专业英语单词和缩写

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计算机专业英语名词(缩写及翻译)

AAT（Average access time，平均存取时间）ABS（Auto Balance System，自动平衡系统）AM（Acoustic Management，声音管理）ASC（Advanced Size Check，高级尺寸检查）ASMO（Advanced Storage Magneto-Optical，增强形光学存储器）AST（Average Seek time，平均寻道时间）ATA（Advanced Technology Attachment，高级技术附加装置）ATOMM（Advanced super Thin-layer and high-Output Metal Media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体）BBS（BIOS Boot Specification，基本输入/输出系统启动规范）BPI（Bit Per Inch，位/英寸）bps（bit per second，位/秒）bps（byte per second，字节/秒）CAM（Common Access Model，公共存取模型）CF（CompactFlash Card，紧凑型闪存卡）CHS（Cylinders、Heads、Sectors，柱面、磁头、扇区）CSS（Common Command Set，通用指令集）DBI（dynamic bus inversion，动态总线倒置）DIT（Disk Inspection Test，磁盘检查测试）DMA（Direct Memory Access，直接内存存取）DTR（Disk Transfer Rate，磁盘传输率）EIDE（enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器）eSATA（External Serial ATA，扩展型串行ATA）FDB（fluid-dynamic bearings，动态轴承）FAT（File Allocation T ables，文件分配表）FC（Fibre Channel，光纤通道）FDBM（Fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达）FDB（Fluid Dynamic Bearing，非固定动态轴承）FDC（Floppy Disk Controller，软盘驱动器控制装置）FDD（Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器）GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻）HDA（Head Disk Assembly，头盘组件）HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘）IDE（Integrated Drive Electronics，电子集成驱动器）IPEAK SPT（Intel Performance Evaluation and Analysis Kit - Storage Performance Toolkit，英特尔性能评估和分析套件- 存储性能工具包）JBOD（Just a Bunch Of Disks，磁盘连续捆束阵列）LBA（Logical Block Addressing，逻辑块寻址）MR（Magneto-resistive Heads，磁阻磁头）MBR（Master Boot Record，主引导记录）ms（Millisecond，毫秒）MSR（Magnetically induced Super Resolution，磁感应超分辨率）MTBF（Mean Time Before Failure，平均无故障时间）NQC（Native Queuing Command，内部序列命令）NTFS（Net Technology File System，新技术文件系统）OTF（on-the-fly，高速数据传输错误纠正）PCBA（Pring Circuit Board Assembly，印刷电路电路板组件）PIO（Programmed Input Output，可编程输入输出模式）PRML（Partial Response Maximum Likelihood，最大可能部分反应，用于提高磁盘读写传输率）RAID（Redundant Array of Independent Disks，独立磁盘冗余阵列）RAID（Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks ，廉价磁盘冗余阵列）RPM（Rotation Per Minute，转/分）RSD: Removable Storage Device（移动式存储设备）RST（Read Service Times，读取服务时间）SAMS（Seagate's Advanced Multi Drive System，希捷高级多硬盘系统）SAS（Serial Attached SCSI，串行SCSI）SATA（Serial ATA，串行ATA）SBT（sound barrier technology，声音阻碍技术）SCSI（Small Computer System Interface，小型计算机系统接口）SCMA：SCSI Configured Auto Magically，SCSI自动配置SLDRAM（Synchnonous Link DRAM，同步链路内存）S.M.A.R.T.（Self-Monitoring, Analysis and ReportingTechnology，自动监测、分析和报告技术）SPS（Shock Protection System，抗震保护系统）SSO（simultaneously switching outputs，同时开关输出）STA（SCSI Trade Association，SCSI同业公会）STR（sequential transfer rates，连续内部数据传输率）TCQ（tagged command queuing，标签命令序列）TFI（Thin-Film Inducted Heads，薄膜感应磁头）TPI （Track Per Inch，磁道/英寸）Ultra CF（Ultra CompactFlash Card，超级紧凑型闪存卡）Ultra DMA（Ultra Direct Memory Access，超高速直接内存存取）LVD（Low Voltage Differential）Wpcom（Write-Precompensation Cylinders，写电流补偿柱面数）WST（Write Service Times，写入服务时间）AAM（Automatic Acoustic Management，自动机械声学管理）CBDS（Continuous Background Defect Scanning，连续后台错误扫描）DiscWizard（磁盘控制软件）DST（Drive Self Test，磁盘自检程序）SeaShield（防静电防撞击外壳）ADIP（Address In Pre-Groove，预凹槽寻址）ASPI（Advanced SCSI Programming Interface，高级SCSI可编程接口）ATAPI（AT Attachment Packet Interface，AT扩展包接口）BCF（Boot Catalog File，启动目录文件）BURN-Proof（Buffer UnderRuN-Proof，防止缓冲区溢出，三洋的刻录保护技术）BIF（Boot Image File，启动映像文件）CAV（Constant Angular Velocity，恒定角速度）CD（Compact Disc）CDR（CD Recordable，可记录光盘）CD-ROM/XA（CD－ROM eXtended Architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构）CDRW（CD-Rewritable，可重复刻录光盘）CLV（Constant Linear Velocity，恒定线速度）DAE（digital Audio Extraction，数据音频抓取）DAO（Disc At Once，整盘刻录）DAO－RAW（Disc At Once Read after Write，整盘刻录－写后读）DDSS（Double Dynamic Suspension System，双悬浮动态减震系统）DDSS II（Double Dynamic Suspension System II，第二代双层动力悬吊系统）DVD（Digital Video/Versatile Disk，数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-R（DVD Recordable，可记录DVD盘）DVD-RW（DVD Rewritable，可重复刻录DVD盘）DVD-RAM（Digital Video/Versatile Disk - Random AccessMemory，随机存储数字视频/万能光盘）ESER（EAC Secure Extract Ripping，EAC安全抓取复制）GM（Glass Mould，玻璃铸制）GSM（Galvanization Superconductive Material，电镀锌超导材料）IPW（Incremental Packet Writing，增量包刻录）LIMDOW（Light Intensity Modulation Direct OverWrite，光学调制直接覆盖）LG（Land Groove，岸地凹槽）MAMMOS（magnetic amplifying magneto-optical system，磁畴放大播放系统）MD（MiniDisc，微型光盘）ML（multi-level，多层光盘技术）MO（Magneto Optical，磁光盘）OTF（On The Fly，飞速刻录）OWSC（Optimum Write Speed Control、优化写入速度控制）PCAV（Part Constant Angular Velocity，部分恒定角速度）PPLS（Pure Phase Laser System，纯相位激光系统）RS-PC（Reed-Solomon Product Code，里德所罗门编码）RLL（Run Length limited，运行长度限制码）SACD（Super Audio CD，超级音频CD）SAO（Sessino At Once，区段刻录）SARC（Super－Advanced Rapid Cooling，超高级快速冷却）SC（Spin Coat，旋转覆盖）SCM（Spin Coat Method，旋压覆盖法）SLL（SeamLess Link，无缝连接）SMT（Superconductive Microtherm Technology，超导体散热材料）Super RENS（super resolution near-field structure，超精细近场结构）TAO（Track At Once，轨道刻录）TBW（Thermo Balanced Writing，热电平衡写入）VCD（Video COMPACT DISC，视频CD）VIPC（Intelligent Variable Power Correct，智能变功纠错技术）WD（Working Distance，工作距离）SOS（Smart Object Salvation，智能目标分析拯救系统）TADS（Target Acquisition and Designantion For DVD，DVD目标获取和指定）AAS（Automatic Area Seagment?）dpi（dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素）ECP（Extended Capabilities Port，延长能力端口）EPP（Enhanced Parallel Port，增强形平行接口）IPP（Internet Printing Protocol，因特网打印协议）MPT（Micro Piezo Technology，微针点压电）ppm（paper per minute，页/分）SPP（Standard Parallel Port，标准并行口）TA（Thermo Autochrome，全彩色感热式热感打印）TB（Thermal Bubble，热泡式）TET（Text Enhanced Technology，文本增强技术）USBDCDPD（Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for Printing Devices，打印设备的通用串行总线级标准）VD（Variable Dot，变点式列印）CIS（Contact Image Sensors，接触图像传感器）TWAIN（Toolkit Without An Interesting Name，无注名工具包协议）ADT（Advanced DRAM Technology，高级内存技术）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美国国立标准协会）BAD（Best Amiga Dominators）CBF: Cable Broadband Forum，电缆宽带论坛CEA（Consumer Electronics Association，消费者电子协会）CEMA（Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association（消费者电子制造业协会）CPE: Customer Premise Equipment（用户预定设备）CSA（Canadian Standards Association，加拿大标准协会）DCA: Defense Communication Agency，国防部通信局DOJ: Department of Justice（反不正当竞争部门）DSP: Delivery Service Partner（交付服务合伙人）DVB：Digital Video Broadcasting，数字视频广播E3（Electronic Entertainment Expo，电子娱乐展览会）EFF: Electronic Frontier Foundation（电子前线基金会）EPA（Environmental Protection Agency，美国环境保护局）ETRI（Electronics and Telecommunications ResearchInstitute，电子和电信研究协会）FCC（Federal Communications Commission，联邦通信委员会）FTC（Federal Trade Commission，联邦商业委员会）GDC（Game Developer Conference，游戏发展商会议）HTTC（HyperTransport Technology Consortium，HyperTransport技术协会）ICT（Information and Communications Technology，信息和通讯技术）IEC（International Electrotechnical Commission，国际电子技术委员会）ISSCC（International Solid-State Circuits Conference，国际晶体管电路讨论会）ICSA: International Computer SecurityAssociation（国际计算机安全协会）,它的前身为NCSA（National ComputerSecurity Association,国家计算机安全协会）ITU（International Telecommunications Union，国际电信同盟）IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，电子电路工程师协会）IETF（Internet Engineering T ask Force，因特网工程任务组）IFWP: International Forum White Paper，国际白皮书论坛ISC（International Steering Committee，国际筹划指导委员会）ISO/MPEG: International Standard Organization's Moving PictureExpert Group（国际标准化组织的活动图片专家组）ISOM（International Symposium on Optical Memory，光盘国际会议）ISSCC（IEEE International Solid-State CircuitsConference，IEEE国际固态电路协议）ITAA: Information Technology Association of American，美国信息技术协会ITWG（international technology working groups，国际技术工作组）JCIA（Japan Camera Industry Association，日本摄影机工业协会）。

