最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-7-Concluding-Research

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学术英语（社科）Unit7原文及翻译.doc

Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism 1Journalism is undergoing a fundamental transformation, perhaps the most fundamental since the rise of the penny press of the mid-nineteenth century. In the twilight of the twentieth century and the dawn of the twenty-first, there is emerging a new form of journalism whose distinguishing qualitiesinclude ubiquitous news, global information access, instantaneous reporting, interactivity, multimedia content, and extreme content customization. In many ways this represents a potentially better form of journalism because it can reengage an increasingly distrusting and alienated audience. At the same time, it presents many threats to the most cherished values and standards of journalism. Authenticity of content, source verification, accuracy, and truth are all suspect in a medium where anyone with a computer and a modem can become a global publisher.2Although the easy answer is to point to the Internet, the reasons for the transformation of journalism are neither simple nor one-dimensional. Rather, a set of economic, regulatory, and cultural forces, driven by technological change, are converging to bring about a massive shift in the nature of journalism at the millennium.3The growth of a global economic system, made up of regional economies, all interrelated (witness the volatility in the world‟s financial markets in August 1998, when drops in Asian and Russian markets triggered drops in European and U.S. markets) and increasingly controlled by multinational corporate behemoths, has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. Deregulation, as outlined in the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 and简介：了解新媒体对新闻的影响1新闻业正在发生根本性的变革，或许最根本的变革是十九世纪中叶的便士报的崛起。

学术英语-综合-Unit-7.pptx学术英语-综合-Unit-7

Unit 7
Sociology
Text A Supplementary information
1. Life satisfaction
Life satisfaction is the way a person perceives how his or her life has been, how they feel about and where it is going in the future. It is a measure of well-being and may be assessed in terms of mood, satisfaction with relations with others and with achieved goals, self-concepts, and self-perceived ability to cope with daily life. It is having a favorable attitude of one’s life as a whole rather than their current feelings. Life satisfaction has been measured in relation to economic standing, amount of education, experiences, and the people’s residence as well as many other topics.
学术英语综合
Academic English — An Integrated Course
Unit 7
Sociology
Unit Contents
Unit objectives

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Unit 7BehaviorPreviewCheating or plagiarism is not new to us all. In such an age of information explosion，various new forms of plagiarism occur with the development of the Internet，and we develop corresponding antiplagiarism technology to counter them. The due blame and penalty，of course, lie on the plagiarists. But this seems not the whole story。

Should teachers be tolerant of such behavior? Or is it a right for plagiarists to choose plagiarism？Part I Text ReadingWarm-upI. What is plagiarism？ How to avoid it？College and university students are required to write research papers。

英语学术论文写作PPTunit7

An effective abstract usually: 1. uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone; 2. uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the article, paper, or report’s purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order; 3. follows strictly the chronology of the article, paper, or report; 4. provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included; 5. adds no new information, but simply summarizes the report; 6. is understandable to a wide audience;
The above example consists of three paragraphs and is made up of 280 words. It includes such information as purpose, method, scope of the paper (problems addressed), and conclusion. Passive voice (It is argued that ...) is used to downplay the author and emphasize the conclusion.

研究生学术英语答案Unit-7

Vice President: And who’s going to pay the price of the Kyoto Accord? It will cost the world’s economy hundreds of billions of dollars.
Professor Hall: 7) W__i_th__a_ll_d_u_e_r_e_s_p_e_c_t , Mr. Vice President, the cost of doing nothing could be even higher. Our climate is fragile. 8) _A_t_th_e__r_a_te_ we’re burning fossil fuels and polluting the environment, the ice caps will soon disappear.
Arabian Reporter: I’m 2) c_o_n_f_u_s_e_d . I thought you were talking about global warming, not an ice age.
Section A Part 2 Watching & Listening
Professor Hall: Yes, it is a paradox, but, global warming can 3) t_r_ig_g_e_r a cooling trend. Let me explain. The Northern Hemisphere owes its temperate climate to the North Atlantic current. Heat from the sun arrives at the 4) e_q_u_a_t_o_r and is carried north by the ocean. But, global warming is melting the polar ice caps and 5) d_i_s_ru_p_t_in_g_this flow. Eventually it will shut down, and when that occurs, there goes our warm climate.

