亚投行英语介绍

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a proposed international financial institution which is focused on supporting infrastructure construction in the Asia-Pacific region. The bank was proposed as an initiative by the government of China[4] and supported by 37 regional and 20 non-regional members Prospective Founding Members, 51 of which have signed the Articles of Agreement that form the legal basis for the proposed bank. The bank starts operation after the agreement enters into force, which requires 10 ratifications, holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscritions of the Autorized Capital Stock. Countries with a large GDP that did not become PFM are the US, Japan (which dominated the ADB) and Canada.AIIB is regarded by some as a rival for the IMF, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB),[5] which are regarded as dominated by developed countries like the United States.[5] The United Nations has addressed the launch of AIIB as "scaling up financing for sustainable development"[6] for the concern of Global Economic Governance.[7]The bank was proposed by China in 2013[8] and the initiative launched at a ceremony in Beijing in October 2014.[9] The Articles of Agreement (AOA) were signed by 50 PFMs on 29 June 2015, which become a party to the agreement through ratification. As of July 2015, 1 state (Myanmar) has ratified the agreement.[1]History[edit]The first news reports about the AIIB appeared in October 2013.[10] The Chinese government has been frustrated with what it regards as the slow pace of reforms and governance, and wants greater input in global established institutions like the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank which it claims are dominated by American, European and Japanese interests.[5]In April 2014, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang delivered a keynote speech at the opening of the Boao Forum for Asia and said that China was ready to intensify consultations with relevant parties in and outside Asia on the preparations for the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.[11] The Asian Development Bank Institute published a report in 2010 which said that the region requires $8 trillion to be invested from 2010 to 2020 in infrastructure for the region to continue economic development.[5][12] In a 2014 editorial, The Guardian newspaper wrote that the new bank could allow Chinese capital to finance these projects and allow it a greater role to play in the economic development of the region commensurate with its growing economic and political clout.[13] But until March 2015, China in the ADB has only 5.47 percent voting right, while Japan and US have a combined 26 percent voting right (13 percent each) with a share in subscribed capital of 15.7 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. Dominance by both countries and slow reforms underlie China's wish to establish the AIIB, while both countries worry about China's increasing influence.[14]In June 2014 China proposed doubling the registered capital of the bank from $50 billion to $100 billion and invited India to participate in the founding of the bank.[15][16] On 24 October 2014, twenty-one countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) regarding the AIIB inBeijing, China: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China India, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.[17] Indonesia's joining was slightly delayed due to their new presidential administration not being able to review the membership in time.[18] Indonesia signed the MOU on 25 November 2014.The U.S. allegedly tried to keep Australia and South Korea from becoming prospective founding members, after they expressed an interest in it.[19] However, both Australia and South Korea applied to join the bank in March 2015.[20][21][22]Hong Kong's Financial SecretaryJohn Tsang announced in his budget speech in February 2015 that the territory would join the AIIB.[23] It did however not become one of the prospective founding members and negotiated as part of the Chinese delegation.In early March 2015, the United Kingdom's Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced that the UK had decided to apply to join the Bank, becoming the first major Western country to do so. The announcement was criticised by the U.S. Obama Administration. A US government official told Financial Times, "We are wary about a trend toward constant accommodation of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising power." The official further stated that the British decision was taken after "no consultation with the US."[24] In response, the UK indicated that the subject had been discussed between Chancellor Osborne and US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew for several months preceding the decision. It was further stated that joining the bank as a founding member would allow the UK to influence the development of the institution. By encouraging Chinese investments in the next generations of nuclear power plants, Osborne announced that "the City of London would become the base for the first clearing house for the yuan outside Asia."[25]Following the criticism, the White House National Security Council, in a statement to The Guardian, declared, "Our position on the AIIB remains clear and consistent. The United States and many major global economies all agree there is a pressing need to enhance infrastructure investment around the world. We believe any new multilateral institution should incorporate the high standards of the World Bank and the regional development banks. Based on many discussions, we have concerns about whether the AIIB will meet these high standards, particularly related to governance, and environmental and social safeguards … The international community has a stake in seeing the AIIB complement the existing architecture, and to work effectively alongside the World Bank and Asian Development Bank."[26]Three other European states: Germany, France and Italy – followed the UK's decision to join the AIIB in March. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble stated, "We want to contribute our long-standing experience with international financial institutions to the creation of the new bank by setting high standards and helping the bank to get a high international reputation."[27] In March 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance announced that it, too, is planning to join the AIIB, citing its potential in benefiting South Korean companies win deals in infrastructural projects as well expanding South Korea's influence in international banking as a founding member.[28] States could indicate their interest in becoming a Prospective Founding Member until 31 March 2015.Negotiations took place in the framework of 5 Chief Negotiators Meetings (CNMs) which took place between November 2014 and May 2015. The Articles of Agreement, the legal framework of the proposed bank, were concluded in the fifth CNM. It was signed on 29 June 2015 by 50 of the named 57 prospective founding members in Beijing.AIIB within PRC policy thinking[edit]Fostering LT economic development[edit]The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank can be construed as a natural inter-national extension of the infrastructure-driven economic development framework that has sustained the rapid economic growth of China since the adoption of the Chinese economic reform under chairman Deng Xiaoping. It stems from the notion that long-term economic growth can only be achieved through massive, systematic, and broad-based investments in infrastructure assets – in contrast with the more short-term "export-driven" and "domestic consumption" development models favored by mainstream Neoclassical economists and pursued inconsiderately by many developing countries in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century with generally disappointing results.[29][30]Infrastructure as regional integration and foreign policy tool[edit]In his 29 March 2015 speech at the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) annual conference, President Xi Jinping insisted that "the Chinese economy is deeply integrated with the global economy and forms an important driving force of the economy of Asi a and even the world at large. […] China's investment opportunities are expanding. Investment opportunities in infrastructure connectivity as well as in new technologies, new products, new business patterns, and new business models are constantly springing up. […] China's foreign cooperation opportunities are expanding. We support the multilateral trading system, devote ourselves to the Doha Round negotiations, advocate the Asia-Pacific free trade zone, promote negotiations on regional comprehensive economic partnership, advocate the construction of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), boost economic and financial cooperation in an all-round manner, and work as an active promoter of economic globalization and regional integration", insisting that the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank would foster "economic connectivity and a new-type of industrialization [in the Asia Pacific area], and [thus] promote the common development of all countries as well as the peoples' joint enjoyment of development fruits".[31]Legal basis and MembershipThe Articles of Agreement will form the legal basis for the Bank. 57 Prospective Founding Members (PFM) named in annex A of the agreement are eligible to sign and ratify the Articles, thus becoming a member of the Bank. Other states, which are parties to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the Asian Development Bank may become members after approval of their accession by the bank.[32]The Articles were negotiated by the Prospective Founding Members, with Hong Kong joining the negotiations via China.[33][34]Founding Members[edit]The 57 Prospective Founding Members can become Founding Members through: ∙Signing the Articles of Agreement in 2015∙Ratifying the Articles of Agreement in 2015 or 2016As of July 2015, 50 states have signed the Articles, one of which has ratified them. Seven countries that signed the founding charter did not sign the Article of Agreement on 29 June.[35][36] The formal actions towards becoming a Founding Member are shown below, as well as the percentage of the votes and of the shares, in the event all prospective founding states become parties, and no other members are accepted.。