Lecture11-Language and Culture
lecture 13 language and culture
Whorf's primary area of interest in linguistics was the study of Native American languages. He became well known for his work on the Hopi language (an American Indian language), and for his principle of linguistic relativity, which was developed by him and Sapir. The theory of linguistic relativity, is nowadays often known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.
Teaching focus
What is culture? The relationship between language and culture. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Linguistic evidence of cultural differences The significance of cultural teaching and learning
Weak determinism holds that thought is
merely affected or influenced by our language. This version of determinism is widely accepted today.
Linguistic relativity states that distinctions
Lecture 13: Language and culture
Languageandculture介绍语言和文化的专题培训课件
Languageandculture介 绍语言和文化的
Outline
• What is language , what is culture and the relationship between them.
• Dialect(方言) in different culture. • Idioms(俗语) in different culture. • Chinese + English = Chinglish(中国式英语) • The significance of cultural learning in learning language • Conclusion
What is Language?
• Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas , emotions ,and desires by a system of voluntarily produced symbols .These symbols are auditory and are produced by the organs of speech.
Different cultures make their different ideas , values and beliefs reflected in different languages .
LECTURE 1
Syntactic dimension（句法层面） dimension（句法层面）
• Chinese ： 意合语言（汉语的结合不受形态成分的 约束，而主要取决于语义上的搭配是否合乎事理，“ 约束，而主要取决于语义上的搭配是否合乎事理，“国 语底用词组句，偏重心理，略于形式。” 语底用词组句，偏重心理，略于形式。”） • 枯藤老树昏鸦， • 小桥流水人家， • 古道西风瘦马， • …… 马致远 《秋思》 秋思》 Indo –European ：形义语言（有繁复的变位，变格， 形态变化，是形义融合，意在则形达，句子结构比叫严 谨。）
GOUP WORK：work in groups to decide WORK： which of the following are above or below the water---within or out of our awareness? water---within
• What and how people eat • How to keep healthy • How to raise children • How to do business • How to use time • How to introduce people • How to participate in ceremonies • Rules for gestures • Rules for facial expressions and eye contact • Rituals • Etiquette • Work speed • What is right and wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad etc. • Theories of disease, sin, death, god or gods ,sanity, self.etc.
language and culture大学英语语言学课件
Байду номын сангаас
Thank you, 哪里,哪里
Other types of solutions:
accept by agreeing A: Your dress is very nice. B: Yeah, this is my favorite dress. reject by disagreeing (indirect/implicit rejection) A: You did a great job cleaning the house. B: Well, I guess you haven’t seen the kid’s room.
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What is culture?
Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.
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The influence of language on culture
Language as a reflection of environment: language reflects the environment we live. e.g. “camel” “snow”
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The relationship between language and culture
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Thanks and compliments
Lecture13 Language and Social Culture(II)
Sound change
It refers to the changes in pronunciation Initial [k] and [g] were lost before [n] in the 17th. The tendency toward greater ease of articulation is most often held responsible. The dropping of the outer consonant in a cluster Much of the phonological history of a language can be brought under various general processes of weakening, simplification. The trend of consonant shift
A social dialect spoken by a less privileged population. Like other varieties of English, Black English has its own features.
What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an illogical and inferior variety of English? Why(not)?
Language and Culture
The relationship between language and culture was distinctive in the work of Sapir. Even though he believes that language and culture are not intrinsically associated, he believed that language and our thought-grooves are too much involved as to be impossible to untie each other, and are, in a sense, one and the same. The association of a specific culture with a specific language was not given by nature but was a historical coincidence. They believed that that each particular language serves a particular community and is instrumental in aiding the youngest members learn to operate within the society's culture, some relationship between the language and the culture may be expected to develop.