最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit-3-Reviewing-Literature

最新研究⽣学术英语写作教程Unit-3-Reviewing-Literature Unit 3 Reviewing LiteratureObjectives:- Learn how to formulate a research problem- learn how to cite other people’s previous work- Try to be critical and related in your reviewing- Avoid plagiarismContents- Reading and discussion: sample introduction and elements in literature review.- Language focus: tense in citation and citing verbs- Writing practice: information prominent citation, author prominent citation, and weak author prominent citation- Literature reviews related to your research- No plagiarism- Classroom extension: literature review of the social effects of tourism on developing countries1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskA literature review is not just a summary of what you have read. It focuses on a specific topic of interest to you and includes a critical analysis of relationship among different opinions and then relates this review to the work of your own. It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research study to become a part of the introduction section, especially in term papers or journal articles. However, in a thesis or dissertation it will be an entire chapter.Read the sample introduction below and think about the following questions:What is the purpose of writing a literature view?What elements does an introduction include?How do we relate other people’s previous work to our present research?How do we cite other people’s previous work?1.2 Reading PassageIntroductionThe poor have traditionally t aken the brunt of the blame for causing society’s many problems including, more recently, environmental degradation. There is a general consensus that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation. For example, in one of the conclusions of the Bruntland Commission Report, which incidentally has been accepted as the blue print for environmental conservation, it was explicitly stated that poverty is a major cause of environmental problems and amelioration of poverty is a necessary and central condition of any effective programs addressing the environment. Following similar lines, Jalal (2010), the Asian Development Bank's chief of the environment department says, "It is generally acceptedthat environmental degradation, rapid population growth and stagnant production are closely linked with the fast spread of acute poverty in many countries of Asia". The World Bank joined the consensus when in the 2011 World Development Report, the Bank explicitly stated that, “poor families who have to meet short term needs mine the natural capital by excessive cutting of trees for firewood and failure to replace soil nutrients ” (World Bank 2011).However, there has been a rising trend in the economic literature which disputes the conventional theory and argues that simple generalizations of this multi-dimensional problem are erroneous and that a more complex set of variables are in play (Leach and Mearns, 2012). These studies point to demographic, cultural, and institutional factors as important variables in the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. An intricate web of factors plus the existence of feedback loops from environmental degradation to poverty makes the process of identifying causality links,if any, between environmental degradation and poverty a difficult exercise. However, these studies have been few and isolated and it is interesting to note that until recently, there has been very little in-depth coordinated empirical research in the economics of environmental degradation-poverty causality relationships.This brings to the purpose of this study. Both poverty and environmental degradation have been increasing in many developing countries; hence there is a pressing need first to evaluate and analyze the poverty-environmental degradation nexus, and second, to prescribe policy options to mitigate or eradicate these two problems.The primary objective of the paper is to analyze critically the existing literature on the poverty-environmental degradation nexus and try to make "some order out of the chaos" inherent in this complex and difficult subject. For this paper, our analysis is limited to the following four main natural resources which are under serious threat of degradation in many developing countries: i) forests; ii) land; iii) water; and iv) air. Biodiversity is excluded at this point because the preliminary literature search found only scattered and inconclusive information. However, it should not be inferred that biodiversity is less important than the four resources chosen; indeed it is an area which needs particular attention in the future.Once the natural resource sectors have been identified, a cause, impact and feedback analysis is carried out. In this manner, we hope first to identify the main agents and the degree of their contribution towards the destruction of the environment and second, the incentives or motivating factors encouraging their unsustainable activities. The impact and feedback analysis should highlight the main impacts arising from the degradation activities and the socio-economic effect these impacts have across the various income groups in the economy.1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 