科技英语写作常用词组句型总结
写作科技话题必备短语及表达
写作科技话题必备短语及表达1、登月 moon landing2、国家安全 national security3、核武器 nuclear weapon4、科学成就 scientific achievement5、科学仪器 scientific instrument6、可再生资源 renewable energy sources7、能源的耗损 depletionof resources8、能源危机 energy crisis考试大论坛9、人工智能 artificial intelligence10、踏足于 set foot on来源：考试大网11、太空研究 space exploration / space research12、天然资源 natural resources13、现场直播 live TV broadcast14、濒危物种 endangered species15、环境恶化 environment deterioration16、机械劳动 mechanical labor17、家庭电器 household appliance18、世界变暖 global warming19、寿命 life expectancy、 life span20、处于灭绝的边缘 be on the verge of extinction21、促动人类社会的发展 promote the development of human society22、恶劣的环境 hostile environment23、降低成本 lower the cost24、降低风险 lower the risks25、破坏社会稳定 undermine the social stability26、提升工作效率 improve work efficiency27、提升生产力 increase the productivity28、下岗工人 laid-off worker来源：考试大29、不合伦理道德的 ethically and morally wrong30、改善生活质量 improve the quality of life。
科技报告常用词汇和套句汇总
科技报告常用词汇和套句汇总本文旨在提供科技报告中常用的词汇和套句，以帮助写作人士在撰写科技报告时更加准确和流畅地表达观点。
科技报告常用词汇1. 研究 (research)2. 分析 (analysis)3. 数据 (data)4. 实验 (experiment)5. 发现 (findings)6. 结果 (results)7. 讨论 (discussion)9. 存在 (existence)10. 影响 (impact)11. 探索 (exploration)12. 解决方案 (solution)13. 持续发展 (ongoing development)14. 创新 (innovation)15. 应用 (application)16. 可行性 (feasibility)17. 方案 (proposal)18. 推断 (inference)19. 验证 (validation)20. 趋势 (trend)科技报告常用套句1. 根据我们的研究，我们发现了以下关键结果：- According to our research, we have identified the following key findings:2. 在数据分析的过程中，我们观察到一个明显的趋势：- During the process of data analysis, we observed a significant trend:3. 通过对不同方案进行比较，我们得出以下结论：4. 这个实验的结果支持了我们的假设：- The results of this experiment support our hypothesis:5. 我们对当前技术的存在和发展进行了深入讨论：- We have engaged in an in-depth discussion on the existence and development of current technologies:6. 通过进一步的探索，我们找到了一个创新解决方案：- Through further exploration, we have identified an innovative solution:7. 这个方案的可行性已经得到了验证：- The feasibility of this proposal has been validated:8. 根据我们的推断，这个新技术将对行业产生重大影响：- Based on our inference, this new technology will have a significant impact on the industry:9. 我们的研究对当前的技术趋势提供了有价值的见解：- Our research offers valuable insights into current technological trends:10. 我们的实验结果与之前的研究一致：- Our experimental results are consistent with previous research:以上是科技报告常用词汇和套句的汇总，希望能对您在写作科技报告时有所帮助。
科技英语写作句型
科技英语写作句型科技英语写作句型科技类英语作文一般针对他的现状和未来影响描写，下面是店铺分享的科技英语写作句型，希望能帮到大家!句型1)对……产生很大影响: have a great effect on(2)起很大作用：make a great difference(3)改变人们的生活：change one’s life(4)得益于、从……获益benefit from(5)与……有关联：relate to/ be linked to(6)能使用：have access to/ be accessible to(7)代替：take the place of(8)致力于：devote oneself to(9)实现：come true(10)赶上：keep/catch up with(11)与……不同：be different from/differ from(12)使某人能做：enable sb to do sth(13)把……考虑进去：take something into consideration(14)引起某人的注意：catch/attract the attention of sb(15)导致：lead to/contribute to/result in/ bring about(16)在某方面起重要的作用：play an important role in(17)提高人类的生活质量：improve the quality of life for humans(18)为治疗疾病而进行一项研究：carry out a research in the hope of curing the illnesses(19)科学技术是第一生产力。
Science and technology are a primary productive force.(20)随着互联网、个人电脑、3G手机的日益普及，我们的生活发生了巨大的变化或我们的生活精彩无限。
科技英语一些常用的结构及表达
科技英语一些常用的结构及表达在科技文章中，要对概念或术语下定义时，我们常用以下短语：一、be/(can)be defined as表示“是”或“被称为，定义为”的意思，其结构可以是：1 术语+be或(can)be defined as+名词，例如：Energy is usually defined as the ability to do work.能量通常定义为做功的本领。
A computer is a machine that process data into information.计算机是一种将数据处理为信息的机器。
These laws are defined as Newton’s laws of motion.这些定律被定义为牛顿运动定律。
2 术语+be或(can)be defined as+名词+used for doing sth/used to do sth/定语从句或分词例如：I/O devices are units to either input data or output information.输入/输出设备是用于输入数据或输出信息的设备。
Transistors are devices performing many kinds of functions in electronic equipments.晶体管是在电子设备中执行多种功能的器件。
A capacitor is defined as the device where electricity is stored in.电容器被称是一种存储电力的器件。
二、在科技文章中，有时对概念或术语不必要给出严格定义，只需从某种角度给以解释时，我们常用的词或短语是：mean, by...we mean, in other words, be termed, be called, be named, be consider as, be known as, refer to…as…, be regarded as, be thought of 等。
英文科技写作句型和词汇表达总结
以前的研究：过去时，自己研究中做过的事：过去时，其他都用：现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is likely that,二.词汇和常用表达结构1.图表所示、发现、揭示等as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident fromfrom Fig.2, from the results,by observing Fig.2, based on the above analysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed that ,As described below, as seen from, as explained above, as evident from, exhibitit follows that 由此断定…，由此得出结论…point outcast doubt on：对产生疑心2.得到、获得、obtain, get, attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,完成，实现: complete, accomplish, realize,通过什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid ofuse, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影响Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect on,发生，开始，occur, take place, happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to begin with, at the beginning,显然、明显，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as seen, conspicuous,striking, dramatically解释，说明，考虑Explain, account for, allow for，take account for/of, be indicative of (说明，说明)Considering, take into account, with/without/in consideration of, regarding, concerning,描述、提出、说明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict, annotate, appear, take on, plot, demonstrate, propose, put forward, put forth,比拟大小、多少Less