a Puritan?●The “Puritan”was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religiousbeliefs and practices. The word was coined by the opponents of the group and was applied to them in scorn; it was intended to ridicule them as persons who thought themselves holier or better than others. The undaunted Puritans claimed the name for themselves, adopting it as a badge of honor (荣誉徽章).● 2. What did the Puritans want to do?●The Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bibleto theology. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine, form of worship, and organization of authority. Another point of controversy was that the Church of England was the established church, that is, the official church of the state, and the most extreme Puritans, among them the Plymouth Plantation group, felt the influences of politics and the court had led to corruption within the church.●These Puritans were “Separatists”--- that is, they wished to break free from the Churchof England. The Massachusetts Bay group, on the other hand, wished to reform the church but remain a part of it. Yet once they were settled in the new land, they too moved gradually toward complete separation.● 3. What kind of people were the Puritans?●Puritans include people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, botheducated and uneducated, poor and rich. The Puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s will and was not to be accepted. They were thus zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. They drove out of their settlements all those whose opinions seemed dangerous to them.Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts has sometimes been exaggerated, but it is true that their lives were disciplined and hard. Puritans tended to suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They made strict laws about private morality as well as public behavior.●Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forgethis mercy. From this harsh side of Puritan thought comes the picture of what Nathaniel Hawthorne (author of The Scarlet Letter)called the “stern (严厉的, 苛刻的) and black-browed (黑眉毛的, 抑郁的) Puritans.”Yet this was indeed one of their aspects, but only one. Governor Bradford and Governor Winthrop were men of character, courage, and noble spirit.●Puritanism (the practices and doctrines of the Puritans) was the strongest in the NewEngland region and had great influence upon its history, its people and its literature.4. John Cotton (1584-1652) and Roger Williams●contradictory examples of PuritansJohn CottonThe first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”From the time he came to Boston in 1633, he was the “teacher”( that is, spiritual leader) of the community, and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy ( a state ruled by the church). John Cotton’s primary influence was through the pulpit (讲坛;布道坛).●The people of Massachusetts delighted to hear him preach, and some of his listeners wereconvinced that he could make no mistake, for “God would not suffer Mr. Cotton err (犯错误，出差错)”. Yet err he did, great and good man that he was. Practical circumstances allied him with much less noble spirits than his own in suppressing differences of opinion.●Through John Cotton we can see an important characteristic of the Puritans. They weremuch more concerned with authority than with democracy.●The Puritans faults were those common to persons who hold extreme opinions.Roger Williams●With Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America, and with him, too, thehistory of the separation of church and state. Williams advocated the freedom of belief. In him we have a balance to John Cotton.●Roger Williams was interested in the Indian language. One of his works was A Key intothe Language of America; or, A Help to the Language of the Nation in That Part of America Called New England.Anne Bradstreet and Edward TaylorMany Puritans wrote verse, sometimes using that form for their narratives of actual events. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding (沉重缓慢的, 单调乏味的), but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.Anne BradstreetAnne Dudley Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets.Anne Dudley Bradstreet●Both her father and her husband were governors of Massachusetts.●Bradstreet’s first published work appeared in London: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Upin America.●She wrote well when she dealt with the simple events of her daily life. The note of piety,gently sounded, was in her work.Edward Taylor: Puritan Preacher and Poet●The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. His work followed the style and formsof the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century.Edward Taylor●Most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on thePsalms.Taylor did not publish any of his work. His poems were found in manuscript in 1937, more than two hundred years after his death. This discovery brought Taylor to immediate prominence in the colonial literary history, and enriched American poetic heritage. A complete edition of Taylor’s poems appeared in 1960.Study Question●The United States has been criticized in recent years for assuming an air of moralsuperiority and for trying to impose its opinion on the rest of the world. Can you find the seeds of these American attitudes in the literature of the first two centuries? Explain your answer by referring to specific works you have read.。
演示文稿美国文学殖民地时期文学
Main Doctrines of American Puritanism
1) the doctrine of predestination, original sin and atonement.