List different opinions on poverty and environmental degradation/doc/b6fe811efc0a79563c1ec5da50e2524de518d0b3.html nguage Focus2.1Tense in citationPresent tense - Authors mostly use the present tense verbs to show their opinion on another person's research, relate what other authors say or discuss the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, etc. However, the simple past and present perfect are also possible verb forms in this case. Look at these examples in the present tense: ?Nelson (1995) remarksJones (2005) stressesMorison (2000) advocatesZhang (2007) claimsZhambhi (2008) arguesPast tense - When you use the past tense, the reporting verb often occurs as an integral citation. In other words, citations with past tense verbs and named researchers as subject seem to have the discourse role of providing particulars for recounting events, results found or a preceding generalization or the basis for a claim, etc. In the example below, the citation reports the results of a single study.Carlson and Benton (2007) found that as they increased the participants’stress levels, the results of their performance deteriorated.Common verbs in the past tense are: investigated, studied, compared, analyzed, found, and examined.Present perfect - The present perfect tense can be used to state that the research results are recent, expressing what has been found over an extended period in the past and up to the present to highlight the direct relevance of previous studies to the writer's own research. Look at the following example:Although the results of pervious studies showed that further research was warranted in this area, recent studies have demonstrated that educational methodology is now moving in a new direction (Jones, 2007; Karstal, 2008).2.1.1 Check the sample introduction and complete the following table.2.2Citing verbsIt is important that you learn how to cite information in a correct way. There are certain conventions to follow when citing someone’s work. Words like “say”,“tell”, and “ask” are normally used in oral conversation s but are not appropriate in formal academic writing. The following table illustrates some appropriate words to use for reporting the work of others.Verbs for sayingJalal (1993) claimsbelievesthinksassumesindicatesnotesremarksstatesshowspoints outthat …More Verbs for sayingJalal’s (1993) study suggestsconsidershypothesizesconcludescommentsemphasizesillustratesproposesestablishesmaintainsthat…Verbs responding to others’opinionsThe analysis of the Jalal’s report accepts admitsagreesdoubtsthat …deniesarguescomments Verbs for saying a second time Jalal (1993) further/additionally asserts explainsconfirmsmaintainsadvocatesthat …Poor patterns show that the writer has a mere grasp of the literature:Jalal (1993) says that …The Asian Development Bank (1992) states that … Leach and Mearns (1995) argue that …Better sample shows some critical thinking and sentence variety:Jalal (1993) reports that his study of … shows … The findings are supported by the Asian Development Bank (1992) replication of … Although both these studies focus on …. They have ignored … According to Leach and Mearns (1995), …2.2.2 Read three extracts on the issue of poverty and crime. Use the verbs above to cite opinions on poverty and crime.3. Writing Practice3.1 Using referencesUse citation to develop your own argument.Below are examples of parts of paragraphs using three different citation methods (The references cited have been invented for demonstration purposes only). Thesemethods can be called information prominent, where the focus of the sentence is only on the information being presented; author prominent, where the name of the author of the information is given prominence in the sentence; and weak author prominent, where the ideas of author(s) are given prominence, but authors’ names do not appear in the main part of the sentence. Observe how the different methods contribute to the way in which the writer’s argument is developed.Information prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. The wool industry is experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers (Smith, 2000).This is the default style in many areas of science. However, there are two other options, which should also be part of a writer’s repertoire, for use when appropriate. Author prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. Smith (2000) argued that the wool industry was experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers. However, Jones et al. (2004) found that industry difficulties were more related to quality of supply than to demand issues. It is clear that considerable disagreement exists about the underlying sources of these problems.Weak author prominent citationShrinking markets are also evident in other areas. As Smith (2000) pointed out, the wool industry is experiencing difficulties related to falling demand worldwide since the development of high-quality synthetic fibers.3.1.1 The following is a chart describing people living on less than 1.25 dollars.Look at the following chart and practice citing these figures by using three different types of citation.Figure: Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (% of population)Created By Swati Revankar from World Bank, 2012 Information prominent citationAuthor