英语常用词缩写简写

英语常用词缩写简写第一篇：英语常用词缩写简写常用词缩写(Commonly Used Abbreviation)1.A.B.NoAccepted Bill Number进口到单编号2.A/CAccount帐户3.AdAdvertisement4.A/DAfter Date发票后定期付款5.A.F.BAir Freight Bill航空提单、6.AgtAgent代理商7.AMAmount金额8.A/OAccount of进某户帐9.A/PAuthority to purchase委托购买证10.A.PAccount payable应付款11.ApproxApproximate大约12.A.R.Account Receivable应收款13.Asst.Assistant助理14.A/VAccording to value按值15.Bal.Balance余额16.B/BBreakbulk 散件杂货17.B/CBill for collection托收票据18.B.DBill discounted贴现票据19.B/DBank Draft银行汇票20.B/ EBill of exchange汇票21.B/FBrought Forward承前页22.BKBank银行23.BkgBanking银行业务24.B/LBill of lading提货单25.B.NBank note银行抄票26.B.OBranch Office分支行27.B/S or B.SBalance Sheet余额表28.C.ACredit Advice收款报单29.C.A.D.Cash against Documents付现交单30.CancCancel取消31.C/bClean bill 光票32.C.B/D.Cash before delivery付现后交货33.CBMCubic Metre 立方米34.CFRCost and Freight 成本加运费35.C.ICertificate of Insurance保险单36.C.I.FCost,Insurance and Freight运费，保险费在内价37.CKCheck支票38.CMCommission佣金39.C/NCredit Note收款通知40.c/ocare of转交41.C/OCertificate of Origin 原产地证明书42.C/SCase or Cases箱43.ctscents美分44.C.W.OCash with Order凭票即付45.CrCredit贷方46.C.O.DCash on Delivery付款交货47.C.P.A.Certified Public Accountant会计师48.D/ADocuments against Acceptance 承兑后交单49.Dept.Department 局；部50.DEQDelivered Ex-Quay 仓库交货51.Disc.Discount 铁线；折扣52.D/NDebit Note 付款通知53.do54.D/O55.Doz.56.D/P57.Dr.58.eq.59.Exp.60.EXW61.F.A.A.62.F.O.B.63.F.O.I.64.F.O.R.65.F.O.T.66.F.P.A67.F.X.68.G/N69.GWT70.H.O.71.I/C72.i.e.73.Imp.74.IN75.IOU76.Insur.77.Inv.78.I/P79.Kg.80.L/A81.lbs.82.L/C83.L/I84.L/U85.M/N86.nt.wt.87.N.W.ditto 同上Delivery Order 交货单Dozen 打Document against Payment 付款交单 Debit 借方 equivalent 相等Export 出口Ex-Work 工厂交货Free of All Average 全损赔偿Free on Board 船上交货价Free of Interest 免息Free on Rail 火车上交货价Free on Truck卡车上交货价Free of Particular Average平安险Foreign Exchange外汇Guarantee of Notes 承诺保证Gross Weight 毛重Head Office 总行Inward Collection 进口托收that is 就是Import 进口Interest 利息I owe you 欠条Insurance 保险Invoice 发票Insurance Policy 保险单Kilogram 公斤Letter of Authorization 授权书Pounds 磅Letter of credit 信用证Letter of Indemnity赔偿保证书Letter of Undertaking 承诺书Minimum 最低额net weight 净重net worth 净值88.N/Pnet profit 净利89.OZ.Ounce 应良；盎司90.pat.patent 专利91.pcpiece;prices 片，块；价格92.P.C.Percent 百分数93.Pkg.Package 包裹94.Pd.Paid 付款95.P.O.D.Pay on Delivery 发货付款96.P.O.B.Post Office Box 邮政信箱97.P.O.R.payable on received 货到付款98.P&Lprofit and loss 盈亏，损益99.P.S.Post Script 附言100.P.T.O.Please turn over请阅反面101.quota.quotation 报价102.QCquality control 质量控制103.RMRemittance 汇款104.R.O.Remittance Order 汇款委托书105.S/DSight Draft见票后即付汇票106.SE.Securities抵押品107.SECspecial economic zone 经济特区108.spec.specification 规格；尺寸109.Sq.square平方；结清110.SLCStandby LC 备用信用证111.STIPshort-term insurance policy 短期保险单112.T&Htemperature and humidity 温度和湿度113.TMtrademark 商标114.TNCTransnational/multinational company 跨国公司115.TODtime of delivery 发货时间116.T.P.N.D.Theft, Pilferage and Nondelivery117.TSTtest 检查；检测118.T/TTelegraphic Transfer 电汇119.U/Aunderwriting account 保险帐户120.V.A.T.Value Added Tax 增值税121.ves.Vessel 船舶122.via.through, by way of 经由，通过123.VIPvery important person 贵宾124.vol.volume 量，额，本，卷，容积125.VQAvendor quality assurance 售主质量保证126.WBWorld Bank 世界银行127.WCOWorld Customs Organization 世界海关组织128.WEFWorld Economic Forum 世界经济论坛129.W.E.T.Western European Time 西欧时间，即格林尼治时间130.WFOEwholly foreign owned enterprises 外资独资企业131.whs, whsewarehouse 仓库132.whslewholesale 批发133.WHOWorld Health Organization 世界卫生组织134.W.P.A.With Particular Average=With Average 水渍险135.W.RWar Risks 战争险/兵险136.wt.weight 重量137.W/TaxWithholding Tax 预扣税138.WTOWorld Trade Organization世界贸易组织第二篇：禽流感常用英语词禽流感常用英语词汇World Health Organization(WHO)联合国世界卫生组织Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)疾病控制与预防中心Beijing municipal animal epidemic prevention centre 北京市动物流行病防治中心bird flu / avian flu / avian influenza 禽流感，又称真性鸡瘟outbreak 爆发suspected cases 疑似病例confirmed cases 确诊病例test positive 检测阳性highly pathogenic suspected cases高致病性禽流感疑似病例poultry farms 养殖场disease-affected areas 疫区disposal of animal faeces/wastes 动物粪便的处理disinfection 消毒inactive virus 非活性病毒 contagious 接触传染性的vaccine/vaccinate 疫苗/疫苗注射influenza epidemic/pandemic/endemic 流感流行/大流行/地方性流行infectious/communicable disease 传染病 virulent 剧毒的;致命的populous 人口众多的,人口稠密的 trigger 触发,引起respiratory symptom 呼吸道症状human-to-human transmission 人与人之间的传染within-family transmission 家庭成员间的传染pathogen 病原体 mortality rate 死亡率 case fatality rate 病死率acute respiratory distress syndrome急性呼吸窘迫综合征viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎消毒剂disinfectants 防护服protective clothing，masks of N95-type 扑杀（动物）cull，stamp out, destroy兽体 carcasses带病毒的(动物)粪便 contaminated manure/droppings/faeces 自然宿主 natural reservoir(of bird flu viruses)禽传人birds-to-human transmission 人传人human-to-human transmission, person-to-person transmission 人患禽流感 human cases of bird flu世界卫生组织全球流感监测网络WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network 预防措施 preventative measures 有与其它流感病毒交换基因的倾向to have the propensity to exchange genes with influenza viruses from other species.现有的疫苗currently available vaccines, existing vaccines(病毒)分离isolate 突然发病 sudden onset引发流感流行 trigging an influenza pandemic流感的亚型 influenza subtype 自然免疫力 natural immunity第三篇：船公司简写缩写船公司简称与缩写表时简写公司简称缩写澳大利亚国家航运公司澳国航运 ANL美国总统轮船私人有限公司美国总统 APL南美邮船公司南美邮船 CSAV南美智利国家航运公司智利航运 CCNI法国达飞轮船公司达飞轮船 CMA中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司中远集运 COSCO达贸国际轮船公司达贸国际 DELIMAS长荣海运股份有限公司长荣海运EVERGREEN（一般简写：EMC）韩进海运有限公司韩进海运 HANJIN（有时简写：HJ）赫伯罗特船务有限公司赫伯罗特HAPPAG-LLOYD（一般简写：HPL）现代商船有限公司现代商船 HYUNDAI（有时简写：HMM）川崎汽船株式会社川崎汽船 K LINE高丽海运株氏会社高丽海运 KMTC阿拉伯联合国家轮船公司阿拉伯轮船 UASC万海航运股份有限公司万海航运 WANHAI（有：WHL）阳明海运股份有限公司阳明海运YANGMING（有时简写：YML）以星轮船船务有限公司以星轮船 ZIM马来西亚国际航运有限公司马来西亚航运 MISC商船三井有限公司商船三井 MOL地中海航运公司地中海航运 MSC马士基海陆有限公司马士基海陆 MAERSK SEALAND（一般简写：MSK）北欧亚航运有限公司北欧亚航运NORASIA（有时简写：NCL）南星海运株式会社南星海运 NS日本邮船有限公司日本邮船 NYK东方海外货柜航运有限公司东方海外 OOCL太平船务有限公司太平船务 PIL南非国家轮船有限公司南非轮船SAFMARINE（有时简写：SAF）中外运（集团）总公司中外运 SINOTRANS第四篇：英语词型转换题can(过去式)old（反义词）put(过去式)big（反义词）read(过去式)tall（反义词）dance(现在分词）do(现在分词）sing(现在分词）short(比较级）come(过去式)see(现在分词）teach(三单）see(同音词)nice(比较级）easy（反义词）buy(过去式)grandfather（对应词）lie(现在分词）good(比较级）get(过去式)have(三单）sit(现在分词）make(过去式)have(现在分词）do(过去式)say(现在分词）give(过去式)big(比较级）run(过去式)cut(现在分词）fix(三单）no(同音词)easy(比较级）heavy（反义词）feel(过去式)meet(同音词)die(现在分词）much(比较级）learn(过去式)like(三单）run(现在分词）teach(过去式)take(现在分词）drink(过去式)cat(复数）go(过去式)hot(比较级）bring(过去式)swim(现在分词）say(三单）write(同音词)heavy(比较级）same （反义词）have(过去式)buy(同音词)come(现在分词）different(比较级）meet(过去式)look(三单）get(现在分词）tell(过去式)think(现在分词）eat(过去式)friend(复数）ride(过去式)bus(复数）quiz(复数）fox(复数）write(过去式)take(过去式)forget(过去式)sport(复数）work(过去式)story(复数）do(三单）move(过去式)make(三单）drop(过去式)woman(复数）morning （对应词）piece(复数）play(过去式)knife(复数）go(三单）study(过去式)eat(三单）stop(过去式)child(复数）uncle（对应词）fairy(复数）live(过去式)life(复数）watch(三单）try(过去式)fly(三单）leaf(复数）small(比较级）girl（对应词）第五篇：各国货币名称的英文缩写简写货币名称货币符号人民币 RMB 美元 USD 日元 JPY 欧元 EUR 英镑 GBP 德国马克DEM 瑞士法郎 CHF 法国法郎 FRF 加拿大元 CAD 澳大利亚元 AUD 港币 HKD 奥地利先令 ATS 芬兰马克 FIM 比利时法郎 BEF 爱尔兰镑 IEP 意大利里拉 ITL 卢森堡法郎 LUF 荷兰盾 NLG 葡萄牙埃斯库多 PTE 西班牙比塞塔 ESP 印尼盾 IDR马来西亚林吉特 MYR 新西兰元 NZD 菲律宾比索 PHP 俄罗斯卢布 SUR 新加坡元 SGD 韩国元 KRW 泰铢 THB 各国货币名称的英文缩写简写主要国家货币简写：1．CNY（ChiNese Yuan）人民币2．FRF（FRench Franc）法国法郎3．HKD（Hong Kong Dollar）港元4．CHF（德文sCHweizer Franken）瑞士法郎5．USD （United States Dollar）美元6．CAD（CAnadian Dollar）加拿大元7．GBP（Great Britain Pound）英镑8．NLG（NetherLandish Guilder）荷兰盾9．DEM（德文 DEutsche M ark）德国马克10．BEF（BElgischer Franc）比利时法郎11．JPY（JaPanese Yen）日元12．AUD（AUstralian Dollar）澳大利亚元各国详细货币简介：Afghani阿富汗尼 Af Afghanistan阿富汗bath铢 B Thailand泰国balboa巴波亚 B Panama巴拿马aolivar博利瓦＄b Venezuela委内瑞拉colon（哥斯达黎加）科郎￠ Costa Rica哥斯达黎加colon（萨尔瓦多）科郎￠ El Salvador萨尔瓦多cordoba科多巴 C＄ Nicaragua尼加拉瓜cruzeiro克鲁赛罗 Cr＄ brazil巴西dalasi达拉西 DG Gambia冈比亚dinar（阿尔及利亚）第纳尔 DA Algeria阿尔及利亚dinar（伊拉克）第纳尔 ID Iraq伊拉克dinar（约旦）第纳尔 JD Jordan约旦dinar（科威特）第纳尔 KD Kuwait科威特dinar（利比亚）第纳尔 LD Libya利比亚dinar（也门民主人民共和国）第纳尔YD The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 也门民主人民共和国dinar（突尼斯）第纳尔 D Tunisia突尼斯dinar（南斯拉夫）第纳尔 DIN Yugoslavia南斯拉夫dirham迪拉姆 DH Morocco摩洛哥 dollar（澳大利亚）元＄A Australia澳大利亚dollar（巴哈马）元 B＄ Bahamas巴哈马dollar（百慕大）元 DB＄ Bermuda百慕大dollar（加拿大）元 Can＄ Canada加拿大dollar埃塞俄比亚）元＄Eth Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚dollar（斐济）元 F＄ Fiji斐济dollar（圭亚那）元 G＄ Guyana圭亚那dollar（香港）元 HK＄ Hongkong香港dollar（牙买加）元 J＄ Jamaica牙买加dollar（利比里亚）元 L＄ Liberia利比里亚dollar（马来西亚）元 M＄ Malaysia马来西亚dollar（新西兰）元 NA＄ NewZealand 新西兰dollar（新加坡）元 S＄ Singapore新加坡dollar（特立尼达和多巴哥 TT＄ Trinidad and Tobago特立尼达和多巴哥dollar（美国）元 US＄ USA美国dong（越南）盾 D DBVN越南民主共和国drachma德拉克马 Dr Greece希腊escudo（智利）埃斯库多 E Chili智利escudo（葡萄牙）埃斯库多 Esc Portugal葡萄牙forint福林 Ft Hungary匈牙利franc（比利时）法郎BF Belgium比利时franc（布隆迪）法郎Fbu Burundi布隆迪Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎Franc（非洲金融共同体）法郎CFAF Cameroon喀麦隆；The Central African Republic中非共和国；Chad乍得；The People''s Republic of the Congo 刚果人民共和国；Dahomey达荷美；Gabon加蓬；Ivory Coast象牙海岸；Niger尼日尔；Senegal塞内加尔；Toto多哥；Upper Volta上沃尔特等franc(法国)法郎 FF France法国franc（卢森堡）法郎 LuxF Luxemb(o)urg 卢森堡franc（马尔加什）法郎 FMG The Malagasy Republic马尔加什共和国franc（马里）法郎 MF Mali马里franc(卢旺达)法郎 RF Rwanda卢旺达franc(瑞士)法郎 Sf Switzerland瑞士gourde古德 G Haiti海地guarani瓜拉尼 C Paraguay巴拉圭Guilder(或florin)（荷兰）盾 fF Netherlands荷兰kip基普 K Laos老挝koruna（捷克）克朗 KeS Czechoslovakia捷克斯洛伐克krona（冰岛）克朗 IKr Iceland冰岛krona（瑞典）克朗 SKr Sweden瑞典krone（丹麦）克朗 DKr Denmark丹麦 krone（挪威）克朗 NKr Norway挪威kwacha（马拉维）克瓦查 MK Malawi马拉维kwacha（赞比亚）克瓦查 K Zambia赞比亚kyat（缅甸）元 K Burma缅甸lek列克 Lek Albania阿尔巴尼亚lempira伦皮拉 L Honduras洪都拉斯leone利昂 Le Sierra Leone塞拉利昂leu列伊 Lv Romania罗马尼亚lev列弗 L Bulgaria保加利亚lira(意大利)里拉 Lit Italy意大利Lira（土耳其）里拉（或镑）LT Turkey土耳其Mark（德意志联邦共和国）马克 DM GFR德意志联邦共和国Markka（芬兰）马克 Fmk Finland芬兰Naira奈拉 Nigeria 尼日利亚new cedi新塞地 NC Ghana加纳Ouguiya乌吉亚 UM Mauritania毛里塔尼亚pa''anga邦加 T＄ Tonga汤加Peseta比塞塔 Ptas Spain西班牙peso（阿根廷）比索＄a Argentina阿根廷peso（玻利维亚）比索＄b Bolivia玻利维亚peso（哥伦比亚）比索 Col＄ Colombia哥伦比亚peso(古巴)比索Cub＄Cuba古巴peso（多米尼加）比索RD ＄ The Dominican Republic多米尼加共和国peso（墨西哥）比索 Mex＄ Mexico墨西哥peso（菲律宾）比索 P Philippines菲律宾peso（乌拉圭）比索 Ur＄ Uruguay乌拉圭pound（塞浦路斯）镑￡C Cyprus塞浦路斯pound（埃及）镑 LE Egypt埃及pound（英国）镑￡(￡ Stg)Great Britain英国pound（爱尔兰）镑￡Ir Ireland爱尔兰pound（黎巴嫩）镑 LL Lebanon黎巴嫩pound（马耳他）镑￡M Malta马耳他pound（苏丹）镑￡S Sudan苏丹pound（叙利亚）镑 LS Syria叙利亚quetzal格查尔 Q Guatemala危地马拉Renminbiyuan人民币元 RMB China中国rial（伊朗）里亚尔 Rls Iran伊朗riel瑞尔 Cambodia柬埔寨riyal（沙特阿拉伯）里亚尔 SRls Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯riyal（阿拉伯也门共和国）里亚尔YRls The Arab Republic of Yemen阿拉伯也门共和国rouble卢布 R(rub, Rbl)USSR俄罗斯rupee（印度）卢比 Rs India印度 rupee（毛里求斯）卢比 MRs Mauritius毛里求斯rupee（尼泊尔）卢比 NRs Nepal尼泊尔rupee（巴基斯坦）卢比 PRs Pakistan巴基斯坦rupee（斯里兰卡）卢比 SRs Sri Lanka斯里兰卡rupiah（印度尼西亚）卢比（或盾）Rp Indonesia印度尼西亚schilling(奥地利)先令Sch Austria(奥地利)shilling（肯尼亚）先令 KSh Kenya(肯尼亚)shilling（坦桑尼亚）先令 TSh 坦桑尼亚shilling（乌干达）先令 USh 乌干达sol索尔 s/ 秘鲁Somali shilling索马里先令 ShSo Somali索马里sucre苏克雷 S/ Ecuador厄瓜多尔syli西里 syli syli几内亚tugrik图格里克 Tug Mongolia蒙古won（朝鲜）圆 W The Democratic People''s republic of Korea 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国日元￥ Japan日本扎伊尔 Z Zaire扎伊尔兹罗提 Zl Poland波兰注：①dellar的符号＄也可作＄。