2) Strong Sense of Mission: Puritans dreamed of living under a
演示文稿美国文学殖民地时期 文学
第一页，共27页。
（优选）美国文学殖民地时期文学
第二页，共27页。
Table of Contents
➢Table of Contents
➢Introduction
➢Brief Outline of American Literature
➢Chapter I Colonial Period
3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and settled
on the new continent “New England”. (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
2.people:
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Historical Overview
•Colonial Period (1607-1765) 殖民时期 •Enlightenment & the War of Independence (1765-1800) 启蒙时期
•Romantic Period（1800-1865）浪漫主义时期
New 第十二页，共27页。 England in America.
The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: one part of them were the creators of the Plymouth(普利茅斯 )
《美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思》
美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思1. 引言美国文学的殖民地时期是指17世纪至18世纪早期，欧洲移民开始在北美建立殖民地并与当地原住民交流的阶段。
这一时期不仅见证了欧洲殖民者对新大陆的开拓，也为后来形成独特的美国文学传统奠定了基础。
本文将探讨美国文学在殖民地时期对于新大陆环境、原住民、宗教和种族等议题的描写，并对其所包含的反思进行分析。
2. 新大陆环境的描写与反思2.1 自然景观描述：美国文学中经常出现对新大陆壮丽自然景观的描绘，如《普利古斯人物志》中描述了新英格兰的山川河流和四季更替。
这些作品表达了欧洲殖民者对未知土地奇异之美的赞叹，同时也展现了他们与自然环境相处的态度和困惑。
2.2 对原住民生活方式的描述：在殖民地时期，欧洲移民与原住民有着频繁的接触和交流。
美国文学作品中常描绘原住民的生活方式、宗教和社会结构，如《梅恩山》中对印第安部落的描述。
这些描写既反映了殖民者对陌生文化的好奇与尊重，也展示了殖民者与原住民之间的冲突和互动。
2.3 环境遭受破坏与反思：一些文学作品在描写新大陆环境时也表达了对殖民活动所带来的破坏性影响的反思。
如《乌利西斯》中对伐木业对自然资源造成破坏以及原住民土地被侵占的描述。
这种反思提醒人们保护环境并尊重不同文化的重要性。
3. 对宗教和信仰的描写与反思3.1 宗教信仰：欧洲移民带着丰富多样的宗教信仰来到新大陆，这一主题在美国文学中得到广泛揭示。
如《清真之恋》中描述了清教徒试图在新英格兰建立神圣社区的经历。
这些作品通过对宗教信仰的描绘，反映了殖民者对信仰自由的追求以及社会秩序与个人自由之间的冲突。
3.2 宗教迫害和反思：殖民地时期，宗教迫害也是一个重要议题。
文学作品中对于清教徒对异端信仰的打压以及原住民宗教遭受到的侵害和禁止有所描写。
这些作品提醒人们宗教自由的重要性，同时呼吁对不同信仰的包容与尊重。
4. 对种族关系的描写与反思4.1 种族关系描述：美国文学在殖民地时期也涉及到种族关系，如《奴隶绝望》中描述了非洲裔奴隶在美国殖民地生活的苦难。
美国文学史总结
Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Sincethe First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “CommonSense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年，II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）（1776）Chapter 8→Philip Freneau （菲利普.弗瑞诺）1.The Power of Fancy 《想象的力量》（1770）2.The House of Night 《英国囚船》（1781）His earlier poems were collected in The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War这些早期作品后来于1786年一起被收录在《战争后期弗洛诺主要诗歌集》中。
C2美国文学殖民地时期---现代主义诗歌
20111013 Thursday整个文学脉络美国：1. The literature of colonial America (1590-1750)2. The literature of Reason and Revolution (the war of Independence 1750 - 1810)3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)4. Realism and naturalism (latter half of 19th cen.)5. 20th century literature1. Literature in stage I/ IINot wonderful , no special featuresSimple literary works:personal letters, historical records, journals, sermons, political pamphletsserved for the religious and political purposeStyle: followed the example of its English counterpart e.g. FranklinKey points:the first American writer, the father of American poetry the first important American writerPuritanism [features/ influences]Franklin Autobiography the American dream3. Romanticism (1810 - 1860 civil war)From the end of the 18th century (after the War for Independence ) through the outbreak of the Civil War.(1798the preface of Lyrical Ballads-1832 the death of Scott)a.1st phase: Early Romanticismnovel ----Irving (local events ) Cooper (the West) poetry--- Bryant, Poe(rose to the same level of its English literature to some degree)b. 2nd phase: New England Renaissance (summit) developed its distinct style and formoptimism T ranscendentalism [Emerson/ Thoreau; pessimism ( Hawthorne, Melville)Irving:position, The Sketch Book[two masterpieces{main ideas, theme, etc.