prominent citationWeak author prominent citation3.2 Relating literature to your researchIt is easy to write a bad literature review and difficult to write a good one. The main mistake that a lot of people make is to write a literature review that looks like this:LITERATURE REVIEWUntil recently many researchers have shown interest in the field of coastal erosion and the resulting beach profiles. They have carried out numerous laboratory experiments and field observations to illuminate the darkness of this field. Their findings and suggestions are reviewed here.JACHOWSKI (2008) developed a model investigation conducted on the interlocking precast concrete block seawall. After a result of a survey of damages caused by the severe storm at the coast of USA, a new and specially shaped concrete block was developed for use in shore protection. This block was designed to be used in a revetment type seawall that would be both durable and economical as well as reduce wave run-up and overtopping, and scour at its base or toe. It was proved that effective shore protection could be designed utilizing these units.HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (2008) studied waves forces acting on the seawall which was located inside the surf zone. On the basis of the experimental results conducted to measure waves forces against a vertical wall, the authors proposed an empirical formula of wave pressure distribution on a seawall. The computed results obtained by using the above formula were compared well with the field data of wave pressure on a vertical wall.SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (2009) conducted experiments on scour of sea bottom in front of harbor seawalls, on the basis of the theoretical investigation of solitary wave interaction with a vertical wall using Boussinesque type equation. It showed that the numerical results were in reasonable agreement with laboratory experimental data.3.2.1 Consider again the purposes of writing a literature review. See if you can answer the following questions about the literature review above:1. What questions does this literature review answer?2. What questions doesn't it answer?3. Which method has the writer used to organize the literature review?4. Is it a good literature review? Why?3.3 Avoiding plagiarism3.2.1 Below are two versions of the same information, adapted from the Introduction by McNeill et al. (2007). Decide which version has the problem of plagiarism and identify where the writer has plagiarizedVersion 1:Russell and Fillery (2006), using a stem-feeding technique, have shown that in situ 15N-labelling of lupin plants growing in soil cores enabled total belowground N to be estimated under relatively undisturbed conditions, but they indicated that the technique was not adaptable to all plants, particularly pasture species.Version 2:Russell and Fillery (2006), using a stem-feeding technique, have shown that insitu 15N-labelling of lupin plants growing in soil cores enabled total belowground N to be estimated under relatively undisturbed conditions. However, this technique is not adaptable to all plants, particularly pasture species.4. Writing ProjectWrite a literature review for your research by the following steps:1. Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?2. Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored3. Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic4. Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature5. Relate the review to your research topicYou are preparing to write an essay entit led “The social effects of tourism on developing countries”. Read the following abstract and then try to write a literature review relating to the topic according to the above mentioned steps:AbstractTourism is the fastest growing industry internationally. Popular areas of study are the economic, environmental and sociocultural impacts of tourism in developing countries. Very few studies have been conducted on the impact of tourism on the hosts’ health status. Nowadays, the emergence of new infectious diseases or there-emergence of diseases are causing concern and travel is a major contributor to their spread. The objectives of this study were: to review literature related to the topic as a background for future research; to explore if findings from a field trip to Easter Island/Chile and Peru support the hypotheses derived from the analysis of publications; to recommend a range of research topics based on the outcome of this study; and to propose elements of a framework for the assessment of health impacts of tourism. The findings suggest that there are considerable gaps in the current knowledge on tourism’s health impacts. Potential indirect and direct health impacts have been identified. Workplace health and safety concerns in relation to local tourism employees have been raised. A wide range of research topics has been suggested based on these findings. Finally, elements of a possible framework for understanding tourism’s health impacts and their interrelationships have been identified.Sources from: Irmgard Bauer, THE JOURNAL OF TOURISM STUDIES Vol. 10, No. 1, MAY ‘99 115. Final ChecklistHere is a final checklist for writing Introduction (including literature review). Use it to check what you have written in the previous task.。