(完整版)最全常用英文单词缩写

Addendum ADDM Additional ADTL
WORD ABBREVIATION
Address ADR Adequate ADQ Adjacent AJCN Adjoin ADJN Adjoining ADJN Adjust ADJ Adjusted ADJ Adjustment ADJ Administrate ADM Administration ADM Administrative ADM Advance ADV Adverse ADVRS Advertised AD Advertisement AD Advisor ADVS Aerial ARL Affect AFCT Affected AFCT Affiliate AFFIL Affiliate AFL Affiliation AFL African AFR After AFT Agency AGCY Agency AGN Agent AGNT Aggregate AGGR Aging AGE Agreement AGR Agreement AGREE Agriculture AG Ahead AHD Aircraft ACFT Airport ARPRT Alaska AK Alfalfa ALF Alien ALN Alignment ALIGN Alimony ALMY
Capital CPTL Cardborad CDBD Career CRER Cargo CRG Carrier CARR Carrying CARR Carryover CRVR Carryover CRYOVR Cartridge CART Catalog CTLG Catastrophic CAT Category CAT Caucasian CCSN Cause CSE

汽车行业专用英语词汇及常用缩写

专业英语词汇之DFL专用缩略英语词汇汽车行业常用缩写AAR: Appearance Approval Report 外观批准报告A/D/V: Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/开发/验证A/D/V–DV：ADV Design Validation ADV设计验证A/D/V P＆R: Analysis/Development/Validation Plan and Report. This form is used to summarize the plan and results for validation testing. Additional information can be found in the GP—11 procedure。

分析/开发/验证计划和报告A/D/V–PV：ADV Product Validation ADV产品验证AIAG：Automotive Industries Action Group，an organization formed by General Motors，Ford and Daimler—Chrysler to develop common standards and expectations for automotive suppliers. 汽车工业行动集团AP: Advance Purchasing 先期采购APQP: Advanced Product Quality Planning 产品质量先期策划APQP Project Plan: A one—page summary of the SGM APQP process that describes the tasks and the timeframe in which they occur。

APQP项目策划AQC：Attribute Quality Characteristic 属性质量特性ASQE: Advanced Supplier Quality Engineer 先期供应商质量工程师BIW: Body in White。

英语单词词性缩写(免费)