than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比拟的，相当的)经验的Empirical, experimental,做，执行等，Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement,Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreement, in full agreement with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide with, concord with, fit well with研究，调查Study, investigate, explore, exploratory examine, make an investigation on/of/into, carry out a research到达，To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, beyond, out of reach,验证，假设Validate, verify, justify，hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis,assume to be, it is assumed that… postulate 公设增加、上升、减少、下降Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (随…增长/增加)完全地，根本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details,Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, inadequately, notably, overly(过度地、极度地),Experimentally,改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to,Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around, about, approximately,决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,经历，保持: hold, keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in, originate from, arise from,根据，基于：according to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the basis of, in view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with reference to, in reference to除了：other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in addition, additionally,理论上，事实上：in principle, in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically,从某种程度上：To some extent, to a large/certain extent, in a way, in a sense, to some degree, in some sense,from the viewpoints of , from the perspective of,得出结论：draw a conclusion, come to/reach a conclusion,推断,猜想：Infer，derive from, deduce, speculate,认为，当作Consider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create，build，run/do the simulationin the case of : 在…情况下遵循趋势：obey, follow trend, tendency，组成consist of , contain, be composed of, include,强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centered on设定为to set to be区分、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,其他专业词汇表达small batch production, small quantity production, high volume production, mass production,metal-formed product, micro-formed part,reproducibility: 再现性、重复性experimental determination,in particular, especially,评估，评价：evaluate, assess,扮作：act as,别离，隔绝，separate from, isolate, set apart from缺少：in the absence ofby convention：按照传统，惯例，使成为：make sth sthno longer〔不再〕but rather(相反的)be typical of (典型的)成反比：inversely scale with涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,拓展：extend into最近，新近more recently，到目前为止，迄今to date,解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in general, consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since, as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, contribute to, thanks to, lead to, the reason is, that is because, devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of, arise from起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等Furthermore, in addition, besides, first, second, third, finally, lastly, moreover, incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for instance, take an instance of , likewise/as such(同样), again〔此外〕, at root, as well as, as follows, in the following, below, based on, above, above-mentioned, aforementioned, as with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,as stated( 如上所述)meanwhile：同时比照词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等But, however, instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparison, whereas, while, even though, although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparison to与联系，联合：in association with同时，同样的，at the same time, in the same way, in the same time对应关系A vs.B versus三.英文研究论文中的表达句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more insight into,holds for all three materials，四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看a)如何指出当前研究的缺乏以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在表达了前人成果之后，用However来引导缺乏，比方However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous results areinconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。
科技类常用词汇和短语
科技类常用词汇和短语名词和名词短语：Technological advancement \ development 科技进步; Technological innovations 科技创新High-tech facilities \ products 高科技设施\产品; Modern technology 现代科技; Communication technology 通讯科技如：mass media; mobile phones; the internetThe fast rhythm of life 快节奏的生活方式; Information age 信息时代;Home working \ telecommuting work 在家办公; Distance education 远程教育The widespread use of the internet 网络的广泛使用;Electric appliances 家电; automation 自动化; mass manufacture 大量生产动词短语：Give easy access to ….主语为事物 = Acquire…. 主语为人获得…知识, 信息等Adapt to + 名词适应… ; Get be used to +名词习惯…;Benefit from…从…中受益; Benefit…使…受益Be beneficial to + 名词对…有益; Enhance study efficiency 提高学习效率; Broaden one’s horizons开阔某人眼界; Enrich one’s knowledge experience 丰富某人的知识阅历; Remove the barrier for…为…消除障碍; Assist sb to do…协助某人做某事; Equip sb with sth 用…武装某人; Put sb into contact with sth 让某人接触某事Be confronted with…面对…; Put sb at an advantage in terms of…使某人在某方面处于优势Make use of …. 充分利用; Be available to… = be accessible to供….使用Keep up with 跟上…的步伐; Stay in close contact with…. 保持和….的密切接触Enhance efficiency work efficiency; study efficiency; productivity 提高效率; Accelerate.. 加速典型考题：1. Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion2. Some people think people have benefited from modern communication technology, other people think somepeople have not benefited at all, to what extend do you agree or disagree现代科技的一些正面影响：效率… assist people to enhance working efficiencyWith the help of fax, e-mail or other automated and communication devices, people are able to perform daily routines in a more efficient way, reducing manual work greatly方便The outside world has become more accessible to people and one can perform many tasksat home, such as shopping, banking and business transactions, thus helping them cut costsof bus fare and fuel娱乐People are able to spend much less time on daily routines and household chores,With the emergence of various IT products, people are leading a more colorful life with more flexibility and leisure time.情感…. expands people’s social circle. In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance. But nowadays, Because of technological advances, such as the railroad, the automobile, the telephone and the internet, one can travel further and get acquainted with more people.就业… triggers emergence and great progress of various fronts, thereby creating numerousjob opportunities知识…enables any person in present-day society to become enlightened and empowered. Modern technology gives infinite and flexible access to information and knowledge. By gathering information from a variety of sources, such as the Internet, mobile phones, E-libraries, online training courses, people can have a broader view of life and equip themselves with various skills and abilities现代科技的一些负面影响：压力Employees are actually working longer, primarily because fax, e-mail or other communication devices have made them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work, partly depriving workers of their leisure time娱乐a.People’s leisure time social activities has been shrinking as a result of various Internet-based activities. Specifically, web-surfing, on-line shopping has taken upa larger part of people’s after-work life情感…alters their social behaviors and habits. For example, for many people, spending partof the day on the internet is quite normal. Because most internet users are deeplyaddicted to Internet, they will become socially isolated. Most of them have poor social life and feelings of loneliness.健康a. people have become more and more accustomed to living in a world that appreciates convenience and inactivity. As a result, people are very likely to lose patience and physical vigorb.Too much time spent on the Internet leads to the result that people suffer serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. It is likely that many people end up struggling with poor health。
科技英语常用句型
科技英语常⽤句型1 “对m与n进⾏了⽐较表明……”A comparison of M and NA comparison of M with N showsthat ...A comparison between M and N2. “因此, ….”Thus, ...Hence , ... Therefore , ... Consequently , ...As a result , ...It follows that , ...~so that ...~such that ...3. “现有的……”?…available… we have [process]the existing…the current…4. 所产⽣的电流……The resultant current…The resulting current…The current which results...5. 有证据表明……There is evident that … （常⽤）?There is evidence to show [indicate, suggest] that6. 该理论认为……The theory holds [maintains, claims, implies] that7. 有……There is [are]…… is [are] availableWe have [possess, are in possession of] …There is (are) available...8. 在下⾯，……In what follows, …In what is to follow,…In the following, ….9. A 随B的变化曲线图the graph [plot] of A as a function of B the graph [plot] of A versus [against] B the graph [plot] of the dependence of A on [upon] Bthe graph [plot] of the variation of A with B10. 这理论来源于……The theory comes [stems,emerges, originates]from…The theory is obtained [provided, furnished] from11. ⽂章论述…deals withtreatscoversThe chapter describes …discussesinvolvesbears onconfined toThis chapter is devoted to …concerned with12. 这些数据使我们得出结论……These data lead usto conclude that …?These data enable us to conclude that …?On the basis of these data From these dataone [we] can conclude that …it can be concluded that ...13. …… 保持不变remainstay constant kept unchangedfixed ?held the same ?be unaltered ?maintainedleft14. 与……成反⽐be inversely proportional tovary inversely withdepend inversely as15. 获得的结果与计算机模拟相⼀致agrees withis in agreement withThe result obtained is in line with simulationis consistent withfits into16. 输⼊可⽤r(t)=sin(t)表⽰The input can be represented [expressed, given,denoted] by r(t)=sin(t)17. 毫⽆疑问……There is no doubt that…There is no question that…Beyond doubt [question], ….Without doubt [question], …No [Out of] doubt, …18. 这⽅法的突出优点之⼀在于它很简单?One of the greatest advantages of thismethod is its great simplicity[或：…is that itis very simple].Among the greatest advantage of thismethod is its great simplicity.19. 这⼀⽅⾯与现有的⽅法相⽐有很多优点?This method has many advantages over thoseavailable [或over the existing ones.] ?This method is advantageous in manyrespects (as) compared with available [或with the existing ones.]20. …..得到⼴泛应⽤is [are] widely usedis [are] in wide useis [are] widely in usefind(s) wide application [use]21. ?表⽰了……is an indication of …gives an indication of …indicates…is indicative of ...22. 把M代⼊N（我们）得到……in obtainSubstituting M N, we haveinto getgivesSubstituting M yieldsin[into] N produces Substitution of M results inleads to23. 该实验未能说明……This experiment failed to show [demonstrate]…This experiment has not shown[demonstrated] …24. 