学术英语(人文)Unit 7

Unit Contents
• Lead-in • Text A • Text B • Text C • Academic Language and Discourse • Listening • Speaking • Writing
Unit 7 Truth and Objectivity in Historical Research
Suggested answer:
(To be continued)
Unit 7 Truth and Objectivity in Historical Research
Text A
Classroom activities
The Empirical Approach to Historical Research
Unit 7 Truth and Objectivity in Historical Research
Text A
Supplementary information
The Empirical Approach to Historical Research
Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P130
Unit 7 Truth and Objectivity in Historical Research
Text A
Supplementary information
The Empirical Approach to Historical Research
Third, the epistemic values and religious beliefs are also swing factors. Even Leopold von Ranke, the founder of history as an academic discipline, was under the influence of his religious belief as he maintained that every state was given a moral character from God. The historian may not be aware of personal bias which could well be rooted in his mythic assumptions.

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Unit Seven Concluding ResearchObjectives:─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in p araphrasing in academic writing─ Learn to restate your thesis statement─ L earn to draw a conclusionContents:─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a Conclusion section?─ Language Focus: How to su mmarize and paraphrase─ Writing Practice: How to r estate your research objectives─ Writing Project: How to outline your conclusion1. Reading ActivityThe conclusion of a research paper reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches a final judgment. It is a belief based on your reasoning and on the evidence you have accumulated. This is the place for sharing with readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research. A conclusions is usually a shorter section of an academic text. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. It should be a strong recapitulation of your major ideas.1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe following is the concluding section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates:1)What is the function of the concluding section in a research paper?2)What information elements does a concluding section normally include?1.2 Reading PassageOur experiment indicated that learners better comprehended English idioms sharing the same metaphoric themes as Chinese than those sharing different metaphoric themes, conforming to Boers & Demecheleer's (2001) study result with French-speaking subjects. NL (native language) played an important role, in that positive transfer appeared in most subjects' understanding of idioms with identical expressions and meanings in NL and TL (target language), and negative transfer appeared in the understanding of those with similar expressions and meanings or those with identical expressions but different meanings in NL and TL; besides, negative transfer occurred in the understanding of every kind of English idioms. Finally, though the idioms in the experiment were rated as having an intermediate level of semantic transparency and were listed without any contextual clues, 37% of the subjects’ responses were completely or partially correct, giving support to the point that a cognitive semantic view can facilitate the learning of idioms for non-native speakers.This study has several implications for teaching idioms. Firstly, it is important to inform learners of the different metaphoric themes in the target culture. Secondly, more attention should be given to idioms without NL equivalents. Thirdly, overt comparisons can be made to show learners which idioms can be transferred from their NLs and which idioms are likely to cause interference, thus taking advantage of positive transfer while avoiding the occurrence of negative transfer. Fourthly, while helping learners realize the absurdity of the literal meanings of some English idioms, encourage them to tackle the semantics of the idiom as a problem-solving task, andteach them strategies for dealing with figurative language to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms.However, there was an obvious limitation in this study: the number of the idioms selected was too small. We expect more studies to be carried out in more aspects including the strategies used in idiom comprehension and production, EFL learners', EFL teachers' and English-speaking people's attitude towards English idiom learning and the treatment of them in the existing teaching materials.( Liu, 2008 )1.3 Reading Comprehension1. Read the text carefully and decide what information elements a concluding section includes and how they function.2. What are the major findings of the experiment?3. What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of active voice verbs to passive voice verbs in this conclusion section?nguage Focus2.1 SummarizingThere are three ways to include source material in your research paper writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant elements and transforming large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Look at the following example.OriginalThis effort to communicate--first through spoken messages, then throughpictographs, then through the written word, and finally through printed words --- demonstrates people’s innate desire to share information with one another. Storability, portability and accessibility of information are essential to today’s c oncept of mass communication. (Source: Shirley Biagi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2nd edition, p. 24 )SummaryIn Media Impact, Shirley Biagi explains that people have always had an inherent need to communicate. The ability to store, carry and have access to information is necessary in modern mass communication.How to Summarize?There are several techniques to be used while summarizing a text and they all stress full understanding of a text and require the reader to spot the main ideas in it. Here are some useful tips about summarizing:∙Start by reading a short text and highlight the main points as you read.