2021英语专业四级语法词汇模拟练习题及答案
2021英语专业四级语法词汇模拟练习题及答案1．Every year I have my doctor _____ on my physical condition.A．check inB．check upC．check intoD．check out2．This ticket _____ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A．givesB．entitlesC．grantsD．credits3．A child who does well in exams is always _____ on to do better.A．encouragedB．approvedC．spurredD．inspired4．The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _____ of hunger and cold.A．would dieB．will dieC．would be deadD．would have died5．_____ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only three fingers and a thumb.A．SavedB．SavesC．To saveD．The saving6．Riding my bicycle home from school, _____ as I went around the corner.A．a car hit meB．I was striked by a carC．I was struck by a carD．I was struck with a car7．Jane was scolded by the director because he left the office with the door _____.A．unlockingB．not being lockedC．unlockedD．not locking8．They _____ the lecture, but upon learning that we would discuss something irrelevant to their field of study, they gave it up.A．were going to attendB．were to attendC．had attendedD．would have attended9．Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology _____.A．have not been achievedB．would not achieveC．would not have been achievedD．would not be achieved10．_____ knows the truths about it will tell you.A．Who thatB．ThatC．WhoeverD．That who11．It was not yet eleven o'clock _____ a boat crossed the river with a single passenger who had obtained his transportation at that unusual hour by promising an extra fare.A．whatB．whenC．thatD．which12．Women workers wear hats _____ their hair gets caught in the machinery.A．ifB．in caseC．unlessD．because13．No sooner had they come back _____ they went to sleep.A．whenB．thenC．untilD．than14．It _____ our teacher came that we begun the test.A．was untilB．was not untilC．not untilD．until was15．_____, glasses can correct most sight defects inhealthy eyes.A．When well fittedB．Being fittedC．was fittedD．fitted16．We should make a clear _____ between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussion．A．distinctionB．discriminationC．deviationD．separation17．Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ______ ones．A．tragicB．turbulentC．vulnerableD．suspicious18．I was deeply impressed by the hostess' ________ and enjoyed the dinner party very much．A．hostilityB．indignationC．hospitalityD．humanity19．All imaginative _______ is a reflection of the real word．A．inventionB．creationC．discoveryD．illusion20．Two discussions from different points of view may ______ each other．A．complexionB．complimentC．appendixD．complement21．Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______ on earth rather than on Mars．A．configurationB．constitutionC．condemnationD．contamination22．The library has a vital role in our search for knowledge．It serves as a workshop for the entire collegeor university, students and ______ alike．A．executivesB．facultyC．crewD．staffs23．In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the ______ concern of state government．A．extinctB．excludingC．excessiveD．exclusive24．The old sailor had never studied navigation, but he had good _____ knowledge of it．A．periodicalB．tropicalC．empiricalD．vertical25．He _______ the truth at last by questioning all the bots in the school．A．causedB．resultedC．arousedD．elicited26．The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report only in a few pages but with all the details．A．conciseB．clearC．preciseD．elaborate27．The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness．Her plot against a completely innocent old man is a clear sign of _______．A．impulseB．dispositionC．insanityD．inspiration28．The two playwrights worked in close ______ with each other on the script．A．collaborationB．circulationC．coalitionD．inspiration29．The police stopped me the other day as I was driving home, because I was ______ the speed limit．A．transcendingB．exceedingC．surpassingD．overtaking30．Some people are more _____ to sea-sickness．A．inclinedB．liableC．likelyD．apt31．I think she hurt my feeling ______ rather than by accident as she claimed．A．virtuallyB．deliberatelyC．literallyD．appropriated32．Some American colleges are state-supported, others are privately _______, and still others are supported by religious organizations．