我们做了许多实验来检验这⼀理论performed testdone verifyWe have a number of experimentsmadeproveconducted check the theory.25. 该式适⽤于……(或：对…..是成⽴的)holds forholds true forThis equation is true foris valid forapplied to26. 我们成功地完成了……succeeded in doingWe have been successful in doingsuccessfully done…27. 这与……没有（⼏乎没有，有⼀点，有很多）共同之处This has nothing [little, something, much] in common with …28. 最好是……to (do)It is (most) desirablet hat …It would be best if ...29.前⾯的例⼦表明……previousThe proceeding example showsforgoing30.（本⽂）对……进⾏了研究（分析）A study (An analysis) has been made of ...31. 这引起了gives rise toThis leads to32. 这是由……引起的is due tois caused byThis results fromis the results ofarises from33. 典型值为～Typical values range [vary] from to 34. 这⼀点应受到[引起]我们的重视[关注] arouseattractThis should gain our attentionhavereceive35. 问题的关键是……The key to the problem is …The cruxThe heart of the problem is...The main aspectThe essence36. 这需要近⼀步的研究bearsresearch deserveseffort.This demands furtherstudy.Requires work.calls for investigation37. ……分成两⼤类fall into majorare divided into general groups… are classified into two broad classes are of main categoriesThere are two classes of...broad categoriesmain38. 该项研究的主要⽬的在于……chief aimmain purposeThe primary object of the study ismajor objectiveprincipal goal of…in the hope that...with the view to (do) The study has been started in order to (do) to the end that...so that...intendedThe study isto (do)designedhope that...Performing the study we intend to (do)expect to (do)39. ……在……范围之内（外）is lies… goeswithin (beyond)comes falls40. 这是与……有关的问题concerned with concerningThis is a problem relatedrelating to bearing on dealing with41. 下⼀节中……followingIn the next section…subsequentIn the section which follows…to follow…42.……（曾）提出了这个问题put forward raisedadvanced this problem. brought up formulated 43.他们根据……⽽提出了这⼀理论put forwardadvanceddevelopedproposed is based on They suggested this theory, which rests on created proceeds from ?constructedformulated44. ⽅程表明……indicatesimpliesshowssuggestsdemonstratesThis equation reveals ...establishes bears outconfirmssupportsfavorsprovides45. ……的体积各不相同are different in size.are of different sizes. ... varyin size differcome in different [various] size。
科技英语写作句型和词汇
科技论文写作的法宝主编：汪程鹏日期：二〇一〇年四月十五日科技论文写作目录第一章：科技写作语言 (3)chapter0 (5)chapter1 (6)chapter2 (7)chapter3 (9)chapter4 (13)chapter5 (14)chapter6 (15)第二章自我总结词汇 (18)方法： (18)动词： (19)形容词： (20)介词： (20)比较词： (21)名词： (21)功能词汇： (22)图表： (22)句型： (23)容易混淆用的词汇： (24)第三章常见写作句型 (27)Information: (27)knowledge ： (28)problem : (30)Study: (32)Work: (35)Method: (36)Experiment: (38)Theory: (39)假说： (43)假设： (45)Evidence: (46)data : (47)第四章科技英语论文写作 (58)名词性短语替代： (60)使语义连贯： (64)第一章：科技写作语言in line with: 符合prone to：倾于...Beginningl In this paper, we focus on the need forl This paper proceeds as follow.l The structure of the paper is as follows.l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related conceptsl To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroductionl This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Reviewl This review is followed by an introduction.l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Bodyl Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making logic.l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxxl Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural languag e understanding.l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time-window l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formu lation of human decision.l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rulesl The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost variance investigation.l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM systeml In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order-dense.l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Sectionl In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP isdesigned are described.l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations whichare necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Sectionl The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summaryl This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarizedl The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstractl A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.l The usefulness of xx is also considered.l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.l A lgorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.l This paper analyses problems inl This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...l This paper includes an illustration of the ...l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approachingl Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xxl Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xxl The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTimel Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitivel Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial worldl The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on thel The development of ... is exploredl During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent yearsl There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent o f ...l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xxl A lthough a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purposel