∙Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples, evidence, etc.∙Restate or repeat the ideas of the source in different words and phrases.∙Do not add your own ideas, opinions or judgment of the arguments.∙Make it shorter than the source.Read the following text and write a summary.Original TextI come from Taiwan, but I have lived in Canada for several years now. I am surprised at how Canadian society respects the rights of women, both at work and home. Personally I believe women in Canada are better off than women in Taiwan. However, some of my female friends in Canada miss the good old days when women were treated in a different way. You see, in the past, gentlemen followed different rules of behavior. They would open the doors for ladies, pull out chairs for ladies to sit down, stand up when a lady left the table, and offer to pay the bill at restaurants. Now, however, most Canadian believe that men and women should be considered equal. For example, women now generally have to pay for their own meals.2.2 ParaphrasingThe Oxford English Dictionary defines a paraphrase as “an expression in other words, usually fuller and clearer, of the sense of any passage or text; a free rendering or amplification of a passage. . . . [Paraphrasing is] to express the meaning of (a word, phrase, passage) in other words, usually with the object of fuller and clearerexposition so as to bring out the sense” (XI: 204). To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion ).Look at the following example.Source materialAggressiveness, present in many male teenagers, has often been characterized as having a biological base. However, social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) did a study which indicated that aggressiveness might be a product of environment factors and especially, social reinforcement. In this study, they found that aggressive boys had encouragement from their parents to be aggressive outside their home. Since their fathers experienced indirect pleasure from hearing about their son’s aggressive behavior, this provided reinforcement for the boys.Acceptable paraphrase:Social scientists have often described aggressiveness, which is evident in many adolescent boys, as having a biological component. However, research completed by social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) showed that aggressiveness might result from factors in the environment and, in particular, social reinforcement. It was found in the study that young males who were aggressive had been encouraged by their parents to be aggressive away from their home. Their fathers received vicarious gratification from learning of their son’s aggressive behavior. Consequently, the boys’ behavior was reinforced by their fathers’ experience. ( Cong, 2009 )There are basically two ways to paraphrase this: by making word-level transformations (and maintaining the original syntax) or by considering its “deep structure” and making more signifi cant changes. Note how these paraphrases differ: Source sentence:The temperature in many parts of the world is gradually rising.Paraphrase:(1)The temperature in lots of places around the earth is slowly increasing.(2)Most parts of the world are getting hotter steadily.Example (1) represents a word-level paraphrase and example (2) is a deep-level transformation. It is usually believed that making word-level paraphrases is easier than deep-level transformations.Here are some guidelines for paraphrasing:● U se synonyms.● Change word forms.● Make necessary structural adjustments.● Change between the affirmative and the negative.● Include reference to the original source.Read the following text carefully and try to rewrite an acceptable paraphrase. OriginalStarting in the 15th century, the reality and the idea of the family were to change: a slow and profound revolution, scarcely distinguished by either contemporary observers or later historians, and difficult to recognize. And yet the essential event is quite obvious: the extension of school education. We have seen how in the middle ages children’s education was ensured by apprenticeship in adults, and that after the age of seven, children lived in families other than their own. Henceforth, on the contrary, education became increasingly a matter for the school. The school ceased to be confined to clerics and became the normal instrument of social initiation, of progress from childhood to manhood. ( Source: Aries, P. 1962. Contemporary Childhood: A Social History of Family Life )3. Writing Practice3.1 Reorder sentencesRead the following jumbled conclusion from a thesis in computer science and engineering: the topic is: The Steiner Tree Problem. Please rearrange the following sentences so that they make more sense and follow the logical order of a conclusion.A.An advantage of this algorithm is that the computations of the bead's movementcan be done in parallel, provided that there is a synchronization barrier to update their new positions.B.This can take advantage of some parallel computers, for example, mapping eachbead to a (virtual) processor.C.It is possible that these techniques can also be applied to solve the SMT if a goodmapping of the problem to an appropriate network architecture is found.D. The Steiner tree has been shown to be an optimization problem. Neural networkhas been successfully applied to solve many optimization problems, for example, TSP. Some of these techniques have been discussed. This could be an interesting area for research in the future.E. The Steiner minimal tree problem has been studied in the above discussion. Anode-splitting algorithm that finds a good heuristic solution to the problem has been developed. In some cases, it is better, for instance, than Korhonen's algorithm.F. Comparison shows that the node-splitting method is comparable to other heuristicmethods.