所有英语单词词性缩写prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写 n = 名词，noun的缩写v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写 conj = 连接词，conjunction的缩写 s = 主词sc = 主词补语 o = 受词oc = 受词补语vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写 aux.v = 助动词，auxiliary 的缩写 a = 形容词，adjective的缩写 ad = 副词，adverb的缩写 art = 冠词，article的缩写 num = 数词，numeral的缩写 int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写语气词 int. 缩写词 abbr.abbr abbreviation(略)略语 adj, adjjadjective(s)(形)形容词 adv, advvadverb(s)(副)副词adv partadverbial particle(副接)副词接语 aux auxiliary(助)助动词cn countable noun(可数)可数名词 conj conjunction(连)连接def art definite article(定冠)定冠词 egfor example(例如)例如 esp especially(尤指)尤指 etc and the others(等)等等 ie which is to say(意即)意即indef art indefinite article(不定冠词)不定冠词 inf infinitive(不定词)不定词 int interjection(感)感叹词 n noun(s) (名)名词neg negative(ly)(否定)否定的(地) part adj participial adjective(分形)分词形容词pers person(人称)人称pers pron personal pronoun(人称代)人称代名词pl plural(复)复数(的) pp past participle (过去分词)过去分词pref prefix(字首)字首prep preposition(al) (介词)介词，介系词，介词的pron pronoun (代)代名词pt past tense(过去)过去式sb somebody(某人)某人sing singular(单)单数(的) sth something(某事物)某物或某事suff suffix(字尾)字尾un uncountable noun(不可数)不可数名词US America(n)(美)美国(的) vverb(s) (动)动词[VP]V erb Pattern(动型)动词类型v iverb intransitive(不及物动词)不及物动词vt verb transitive (及物动词)及物动词一．名词(Noun.N)1.定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。

专业英语词汇常见缩写

■组织机构等专有名称UNESCO=United Nations Educational，Scientific And Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织IMF=International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织ASEAN=Association Of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟；“东盟”GATT=General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade 关贸总协定WTO=World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织OPE=Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织；“欧佩克”PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization 巴勒斯坦解放组织；“巴解”IOC=International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会NASA=National Aeronautics And Space Administration美国国家宇航局WHO=World Health Organization 世界卫生组织NASA= National Aeronautics and Space Administration美国国家航空航天局■常见事物的名称UFO=Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物；“飞碟”DJI=Dow-Jones Index 道·琼斯指数PC=Personal Computer 个人电脑ABM=Anti-Ballistic Missile 反弹道导弹PT=Public Relations 公共关系SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈SDI=Strategic Defence Initiative 战略防御措施■表示人们的职业、职务或职称的名词PM=Prime Minister 总理；首相GM=General Manager 总经理VIP=Very Important Person 贵宾；要人TP=Traffic Policeman 交通警察PA=Personal Assistant 私人助理。

一组英语专业词汇及缩写

MPW 和PCM，门阵列与标准单元专题涉及到的一组英语专业词汇及缩写一套工艺设计文件PDK (Process Design Kits)一次性费用(Nonrecurring Costs) NRE原型（Prototype）GDSII(Graphic Database System，它是用来描述掩模几何图形的事实标准，是二进制格式格式) MPSIS (MOS Implementation Support Project—MOS实现支撑计划)多项目晶圆（MPW）集成电路无生产线设计与代工制造的F&F (Fabless and Foundry)模式PCM --process control monitor（工艺控制监测器）一解是process control monitor , 一解是parameter control monitor。

VDP (Van Der Pauw) 方法测试电阻一般采用加电流测试电压的方法来测试方块电阻。

CIC(Chip Implementation Center简称CIC)--台湾地区的新竹科学园区成立的类似美国MOSIS的集成电路设计服务单位"‘芯片制作中心”台湾积体电路制造股份公司（台积公司：TSMC）台湾联华电子公司(UMC) /chinese/新加坡晶圆代工厂商特许半导体(Chartered Semiconductor)华润上华科技有限公司csmccsmc是"Central Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation "的缩写.晶片减薄wafer backside grinding晶片探针测试wafer probing test晶片的切割wafer sawing（划片）镜检Visual Inspection芯片分拣Pick and placePBGA（Plastic Ball Grid Array，塑封球栅阵列型封装）方型扁平式封装技术（Plastic Quad Flat Package)SIP（System In a Package）所谓的SiP是将多颗IC以及分离式或无源组件结合于单一封装基板上，以提供完整的系统或次系统，并用以创造较低成本、小体积与高效能的解决方案。