The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx.l The paper concerns the development of a xxl The scope of this research lies inl The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based decision making.l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:l The primary purpose/consideration/objective ofl The ultimate goal of this concept is to providel The main objective of such a ... system is tol The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:l In order to take advantage of their similarityl more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completedl In this trial, the objective is to generate...l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issuesl A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. l For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methodsl This illustration points out the need to specifyl The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.l Chapter 2. Literature Reviewl A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xxl A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decadel A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.l There is considerable amount of literature on planningl However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.l Attempts to resolve thi s dilemma have resulted in the development ofl Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.l The central issue in all these studies is tol The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.l Applied ... techniques tol Characterized the ... system asl Developed an algorithm tol Developed a system called ... whichl Uses an iterative algorithm to deducel Emphasized the need tol Identifies six key issues surrounding high technologyl A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertakenl Much work has been reported recently in these filedl Proposedl Presentedl State thatl Point out that the problem ofl Describedl Illustratedl Indicatedl Has shown / showedl Addressl Highlightsl A study on ...was done / developed by []l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only withl The approach taken by [] isl The system developed by [] consistsl A paper relevant to this research was published by []l []'s model requires consideration of ..l []' model draws attention to evolution in human developmentl []'s model focuses on...l Little research has been conducted in applying ... tol The published information that is relevant to this research...l This study further shows thatl Their work is based on the principle ofl More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].l Studies have been completed to establishedl The ...studies indicated thatl Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Questionl unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problemsl ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolvedl Two major problems have yet to be addressedl An unanswered questionl This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussedl The three prime issues can be summarized:l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...l There have been many attempts tol It is expected to be serious barrier tol It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.l There are several ways to get around this problem.l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.l Several problems are associated with them.l A lthough some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized.l Most problems in practice are complicatedl More problem surface here.l Hamper effort toward a xx systeml In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xxl The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to developl This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.l However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.l It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.Chapter 3. Proposed methodologyAssumptionl in the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.l We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.l An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.l Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.l Main simplifying assumptions are:l This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.Outline / Structure / Modulel An outline of the researchl Information is incorporated within the schemel Is built into ... structurel A nice modular structure.l The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteriaClassificationl A xx system comprises three main components:l Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..l Consists of the following steps:l This is summarized in the following steps:l Can be broadly classified into the following areas:l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing thel Can allow further breadth of application of ...into morel The following steps should be followedl xx can be classified by a different ways.l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing.Systeml Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.l The system consists of both ... and ...l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.l expert system domains are area of expertisel To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered:l The system has been developed / designed to determinel The system has proven to be able tol The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domainl