}, his attitude towards the change and European culture]Cooper:The frontier SagaCentral figure [features, special image of Indians] Permanent theme:desire for an escape from society and a return to nature= conventionBryant:Title, masterpiecesimilarity with WordsworthPoe:Writing principle:Brevity, beauty; Unity of Effect or Atmosphere[Vs Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetic movement]Favorite topics/tone:Masterpiece:Poetry: T o Helen, Annabel Lee, The RavenShort story: The Cask of amontillado, the fall of the house of usherT ranscendentalism:I.Features1.the transcendence of oversoul2.divinity of men, importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God；restorativeinfluence4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)II.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a youngnation and brought about the idea that humancan be perfected by nature. It stressed religioustolerance, called to throw off shackles ofcustoms and traditions and go forward to thedevelopment of a new and distinctly Americanculture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in arapidly expanded economy where opportunityoften became opportunism [Emerson:Americans—newborn Adam, standing simpleand sincere before the world ]3.It helped to create the first Americanrenaissance –one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.Representatives:[1]Ralph Waldo Emerson1.life2.works(1)Nature [manifesto/ Bible](2) speech: The American Scholar[intellectualDeclaration of Independence]3.opinions(1)One major element of his philosophy is hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the―oversoul‖.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the mostsanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivateshimself and brings out the divine in himself,he can hope to become better and evenperfect. This is what Emerson means by ―theinfinitude of m an‖. [self-reliance]4.aesthetic ideas about the poet [The Poet, TheNature and The American Scholar](1) definition of poetno ordinary person. He is a complete man, an eternal man. He should be able to see into the depths of infinite time, comprehend the path of things and the divine unity of the Universe by intuition and communicate the feelings of contact with nature to his fellowmen.[Whitman: envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community byhis expression of the truth.▪In ―The Defense of Poetry,‖ Shelley claims that ―poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.‖ Poets hold up a mirror to society challenging us (readers) to question our behavior, our morals, our philosophy.▪Vs Plato (liars should be banished from Republic) Wordsworth, Eliot ](2)T rue poetry and true art should ennoble. Itshould serve as a moral purification and apassage toward organic unity and higherreality.(3)The poet should express his thought insymbols. [as for him, symbolism is a universalthing. Influence of Puritanism](4)As to theme, Emerson called upon Americanauthors to celebrate America which was tohim a long poem in itself, to celebrate the lifeof today. American intellectuals should haveindependent mind, stop imitating andtransplanting European tradition, shouldfocus on here and present.[attitude toward American culture: Irving{TheAuthor’s Account of Himself: praise the sublimeand beautiful natural scenery of America,America was full of youthful promise, whichEurope was rich in the accumulated treasures ofage.}, Hawthorne, Henry James, T.S. Eliot ]II.Henry David Thoreau1.works: Walden2.ideas(1)He did not like the way a materialisticAmerica was developing and was vehementlyoutspoken on the point. very critical ofmodern civilization.