化学专业英语词汇及相关词组的缩写

polymer atomlinkage molecule monomer complex proteinsubstituted conformation organic inorganic strength kevlarfibre(fiber) polymerization ethene polyethene constituent terminate random n.n.n.n.n.adj.nadj.adj.n.adj.adj.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.adj.聚合物原子连接，剪接分子单体复杂的，合成的，综合的蛋白质蛋白质的取代的，代替的构象有机的，组织的无机的强度凯夫拉纤维纤维，构造，纤维制品聚合乙烯聚乙烯（PE）成分，组分停止，结束，终止随意，任意任意的，随便的interval propagation acidamino sequence activity accessible spontaneously manufacturebiopolymer nucleic catalyst facilitate accelerate dimmer basealcohol amine carboxylic chloride n.n.n.adj.adj.n.n.adj.adv.vt.n.n.adj.n.vt.v.n.n.n.n.adj.n.间隔，距离，时间间隔链增长酸酸的氨基的次序，顺序，序列活性易接近的自发地，本能地制造，加工制造，产品生物高分子核的催化剂使容易，使便利，推动加速，促进二聚物碱醇胺羧基的氯化物acid chlorideaceticesteramidefree radical initiation propagation mechanism double bond formula susceptible ionicinitiator neutralize cation anionic kinetics solvent counter-ionion-pair stereochemistry stereoregularity adj.n.n.n.n.n.n.adj.adj.n.v.n.adj.n.n.n.n.酰氯醋酸的，乙酸的酯酰胺自由基引发增长机理双键分子式，公式易受影响的离子的引发剂使失效，抵消，中和阳离子阴离子的动力学溶剂反离子，抗衡离子离子对立体化学立构规整性blend copolymerization copolymer homopolymersynthesisstep-growth polymerization condensationadditionsuccessiveapplicationrigiditystressstrainmoduluslinearbranchedglass-transition temperature amorphouscrystallineeboniteadditivereinforce vt./n.n.n.n.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.n.n.adj.adj.adj.adj.n.n.vt.混合，共混共聚合共聚物均聚物合成逐步聚合缩合加成连续的应用，申请，运用坚硬，刚性，刚度应力应变模量线的，线性的支化的玻璃化温度无定形的，非晶的结晶的硬橡胶添加剂补强，加固fillerpigment plasticizer lubricant processing aid forcibly standpoint extensibility vinylpolyvinyl chloride elasticity nonquantitative handdraperatiospin(span spun) filamentchopstapletwistdeniertenacity n.n.n.n.adv.n.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.v.n.vt.n.vt.n.n.填料颜料增塑剂滑润剂加工助剂强制地，有力地立场，观点延长性，伸长乙烯基聚氯乙烯（PVC）弹性非定量的手感悬垂性比，比率纺，纺纱细丝切，砍人造短纤维捻，编织旦尼尔（纤度单位）韧性weathering resistancecoefficientalkalichemicaldielectric dielectric constant finish permanent specific gravity aluminum abrasion configuration moldextrudethermal form intricate magnitude transparent ceramic n.n.adj.adj.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.n.vt.v.adj.n.adj.n.耐候性系数碱碱性的化学的化学药品电介质，绝缘体介电常数光洁度永久的，持久的密度铝磨损构造，结构，构型模型模塑，模压挤出热成型复杂的，错综的大小，数量，量级透明的陶瓷porcelainfire retardance asbestosmica conductivity surgicalimplant inertness malleablecast iron constraint parameter plasticization macroscopic elongation thermodynamic salvation thermoplast flexible processability adj.n.n.n.n.adj.n.v.n.adj.n.n.n.adj.n.adj.n.n.adj.n.陶器的瓷器，瓷阻燃性石棉云母电导率，传导率，传导性外科的外科手术植入不活拨，惰性有延展性的铸铁约束，强制参数，参量增塑，塑化，塑炼宏观的伸长热力学的溶剂化（作用）热塑性塑料，热塑柔性的，柔软的加工性foamphthalicdominateethylhexylDOP(dioctyl phthalate) polyether polycondensation oligomerdistinctioninteractdiluentextenderprimary plasticizer secondary plasticizer phthalate preferentially phenolic resin melamine polyurethane n.v.adj.v.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.v.adj.n.n.n.adv.n.n.泡沫，泡沫塑料发泡邻苯二甲酸的支配，占优势乙基己基邻苯二甲酸二辛酯聚醚，多醚缩聚反应低聚物区别，差别互相作用稀释的稀释剂填充剂主增塑剂助增塑剂邻苯二甲酸酯择优地酚醛树脂三聚氰胺聚氨酯gauchetranshelixplate-out pearlesence polytetrafluoroethylene obviatetalcpolyolefin compatiblesprayconventional multifunctional stearatepastillemontanic acid polycarbonate pultrusion polysulfoneoleodiscolorationparallel adj.n.n.n.n.vt.n.n.adj.vt.adj.adj.n.n.n.n.n.adj.n.v.左右式的反式螺旋，螺旋状物积垢珠光聚四氟乙烯消除，排除滑石，云母聚烯烃协调的，一致的喷射，喷溅常规的，传统的多功能的硬脂酸盐芳香重剂，粉蜡笔褐煤酸聚碳酸酯拉挤成型聚砜油的，油酰基的变色，污点相应，平行cadmium organo mercaptide brittle aesthetic appeal decyl adipate azelate adipic sebacic glycol triethyl titanium tatrachoride reactant alkane ethanol chromic silica alumina cyclohexane n.adj.n.adj.adj.n.n.n.n.adj.adj.n.adj.n.n.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.镉有机金属的硫醇盐易碎的，脆弱的美学的，审美的要求癸基己二酸壬二酸酯脂肪的葵二酸的乙二醇三乙（烷）基的钛四氯化物反应物烷烃乙醇铬的硅土氧化铝（亦称矾土）环己烷isobutenefilternickel molybdenum charcoal hydride corrugated ductilitycobalt crosslinking dicumyl peroxide polymethylene diazomethane sodium paraffin serendipitous benzaldehyde coaxialfacility premature microporousness nanometer n.vt.n.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.adj.n.adj.n.adj.n.n.异丁烯过滤镍钼活性炭氢化物波纹的延展性钴（Co）交联过氧化二异丙苯聚亚甲基重氮甲烷钠石蜡偶然发现的苯甲醛同轴的，共轴的设备，工具未成熟的，太早的微孔性纳米multidomain aggregationgranule montmorillonite homogenizematrixengender polypropylene propylenebromideslurryaluminum diethyl chloride titanium trichloride isotactichexanetacticitymethanolbulkymethylstiffnesstertiaryoxidative n.n.n.n.n.n.v.n.n.n.n.adj.n.n.n.adj.n.n.adj.adj.多畴聚集物，聚集（态）小粒，颗粒蒙脱石均质化，使均质基质，基体造成聚丙烯丙烯溴化物浆，泥浆，料液二乙基氯化铝三氯化钛等规的，全同立构的己烷立构规整性甲醇大的，容量大的甲基坚硬，硬度第三的，第三位的氧化的，具有氧化特性的degradationretardphenolicantioxidant dithiocarboxylic acid dilauryl dithiopropionate phosphateultravioletturfmattranslucent hydrochloric petroleumethane bichloridefluffymasticateprofoundextremelynegativesteric hidrance repulsionaliphatic n.vt.adj.n.n.adj.n.n.adj.adj.n.adj.v.adj.adj.adj.n.adj.降解，降级延迟，使减速，阻止酚的，石碳酸的防老剂，抗氧化剂二硫代碳酸二月桂基二硫代丙酸酯磷酸盐（酯）紫外线的草根土，草皮垫子半透明的氯化氢的，盐酸的石油二氯乙烷松散的，蓬松的塑炼，破料深刻的，深奥的极端的，非常的负的，阴性的位阻排斥，推斥脂肪族的，脂肪质的dehydrochlorination popcorn-like dryblendambientcalendarplastisol organosolrefluxsteam-stripvinyl acetate n.adj.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.n.米花状的干混料，干混合环境温度，室温压延机增塑溶胶，增塑糊稀释增塑糊，有机溶胶回流汽提乙酸乙烯酯Name Reagents and Trade NameBrederick Reagen Burgess ReageCaro’s AcidColman’s ReagentCorey-Kim Reagent Danishefsky’s Diene Dess-Martin Periodinane Diazald Eschenmoser’s Sslt Freons(Fluorohalocarbons)Fremy’s SaltGilman ReagentsHünig’s BaseJones Reagent Lawesson Reagent Lindar Catalyst Mander’s Reagent Meerwein’s SaltMosher EstersOxoneRed-AlSelectrideSimmons-Smith Reagent SkellysolveSuper HydrideTebbe’s ReagentViehe’s SaltVilsmeier Reagent Wieland-Miescher Ketone Wilkinson’s Catalyst Wittig ReagentDess-MartinWieland-Miescher Dimethoxydimethylaminomethane(amide acetal)MeO2CN-SO2N+(Et)3(alcohol dehydration) Sulfomonoperacid HOSO2OOHDisodium Iron TetracarbonylDimethyl sulfide-chlorine1-Methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxybuta-1,3-dieneN-Methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide(diazomethane) Me2N+=CH2I-(Mannich reagent)11(CFCl3),12(CF2Cl2),13(CF3Cl),13B1(CF3Br),14(CF4),2 1(CHFCl2),22(CHF2Cl),23(CHF3),114(CF2ClCF2Cl),116( CF3CF3)(KO3S)2NOLithium DiorganocupratesDiisopropylethylamine(base catalyst)Chromic acid in acetonePd on CaCO3/PbOMethyl cyanoformate(NCC(=O))OMe Triethyloxonium Fluoroborate(Me3O+BF4-,methylating reagent)α-Methoxy-α-trifluromethylphenylacetatesPotassium monopersulfate(KHSO5)Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium Hydridetri-sec-butylborohydride(L-Li,K=potassium)CH2I2-Zn(Cu)Petroleum ether solvents(alkane fractions)Sodium TriethylborohydrideCp2Ti(CH2)(Cl)AlMe2Me2N+=CCl2Cl-Me2N+=CHClCl-(Ph3P)3RhClPh3P=CR2MeO PSSOMePSSLawessonCH2ClAlCH3CH3TebbeSpectroscopy and Separation AcronymsASISδCDCICIDNP CMR COSY DEPT DNMREI ENDOR ESR(=EPR) EXAFS EXSY FABFIDFIDFTGLC HETCOR HMQC HOESY HPLCICR INDOR INEPTIRJLCLISMCDMSNMR NOE(SY) ODORD ORTEP PESR f ROESY TLCUV Aromatic solvent induced shifts (NMR)Chemical shift (NMR)Circular DichroismChemical Ionization (mass spec)Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear PolarizationCarbon-13 Magnetic ResonanceCorrelation Spectroscopy(NMR)Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (NMR) Dynamic NMRElectron Impact (MS)Electron Nuclear Double ResonanceElectron (Paramagnetic) Spin ResonanceExtended X-Ray Absorption Fine SpectrumExchange spectroscopy (NMR saturation transfer)Fast Atom Bombardment (MS)Flame Ionization Detecter (VPC)Free Induction Decay (NMR)Fourier TransformGas-liquid Chromatography (VPC)Heteronuclear correlation (NMR)Proton detected Heteronuclear Multiquantum Coherence (NMR) Heteronuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy (NMR)High Performance Liquid ChromatographyIon Cyclotron ResonanceInternuclear Double ResonanceInsensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (NMR) InfraredCoupling Constant (NMR)Liquid ChromatographyLanthanide Induced shifts (NMR)Magnetic Circular DichroismMass SpectrumNuclear Magnetic ResonanceNuclear Overhauser Effect (Spectroscopy)Optical DensityOptical Rotatory DispersionOak Ridge Thermal Ellipse ProgramPhotoelectron SpectroscopyRetention Factor (Chromatography)Rotating frame Nuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy (NMR)Thin Layer ChromatographyUltraviolet SpectroscopyVPC XPS Vapor Phase Chromatography (GLC) (ESCA) X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyStandard Abbreviations and Acronymsα[α]ÅAcacac ADP AIBN AM1 AMP Anal anhyd AOaqAratm ATP ATPase av9-BBN 9-BBN-H Bn,Bzl BOC,Boc BODIPY bpbpybrBu,n-Bu s-But-BuBzB3L YP℃calcd cAMP CAN CASSCF CASPT2 cat CBZ,Cbz CCCD observed optical rotation in degreesspecific rotation [expressed without units;the units, (deg·mL)/(g·dm),are understood]angstrom(s)acetylacetylacetonateadenosine 5’-diphosphate2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrileAustin model 1adenosine 5’-monophosphatecombustion elemental analysisanhydrousatomic orbitalaqueousarylatmosphere(s)adenosine 5’-triphosphateadenosinetriphosphataseaverage9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanebenzyltert-butoxycarbonyldipyrromethene