The system comprises a ... withl The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... techniquel The system environment must be relatively stablel The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage.l The most essential part of .. system is the ...l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development ofl An automated system was developed forl In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.l An interactive automatic ... systeml A .. is co mmonly thought of as a truly integrated .. systeml Should be capable of being generated from a ... systeml xx is an important part of the integrated system.l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule.Computer Systeml The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on aXX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co-processor.l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FOR TRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor.l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer.l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this studyl Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations.l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx.Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Techniquel A discussion is presented of a problem-solving systeml To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of thel A lthough large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.l This can be accomplished byl This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:l The above preliminary analysis has provided important informationl V arious methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...l These concepts have been applied tol On the basis of the concept mentioned above,l This can be achieved byl This fact suggests that a new conceptl This was accomplished by taking ...l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibilityl There is little hope of achieving successful ...l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made h ave not taken this approach, with the exception ofl Only a few studies can be found.l It is a very tedious process to go throughl It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effectedl The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.l Several techniques can be usedl A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.l A process decision model captures the logic essential tol From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ...l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.l A number of heuristic rules have been developed forl Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so thatl An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determinel Euler's formula states the following:l The completed model should agree with the formula.l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessaryl Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough tobe useful.Point of Viewl from an implementation standpoint,l From the point of view of this application,l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order toallow one to make decisions.l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]Justificationl We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and canl Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule.Chapter 4. ExamplesExample/ Datal The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.l The data consists of over xx measurements.l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xxl Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very s mall group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.Comparisonsl As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitablel As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],Relationl We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.l The relationships appear very complicatel Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.Importancel The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.Consideration / Attentionl Careful evaluation is necessary to ensurel Such a formulation does not change further considerations.l Considerable attention has been paid tol Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodatedl After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determinel A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.l It should be noted thatl It is important to point out that ...l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xxChapter 5. Results.Advantages / Disadvantagel One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study ofl One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it.l The xx system is versatilel It has a very fast decision making process。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