(2) Practical T ranscendentalism: nature as agenuine restorative, healthy influence onman’s spiritual well-being.(3)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward,spiritual grace of man.Nathaniel Hawthorne1.works(1)Two collections of short stories: T wice-toldT ales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter [main ideas, characters,theme, features](3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun2/ Setting: Puritan New EnglandT opic: Evil & sinIdeas: “black vision‖ toward human beings Features: AmbiguityT echniques: symbolism3. ideas:[1]mixed attitude towards Puritanism[2]Hawthorne’s view of sin/evilguilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity.all his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of _sin___ and __evil_____. It illustrates to some extent the influence of the Calvinist doctrine of _original sin___& total depravity__.e.g. The Minister’s Black Veil―I look around me, and lo! On every visage a Black veil.‖瞧啊，你们每一个人脸上都有一块黑面纱！描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点，这与加尔文教关于人的―原罪‖和―内在堕落‖的理论的影响是分不开的。
美国文学史脉络
美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分，其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。
美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变，同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。
本文将以时间为线索，回顾美国文学的发展历程，并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。
一、殖民地时期（17世纪初-18世纪初）殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。
在这一时期，早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响，这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学，代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。
二、启蒙时期（18世纪中叶-19世纪初）启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期，这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响，同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。
启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立，代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。
同时，启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品，如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。
三、浪漫主义时期（19世纪中叶-19世纪末）浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代，这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。
代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。
同时，浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人，如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。
这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索，具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。
四、现实主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪初）现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点，这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题，反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。
美国文学——殖民时期
美国文学——殖民时期殖民主义时期的文学（一）印第安人及其文学在欧洲的冒险者们登陆美洲大陆之前，美洲一直由土著印第安人所居住。
据人类学家们的推测，他们可能是在公元前8000—5000年间的冰川时代从亚洲经过了长途迁徙来到这片大陆。
他们乘坐独木舟穿越了白令海峡，经历了数千年，他们学会了种植“玉米”（Indian Corn）、白薯、可可豆、烟草等农业技术。
然而，印第安人一直处于部落社会。
他们的文学则属口头文学，其主题主要在强调人类与物质和精神世界的和谐相处，并表现了对土地的尊敬和热爱。
人们所发掘出的印第安人的文学形式有早期的典仪和曲调，也就是歌词。
由口头吟唱的神话传说在其口头文学中占有重要的地位。
印第安人用传说的形式表达对自然界的认识，讲述部落文化英雄的故事，反映印第安人对本部落传说的信念。
传说作为一种口头文学是印第安文学的一种主要形式。
讲述故事是部落里一种重要的文化活动，故事讲述者是部落里受人尊重的人，会受到全部落人的尊重。
印第安人的传说多为讲起“真实”的故事，无论是关于神话故事，还是英雄的故事都和某一真实故事有关，其教育意义是显而易见的。
简言之，北美印第安人传说文字由印第安人用自己的语言创造，以印第安人为对象，表明印第安人生活情感和思想，有着独特的印第安风格特征。
它是一个内容形式都十分丰富的综合现象，并且以口头文学的形式存在和发展着。
它与印第安人的生活有着特殊密切的关系，又具有真正意义上的“大众文学”的性质。
在欧洲人来到这片大陆，并建立殖民地之前，它是这里真正意义上的主流文学。
（二）殖民主义时期的历史背景自15世纪末哥伦布发现了美洲大陆以后，欧洲殖民者纷纷踏上这块神秘的土地。
1607年，英国人克里斯托夫·纽波特率领三艘船到达切萨比克湾，在现今的弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立了第一个永久殖民点。
1620年乘坐“五月花”船的一批清教徒在普利茅斯建立了北美的第二个殖民点。
这批因受宗教迫害而来到新大陆的新教徒们严格遵循着基督教传统教义，他们坚信自己是上帝的选民，是上帝把他们从旧世界的罪过和堕落中拯救出来，送往北美这块福地。