boron difluorideboiling point,base pair2,2’-bipyridylbroad (spectral)normal (primary) butylsec-butyltert-butylbenzoyl (not benzyl)3-parameter hybrid Becke exchange/Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional degrees Celsiuscalculatedadenosine cyclic 3’,5’-phosphateceric ammonium nitratecomplete active space self-consistent fieldcomplete active space with second-order perturbation theorycatalyticbenzyloxycarbonyl (preferred over the abbreviation Z)coupled clustercircular dichroismcDNA CICIF CIDNP cmcm-1cod compd concd concn COSY cotCpm-CPBA CVCyδdDABCO dansyl DBN DBU DCC DCE DCM DDQ DEAD DEPT DFT DIBALH DMA DMAP DMDO DME DMF DMPU DMSO DMT DNA DPSdrDTTE1 complementary deoxyribonucleic acidchemical ionization; configuration interactioncrystallographic information filechemically induced dynamic nuclear polarizationcentimeter(s)wavenumber(s)1,5-cyclooctadienecompoundconcentratedconcentrationcorrelation spectroscopy1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraenecyclopentadienylmeta-chloroperoxybenzoic acidcyclic voltammetrycyclohexylchemical shift in parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane day(s);doublet(spectral);decidensity1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl1,5- diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-eneN,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide1,2-dichloroethanedichloroethane2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinonediethyl azodicarboxylatedistortionless enhancement by polarization transferdensity functional theorydiisobutylaluminum hydridedimethylacetamide4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinedimethyldioxirane1,2-dimethoxyethanedimethylformamide1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinonedimethyl sulfoxide4,4’-dimethoxytrityl(4,4’dimethoxyltriphenylmethyl) deoxyribonucleic acidtert-butyldiphenylsilyldiastereomer ratiodithiothreitolunimolecular eliminationE2ED50 EDTA EI EPReq equiverESIEtFAB FDFID Fmoc FTgGC GTPhHF HMBC HMPA HMQC HOMO HPLC HRMS HSQC HzICR INDO IPIRJkKLLAH LCAO LD50 LDA LFER LHMDS lit bimolecular eliminationdose effective in 50﹪of test subjectsethylenediaminetetraacetic acidelectron impactelectron paramagnetic resonanceequationequivalentenantionmer ratioelectrospray ionizationethylfast atom bombardmentfiled desorptionflame ionization detector;free induction decay9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylFourier transformgram(s);prefix to NMR abbreviation denoting gradient-selected (e.g.gCOSY,gHMQC)gas chromatographyguanosine 5’-triphosphatehour(s)Hartree-Fockheteronuclear multiple bond correlationhexamethylphosphoric triamide(hexamethylphosphoramide)heteronuclear multiple quantum correlationhighest occupied molecular orbitalhigh-performance liquid chromatographyhigh-resolution mass spectrometryheteronuclear single quantum correlationhertzion cyclotron resonanceintermediate neglect of differential overlapionization potentialinfraredcoupling constant (in NMR spectrometry)kiloKelvin(s)(absolute temperature)liter(s)lithium aluminum hydridelinear combination of atomic orbitalsdose that is lethal in 50﹪of test subjectslithium diisopropylamide;local density approximationlinear free energy relationshiplithium hexamethyldisilazane,lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amideliterature value (abbreviation used with period)LTMP LUMO μmMM+ MALDI max MCD MCR MCSCF MD Me MEM Mes MHz min lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperididelowest unoccupied molecular orbitalmicromultiplet (spectral);meter(s);millimolar (moles per liter);megaparent molecular ionmatrix-assisted laser desorption ionizationmaximummagnetic circular dichroismmulticomponent reactionmulti-configuration self-consistent fieldmolecular dynamicsmethyl(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl2,4,6-trimethylphenyl(mesityl)[not methylsulfonyl(mesyl)] megahertzminute(s);minimuHOW TO APPROACH THE ANALYSIS OF A SPECTRUM (OR WHAT YOUCAN TELL AT A GLANCE)·Concentrate first on learning these major peaks and recognizing their presence or absence.1.Is a carbonyl group present? The C=O group gives rise to a strong absorption in the region1820-1660 cm-1(Conjugated ketones appear near 1680 cm-1).The peak is often the strongest in the spectrum and of medium width.2.If C=O is present,check the following types (if it is absent,go to step 3):ACIDS:Is O-H also present?·Broad absorption near 3400-2400 cm-1(usually overlaps C-H) AMIDES:Is N-H also present?·Medium absorption near 3400 cm-1;sometimes a double peak.ESTERS:Is C-O also present?·Strong-intensity absorption near 1300-1000 cm-1.ANHYDRIDES:Two C=O absorption near 1810 and 1760 cm-1.ALDEHYDES:Is aldehyde C-H present?·Two weak absorptions near 2850 and 2750 cm-1.KETONES:The preceding five choices have been eliminated.3.If C=O is absent:Compound may haveALCOHOLS,PHENOLS:Check for O-H.·Broad absorption near 3400-3300 cm-1.·Confirm this by finding C-O near 1300-1000 cm-1.AMINES: :Check for N-H.·Medium absorption(s) near 3400 cm-1ETHERS:Check for C-O near 1300-1000 cm-1(and absence of O-H near 3400 cm-1).4.Double bonds or aromatic rings·C=C is a weak absorption near 1650 cm-1.·Medium-to-strong absorptions in the region 1600-1450 cm-1;these often imply an aromatic ring.·Confirm the double bond or aromatic ring by consulting the C-H region;aromatic and vinyl C-H occur to the left of 3000 cm-1(aliphatic C-H occurs to the right of this value).5. Triple bonds·C≡N is a medium,sharp absorption near 2250 cm-1.·C≡C is a weak, sharp absorption near 2150 cm-1.·Check also for acetylenic ≡C-H near 3300 cm-1.6. Nitro groups·Two strong absorption at 1600-1530 cm-1 and 1390-1300 cm-1.7. Simple Hydrocarbons:V ery few peaks/simple FTIR spectrum showing only –C-H,-CH2,-CH3 vibrations (right side of the 3000 cm-1,bending vibrations appear at 1375 to 1465 cm-1).8.Halogens (F,Cl,Br,I):Fluoride 1400-1000 s; Chloride 785-540 s; Bromide,Iodide<667 s.If none of the above peaks appear:consult a book or research paper for the details of FTIR.OR go to websites www.acros.be; mMMOmolMOMmpMPMRCImRNAMsMS MTBE MW,mol wt m/zNNAD+ NADH NBONBSNCS NICSnmNMO NMP NMR NOE NOESYNRTNuobsdODORDPCCPDCPESPhpivpmPM3PMBPPAppm millimolar (millimoles per liter)molecular orbitalmoles(s);molecular (as in mol wt)methoxymethylmelting pointMøller-Plesset perturbation theorymulti-reference configurationinteractionmessenger ribonucleic acidmethylsulfonyl(mesyl)mass spectrometrymethyl tert-butyl ethermolecular weightmass-to-charge ratio (not m/e)normal (equivalents per liter)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidereduce NADnature bond orbitalN-bromosuccinimideN-chlorosuccinimidenucleus-independent chemicalshiftnanometer(s)N-methylmorpholine-N-oxideN-methylpyrrolidonenuclear magnetic resonancenuclear Overhauser effectnuclear Overhauser effectspectroscopynatural resonance theorynucleophileobservedoptical densityoptical rotary dispersionpyridinium chlorochromatepyridinium dichromatephotoelectron spectroscopyphenylpivaloylpicometer(s)parametric method 3p-methoxybenzylpoly(phosphoric acid)part(s) per millionPPTSPriPrPTPTCpyqQSARRCMredoxrelR fRHFROESYROMPrRNArtsSARSCFSEMSETS N1S N2S N’SOMOttTTBABTBACTBAFTBSTBHPpyridinium para-toluenesulfonatepropylisopropylperturbation catalysisphase-transfer catalysispyridinequartet (spectral)quantitative structure-activityrelationshipring-closure metathesisreduction-oxidationrelativeretention factor (inchromatography)restricted Hartree-Fockrotating frame Overhauser effectspectroscopyring-opening metathesispolymerizationribosomal ribonucleic acidroom temperaturesinglet (spectrla);second(s)structure-activity relationshipself-consistent fieldscanning electron microscopy;2-trimethylsilyethoxymethylsingle electron transferunimolecular nucleophilicsubstitutionbimolecular nucleophilicsubstitutionnucleophilic substitution withallylic rearrangementsingle-occupied molecular orbitaltriplet (spectral)time;temperature in units ofdegrees Celsius (℃)absolute temperature in units ofkelvins (K)tetrabutylammonium bromidetetrabutylammonium chloridetetrabutylammonium fluoridetert-butyldimethylsilyltert-butyl hydroperoxidTCA TEAB TCNE EDDFT temp TEMPO TfTFA TFAA THF THP TIPS TLC TMAI TMEDA TMS TOFTr tRNAt RTsTS UHF UV VCD visvolv/v trichloroacetic acid etraethylammonium bromide tetracyanoethylenetime-dependent density functional theory temperature2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl trifluoromethanesulfonyl (triflyl) trifluoroacetic acidtrifluoroacetic anhydride tetrahydrofurantetrahydropyran-2-yltriisopropylsilylthin-layer chromatography tetrabutylammonium iodideN,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine trimethylsilyl;tetramethylsilanetime-of-flighttriphenylmethyl (trityl)transfer ribonucleic acidretention time (in chromatography)para-toluenesulfonyl (tosyl)transition stateunrestricted Hartree-Fockultravioletvibrational circular dichroismvisiblevolumevolume per unit volume。