科技英语表达常用句型索引1．“精度”的表示法......................................................................................................................... - 4 -2．“完成”、“达到”、“实现”等的表示法 ..................................................................................... - 4 -3．“增补”、“引伸”的表示法......................................................................................................... - 5 -4．“优点”、“好处”、“益处”等的表示法 ..................................................................................... - 6 -5．“一致”、“符合”的表示法......................................................................................................... - 7 -6．“让步”的表示法......................................................................................................................... - 8 -7．“放大”、“扩大”等的表示法 ..................................................................................................... - 9 -8．“仪器”、“装置”、“设备”等的表示法 ................................................................................... - 10 -9．“似乎”、“好像”的表示法....................................................................................................... - 10 -10．“大约”、“近似”的表示法 ..................................................................................................... - 11 -11．“平均”的表示法 ..................................................................................................................... - 12 -12．“平衡”、“抵消”、“补偿”等的表示方法 ............................................................................. - 12 -13．“建造”、“制造”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 13 -14．“能力”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 14 -15．“引起”、“导致”、“产生”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 15 -16．“肯定”、“一定”、“相信”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 16 -17．“分类”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 16 -18．“比较”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 17 -19．“组成”、“构成”、“成分”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 18 -20．“概括”、“结论”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 19 -21．条件(“如果”、“假如”、“假定”等)的表示法 .................................................................... - 21 -22．“对比”、“对照”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 22 -23．“损坏”、“损伤”、“破坏”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 23 -24．“减少”、“降低”、“缩小”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 23 -25．“缺点”、”毛病”、“缺陷”、“故障”等的表示法 ................................................................. - 24 -26．“定义”的表示法....................................................................................................................... - 25 -27．“程度”的表示方法................................................................................................................. - 26 -28．“推迟”、“延缓”、“延期”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 27 -29．“取决于”、“依赖于”、“受…的制约”等的表示法 ............................................................. - 28 -30．“不同”、“差别”、“区别”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 28 -31．“方向”的表示方法................................................................................................................. - 29 -32．“距离”、“间距”、“间隔”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 32 -33．图的表示法............................................................................................................................... - 34 -34．“例证”、“举例”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 35 -35．“例外”、“排除”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 36 -36．“过量”、“过度”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 37 -37．“频度”、“时间间隔”等的表示法 ......................................................................................... - 38 -38．“功能”、“作用”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 39 -39．“将来时间”的表示法............................................................................................................. - 39 -40．“根据”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 40 -41．“假定”、“假设”的表示法 ..................................................................................................... - 41 -42．“增加”、“增大”、“提高”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 42 -43．“安装”、“安置”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 43 -44．“指示”、“指令”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 44 -45．“相似”、“类似”、“相同”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 45 -46．“装填”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 45 -47．“最大值”、“最小值”等的表示法 ......................................................................................... - 46 -48．“度量”、“计量”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 47 -49．“方法”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 48 -50．“运动”、“移动”、“动作”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 49 -51．“需要”、“要求”、“必须”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 50 -52．“否定”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 51 -53．“加、减、乘、除”等运算的表示法 ..................................................................................... - 52 -54．“百分比”的表示法................................................................................................................. - 53 -55．“位置”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 54 -56．“可能性”、“或然性”等的表示法 ......................................................................................... - 55 -57．“性质”、“特性”、“性能”等的表示法 ................................................................................. - 56 -58．“比例”、“比率”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 57 -59．“数量”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 59 -60．“原因”、“理由”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 60 -61．“结果”的表示法..................................................................................................................... - 62 -62．“转动”、“旋转”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 63 -64．“顺序”、“时序”等的表示法 ................................................................................................. - 66 -。