( adapted from Zhou, 2009: 312)3.2 Restatement of research objectiveLook at your thesis statement again and rework it in a new way. Avoid repeating key words and phrases from the thesis statement because you don't want the summary statement to sound boring or repetitive. Using a thesaurus is a good way to find new, interesting words.This study set out to determine ...The present study was designed to determine the effect of ...In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...The purpose of the current study was to determine ...This project was undertaken to design ... and evaluate …Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …Here are some examples of research questions and summary statements:Research question: What is more important, competitive price, fuel economy, or high resale value when Chinese people buy cars.Summary Statement: The research was to determine what factors contribute more to Chinese people purchasing cars, competitive price, fuel economy, and high resale value.Rewrite the following thesis statements:1) What in San Francisco attracts visitors more, its magnificent location, its theaters and art galleries, or its fine restaurants?2) Do employees have to be trained for working in the Australian multicultural workplace? But managers also need to be trained. (It is clear, therefore, that both..)3) What is the 1994 rate of juvenile delinquency in the U.S.?4) Does education play a role in reducing juvenile delinquents' return to crime?5) What marketing strategies does the Coca-Cola company currently apply?6) Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with more highly developed language skills?7) How might the discovery of a genetic basis for obesity change the way in which we treat obese persons, both medically and socially?3.3 Summarizing the findingsRead the following text and identify major points and write a summary.Global Implications of Patent Law VariationA patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention.Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to-invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent –and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers. International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to-invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.3.4 Write a concluding sectionThe following is a research on the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using 4 macro-skills intended for public science high school students. Read the following paper and write a concluding section for it.The teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there might be lack or absence of English books.The main thrust of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using the 4 macro-skills intended for the public science high school students. Specifically, the study answered questions on the level of language proficiency of the freshmen science high school students with referenceto pronunciation and correct usage; mean pretest and posttest scores of the students based on the structured lessons of macro-skills' learning performance; significant difference in the mean pretest and posttest scores of the students in listening, speaking, reading, and writing; mean gain in the posttest; and module which can be proposed based on the findings of the study.The study used the Descriptive Survey Method and the main tool used was the research-made or self-made type of examination (questionnaire), including the record sheet as instrumentally utilized for the 75 students as selected freshmen in the first year. The data gathered in this study were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14--a computer program used for statistical analysis.FINDINGS1) Level of Language Proficiency of the Students’ PronunciationThe majority (81.9333) of the students got the highest rating scale of 80-89 which was rated Very Good. None of the students as counted individually obtained the rating scale of 50-59 (far below from the passing percentage).2) Correct UsageNone of the students was rated Excellent with the rating scale of 90 and above.The majority (77.5867) of the students got the average rating scale of 70-79 which was rated Good.3) English Difficulties of the Freshmen Students Based on the Macro-Skills ofEnglish Language TeachingThe teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there is lack or absence of English books; there is lack or absence of instructional materials; there is absence of printed materials at home; there are no television sets at home; teachers have faulty pronunciation; there is little emphasis on written communications and there are no cultural shows and public speaking activities.The teacher-researcher found out that the students experience the following difficulties in written English: writing dictation, taking down notes, outlining, theme writing, punctuating, quoting, and obtaining coherence and unity in paragraph writing. The causes for these difficulties were: no appreciation for reading materials; lack of exposure to writing; inadequate writing activities; no ear training; no patience to analyze the mistakes in writing; absence of contents that can harness their potentials in essays, letters, etc.; poor spelling; and useless board work.4) Mean Pretest and Posttest Scores of the StudentsIt is found in this study, based on the macro-skills, that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333. In standard deviation, the result of pretest is 10.95980 while the result of the posttest is 6.07959. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is 1.26553 while the result of the posttest is .70201; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 4.92455 while the result of the posttest is 3.42471.Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .56864 while the result of the posttest is .39545; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 3.28425 while the result of the posttest is 3.17649. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .37923 while the result of the posttest is .36679; the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 6.26732 while the result of posttest is 5.29467. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .72369 while the result of the posttest is .61138.It is found further that the posttest score in the speaking area got the 1st rank which is 87.1200 while the pretest is 80.5467 of which the difference is 6.5733; the posttest score in the reading area got the 2nd rank which is 86.7333 while the pretest is 84.4133 with the difference of 2.3200; the posttest score in the writing area got the 3rd rank which is 85.4400 while the pretest is 76.3333 with the difference of 9.1067.5) Paired Samples' Test/Paired Differences: the difference between the two means wassubjected to a paired t-test.5.1 Listening skill: the listening area was -7.57333, standard deviation was 10.63291,standard error mean was 1.22778, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.0974, the difference (upper limit) was -5.12692, and the c.v.result was -6.168 which was greater than the t.v. result which was -10.01974.Therefore, the macro-skill in the listening area was not significant.5.2 Speaking skill: the speaking area was -6.57333, standard deviation was 5.31742,standard error mean was .61400, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -7.79676, the difference (upper limit) was -5.34991, and the c.v. result was -10.706 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -7.79676. Therefore, the macro-skill in the speaking area was significant.5.3 Reading skill: the reading area was -2.32000, standard deviation was 2.98265,standard error mean was .34441, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -3.00625, the difference (upper limit) was -1.63375, and the c.v. result was -6.736 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -3.00625. Therefore, the macro-skill in the reading area was significant.5.4 Writing skill: the writing area was -9.10667, standard deviation was 7.38621,standard error mean was .85289, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.80608, the difference (upper limit) was -7.40726, and thec.v. result was -10.677 which was greater than the t.v. result which was-10.80608. Therefore, the macro-skill in the writing area was not significant.6) Mean Gain of the Pretest and Posttest Scores of the Students: mean gain is based on the macro-skills of language teaching, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Mean gain of singled-out freshmen students based on the macro-skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing as structured in the lessons, was used as a result in statistical analysis and computation of the mean pretest and mean posttest. It was disclosed upon interpretation of data that the mean gain in the listening area was obtained as the result of the subtraction of number from the mean pretest which was 75.5333 from the mean posttest which was 83.1067. The findings revealed that only the areas in speaking and reading got the highest posttest percentages. In the writing area, the mean gain was obtained as the result of the subtraction from the pretest which was 76.3333 from the mean posttest which was 85.4400.In the final results of the listening area, the posttest mean was 83.1067 while the mean gain was -7.57333 which had the lowest mean pretest and posttest percentages as compared to the other areas; in the speaking area, the posttest mean was 87.1200 while the mean gain was -6.57333 which got the 1st rank posttest percentage; in the reading area, the mean gain was -2.32000 which got the 2nd rank posttest percentage and also got the 1st rank pretest percentage among them; and in the writing area, the mean gain was -9.10667 which got the 3rd rank posttest percentage, next to the speaking and reading areas.It is also found that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133; and the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333.4.Writing Project4.1Getting information for writing a conclusionCreate a SWOT table summarizing your research findings of an environmental analysis.Strength OpportunityWeakness Threat4.24.3Outlining your conclusion1) State the research question and explain why it is interesting.2) Briefly describe the methods of research and data analysis.3) Describe the results.4) Explain the key implications of the results. Avoid overstating the importance ofthe findings.5) The results and the interpretation of the results shouldrelate directly to theresearch questions, purposes or hypothesis.4.4Drafting your conclusion1) Begin with your research questions, purposes or hypothesis.2) Combine the thesis statement and your one-sentence segment summaries into a one-to-two-paragraph summary.3) Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.4) Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.5) Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.6) Use summary expressions.4.5Final checklist。