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CPU：Central Processing Unit中央处理器DRAM：Dynamic Random-Access Memory动态随机存取存储器SRAM：Static Random-Access Memory静态随机存取存储器RAM：Random-Access Memory随机存取存储器ROM：Read-Only Memory只读存储器PROM：Programmable Read-Only Memory可编程只读存储器EPROM：Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory可擦可编程只读存储器EEPROM：Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory电可擦可编程只读存储器VDT：Video Display Terminal视频显示终端SISD：Single Instruction stream and Single Data stream单指令流单数据流MISD：Multiple Instruction stream and Single Data stream多指令流单数据流DAP：Distributed Array Processor机器名：分布式阵列处理器CM：Connection Machine连接机PE：Processing Element处理部件SM：Shared-Memory共享存储器SN：Shared-Nothing无共享SMP：Symmetrical Multiprocessing对称多处理MPP：Massively Parallel Processing大规模并行处理SIMD：Single- Instruction ，Multiple Data stream单指令单数据流MIMD：Multiple Instruction，Multiple Data stream多指令多数据流SPMD：Single-Program, Multiple Data单程序多数据GUI：Graphic User Interface图形用户界面PC：Personal Computer个人计算机DOS：Disk Operating System磁盘操作系统OS：Operation System操作系统IP：Internet Protocol网络协议ISP：Internet Service Provider 因特网服务提供商ISDN：Integrated Services Digital Network综合服务数字网LAN：Local Area Network局域网DSL：Digital Subscriber Line数字用户线路FDM：Frequency Division Multiplexing频分多路复用RF：Radio Frequency射频TDM：Time Division Multiplexing时分多路复用E-R model：Entity-Relationship model E-R模型DBMS：Database Management System数据库管理系统CD-ROM：Compact Disc- Read Only Memory光盘只读存储器SCSI：Small Computer System Interface小型计算机系统接口I/O：Input/Output输入/输出VGA：Video Graphics Array显示绘图阵列VCR：Video Cassette Recorder卡带式影像录放机RLE：Run-Length Encoding行程长度编码JPEG：Joint Photographic Experts Group联合摄影专家组SVGA：Super Video Graphics Array超视频图形阵列hearsay传闻，谣传register寄存器，记录reallocate重新分配capacity容量instruction指令location单元位置cache隐藏throughput吞吐量nonvolatility非易失性updatable可修改的functionality功能virtually实际上expansion扩展peripheral外围的taxonomy分类orthogonally正交的fetch取数grid网络load-balanced负载平衡的scheme方案couple连接sort排序block块emulate仿效topology拓扑generalization一般化speedup加速化heterogeneous异类的paramount至上的delivery递送platform平台project工程portable可移植的distributed分布式的real-time实时的deploy展开performance性能survive幸存adaptable能适应的concurrent并发的innovative创新的prototype原型garbage垃圾evoke引起arcane神秘的checkered多波折的infamous名声不好的glut充斥cryptic神秘的assortment分类mitigate减轻portability可移植性glitch小故障malfunction失灵bug错误detrimental有害的unethical不道德的hacking不轨用机reliable可靠的unobstructed不被阻塞的degrade使降低relay转播unauthorized未批准的block阻塞retrieve找回intuition直觉oscillate震动mandate命令round-robin循环retrieve检索facility熟练perception感觉designation指定jerky不平稳的fuzzy模糊的typify代表analog模拟simulate模拟triple使增至三倍shrink缩小quarter-screen 1/4屏幕quadruple-speed四倍速decompression解压squeeze压缩embody包含codec压缩解压accumulate累加exotic特殊的diminish减小roundup综述interactivity交互性We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits.我们已经讨论过如何在计算机系统内部，用被称作“位”的电子状态来表现数据Literally hundreds of different types of computers are marketed by scores of manufacturers [1].不加夸张地讲，市场上有几百种不同类型的计算机在销售Most school or office LANs that offer a direct connection to the Internet lease a high-speed dedicated line (such as an ISDN or T1 line) from the telephone company or an Internet provider.大多数学校或者政府机关的局域网，提供一个与因特网直接相连的从电话公司或者因特网提供者那里租约一条高速专用线。