A．ensuredB．attributedC．authorizedD．endowed33．Parents take a great interest in the _____ questions raised by their children．A．nastyB．naiveC．obscureD．offensive34．He is well _______ with the history of the company．A．blessedB．conformedC．compliedD．acquainted35．He wrote to me last week regarding a teaching _____ he thought might interest me．A．professionB．proportionC．provisionD．proposition36．Competition would promote _____ and innovation.A．stagnancyB．efficiencyC．complacencyD．inadvertency37．The survey gave further _____ of continuing strength in investment.A．incidenceB．prudenceC．prevalenceD．evidence38．Authorities are mounting a campaign to combat an alarming rise in juvenile _____ and drug taking.A．delinquencyB．mistakeC．evilD．crime39．Office politics is a universal problem that _____ culture.A．goes intoB．goes forC．goes withD．goes beyond40．The Federal Reserve and other central banks spend a(n）________ $1 billion to $3 billion buying the US currency.A．estimatedB．exactC．evaluatedD．calculated41．One may call this a crisis situation because the dollar has _____ quite steadily.A．depreciatedB．convertedC．circulatedD．alleviated42．It is very discourteous to be _____ during someone's conversation.A．in the wayB．in a wayC．leading the wayD．giving way43．The problem is ______ easy．But I am sure you will find a solution to it if you work.A．above allB．terriblyC．nothing butD．anything but44．The first phone cards went into ______ in Italy in 1976．Since then they have been issued in every country.A．circulationB．businessC．currencyD．force45．If you spend all your time and energy trying to_____ out what words got said, you miss out on comprehending the message.A．fingerB．featureC．nurtureD．figure46．Language and cultural ______ have prevented many people from moving easily in American society.A．barriersB．similaritiesC．problemsD．disagreement47．He wrote against people who would not show _____ to all religions.A．complacencyB．mercyC．incompetenceD．persistency48．The painting is thought to be _____．There is not another one like it in the worldA．peculiarB．uniqueC．singleD．sterile49．The school _____ to him missing classes without permission.A．objectedB．adjustedC．appealedD．conformed50．His car is a much older _____ than ours.A．modelB．patternC．manufactureD．form答案：1-5 BBCDC 6-10 CCDDC 11-15 BBDBA16-20 ABCBD 21-25 BBDCD 26-30 ACABB31-35 BDBDD 36-40 BDADA 41-45 AADAD详解：36．B stagnancy 停滞, 迟钝efficiency 效率, 功效complacency 满足, 安心inadvertency 不注意, 怠慢37．D incidence 落下的方式, 影响范围prudence 审慎prevalence 流行evidence 迹象, 根据38．A delinquency 行为不良, 错失mistake 错误, 过失evil 邪恶, 不幸, 罪恶crime犯罪行为39．D go into 进入, 加入, 探究, 变得；go for 去找, 努力获取, 被认为, 主张, 拥护；go with 伴随, 与...相配go beyond 超出40．A estimate 估计, 估价, 评估exact 精确的, 准确的, 原样的, 精密的, 严格41．A depreciate 折旧, (使）贬值, 降低, 贬低, 轻视；convert 使转变, 转换...,使...改变信仰；circulate (使）流通, (使）循环 alleviate 使(痛苦等）易于忍受, 减轻42．A in the way 挡道，妨碍某人；in a way 在某种程度上, 稍稍；lead the way 带路, 示范；give way 撤退, 让路43．D above all 最重要, 首先；terribly 可怕地, 十分, 极；nothing but 只anything but 决不44．A circulation 循环, 流通, 发行额；business 商业；currency 流通；force 力量, 魄力, 势力, 暴力；go into circulation 是一个短语，意思是“进入流通”。
英语语言与文化lecture
American Social Culture
The American Dream
The idea of individual success and happiness through hard work and selfreliance
Diversity and Multiculturalism
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
The unique blend of British and Original cultures, as well as the influence of migration from Asia and Europe
The sentiment of French and English cultures, as well as the contributions of Indigenous people and immigrants from around the world
Culture determines language learning and teaching: The approach to language learning and teaching is often influenced by cultural beliefs and practices For example, some cultures emphasize rot learning while others focus on communicative skills
• Old English (450-1100): Characterized by a highly impacted grammar and a vocabulary derived from German roots, Old English was the language of the Anglo Saxons
lecture 10 culture and etiquette文化与礼仪ppt
If you need to leave the table temporarily, leave the napkin in your chair as a signal to the waiter that you will be returning.