Cable connections are very fast and are available to anyone with cable access whose cable provider has upgraded the system to support Internet access.电缆连接是相当快的，可以让任何人通过电缆访问，电缆提供商升级了支持因特网访问的系统。

The two-way satellite services available today, such as StarBand, are relatively reliable, though an unobstructed view of the southern sky is requited and access may degrade very heavy rainstorms.虽然需要在蝶形天线收发方向的上空没有任何障碍，并且在大暴风雨期间访问性可能降低，但目前可用的两路人造卫星服务，如StarBand，是相当可靠的。

The result is a language platform that has proven ideal for developing secure, distributed, network based end-user applications in environments ranging from network-embedded devices to the World-Wide-Web an the desktop.结果是开发出了一个理想的、能在从嵌入式网络设备到万维网到桌面等各种环境下方便的开发安全的、分布的、基于网络的应用程序的平台。

To live in the world of electronic commerce and distribution, Java technology must enable the development of secure, high performance, and highly robust applications on multiple platforms in heterogeneous, distributed networks.在电子商务的时代，Java必须具有开发安全性、高效性、健壮的、大众的、能在多平台和多样化、分布式网络运行的程序。

It should be obvious that between the computer, dealing with bits, and the ultimate user dealing with abstracions such as flights or assignment of personnel to aricraft, where will be many levels of abstraction.显然，在处理二进位的计算机和处理像航班或把乘务组人员分派到飞机这样一些抽象的最终用户之间将存在很多层抽象。

A variation of ROM is programmable read-only memory (PROM). PROM is ROM into which you, the user, can load “read-only” programs and data. Once a program is loaded to PROM, it is seldom, if ever, changed [4]. However, if you need to be able to revise the contents of PROM, there is EPROM, erasable PROM. Before a write operation, allthe storage cells must be erased to the same initial state.可编程只读存储器（PROM）是另一种ROM，它可以载入只读的程序和数据，一旦载入，将不再改变。