3) Place Setting: There are serious
Things you should not do at the table
Never lick or put your knife in your mouth. Never chew with your mouth open. No one wants to see food being chewed or hearing that. It is impolite to have your elbows on the table while eating. Never use your fingers to push food onto your spoon or fork.
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Aspects of cultural differences
• • • • • • • Greetings and terms of address Thanks and compliments Color words Privacy and taboos Words and cultural-specific connotations Rounding off numbers Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphor
language and culture
• Culture affects language • Different cultural features (environmental, material or social) produce different linguistic features. • e.g. ―24 jie qi‖ • 立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、
Aspects of cultural differences
• Color Words (color-related associations) ―green with envy‖---眼？了 blue – high social status-----黄（皇）袍 wedding-white dress -----红色的礼服
language and Culture --Language is closely related to culture
DRAGON (in China and western countries)
--language symbolizes cultural reality
reflect people’s attitudes, beliefs, knowledge
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
• Denotative meaning ---- a meaning that can be found in a dictionary. • Connotative meaning ---- a meaning or idea suggested by a word or thing in addition to the formal meaning or nature of the word or thing. • Iconic meaning ---- the image or icon invoked in mind by a word. • For example, “rose” “美的像花儿一样”
--Influence of science and technology
computer-related words or expressions
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
• Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf • interdependence of language and thought • the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave • i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, - linguistic relativitydifferent languages for different cultures
Red is the color associated with revolution and socialism
• red guard —红卫兵 • 又红又专 — both socialist minded and professionally qualified • 一颗红心—loyal to Party, having socialist virtues.
小暑、大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、 大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒。
Language and Culture • Language changes reflect cultural changes --Moving towards greater informality
eg. online communication
Language and culture
What is culture?
• -- (broad) the total way of life of a group of people
belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language
Color Words and their Cultural Connotations
Group work: First try to translate the following Chinese phrases into Englቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱsh and English ones into Chinese with the help of dictionaries. 红茶 眼红 开门红 红白喜事 清白 青天 背黑锅 黄色书刊 • A blue Monday忧郁的周一 • A white lie善意的谎言 • Red-letter days值得纪念的日子
• 红双喜—double happiness written in red • 开门红—meaning to begin well, to make a good start
Red is also associated with certain emotions
red-faced - 脸红. see red - be made angry or to become angry suddenly; waving a red flag - cause quick anger in other people.
Expressions containing the word red
• Red alert: alarming in emergency • A red battle: a cruel battle in which a lot of lives have been lost • Have red hands: commit a murder • Red tape: bureaucratic writings • In the red: in debt
Red in English
• red-letter days —holidays such as Christmas and other special days. • to paint the town red —meaning to celebrate wildly
Red in Chinese
Aspects of cultural differences
• Thanks and Compliments English: Thank you!—You’re welcome. Chinese:? English: You are pretty. –Thanks. Chinese:你真漂亮。--？
Association of White
--purity, innocence, purity, innocence --a white lie--one by which no harm or deceit is intended.
Chinese vs. English 1)白菜(Chinese cabbage) 2)白might mean plain, as in: 白开水(boiled water) 白肉(plain boiled pork). 3)It might even have no generalized meaning that is apparent, as in: 坦白(to confess), 白痴(idiot),
-- Discourse community -Members of the social group use the language
in the same way to meet their needs -A group of people who share both language and attitudes (speech community-chapter8)
culture and culture shock • • • • • • Values Beliefs Norms Languages Knowledge (customs) Sense of identity
Relationship between language and culture
• ―Language is a mirror, in front of which culture is reflected.‖ • Language determines culture (linguistic determinism) Sapir-Whorf • Culture determines language (culture determinism)
Then work on how to explain the underlined parts in the following sentences. 1. It may cost over a week to go through all the red tape to get the permission. 2. The new office block has unfortunately become and expensive white elephant. 3. Mary was always regarded as the black sheep of the family. 4. Look at the lovely garden! I bet your father has green fingers. 5. Can you see the green in her eyes? 6. I got some black looks from the shopkeeper when I cancelled my order.