英语修辞的讲义美学修辞Aesthetic Rhetoric
英语修辞学教案
英语修辞学教案English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word anda technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）;flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）,e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric(2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction （小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric” means “speaking”in such Europea n languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but theyare important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to rhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance;Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes onthe similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.) (Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he must be very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.) (Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics,lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said:Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情);rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective （使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language;rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation;lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences; whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written or colloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
英语修辞简述(Rhetoric)
英语修辞(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech1. Simile(明喻)▪拉丁语similis (like)▪ 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）▪ My love is like a red red rose.▪ 2。
主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
▪ John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)▪What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.▪The structure:▪ The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier▪本体, 比喻词, 喻体Compare the followingsentences:▪ Jim looks like his brother Billy.▪ My car runs as fast as the train.▪ A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. ▪ Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.▪ -- (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparisonbetween two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型▪Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out .▪婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。
英语修辞2
高级英语修辞总结完整版
高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。
引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
英语语言学之常见修辞English Rhetoric
英语修辞(English Rhetoric)Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively.1.Simile明喻: An explicit comparison, e.g. The pen is to a writer what the gun is toa soldier.2.Metaphor暗喻: An implicit comparison, e.g. Some books are to be tasted, othersto be swallowed and some few to be chewed.3.Personification拟人: The attribution of animate qualities to inanimate objects, e.g.the wind whistled through the trees.4.Onomatopoeia拟声: the imitation of sounds, e.g. tinkle, clank, bang5.Hyperbole夸张: Overstatement, exaggeration, e.g. A drop of ink may make amillion think.6.Understatement低调陈述: A restrained statement, e.g. He could do better.7.Euphemism委婉语: An inoffensive expression, e.g. the needy, cease to think8.Parallelism排比: Parallel structures, e.g. We shall fight him by land …by sea …in the air.9.Repetition重复: repetition o f the same words, e.g. Don’t trouble trouble until …10.Antithesis对照: Contrast, e.g. Men make houses, women make homes. Pennywise, pound…11.Climax渐进: Progression of thought, e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered.12.Anti-climax突降: Sudden descent of thought, e.g. He lost his empire, his familyand his pen.13.Paradox隽语: A seemingly contradictory statement, e.g. The child is father of theman.14.Oxymoron矛盾修辞: the combination of contradictory terms, e.g. cruel sweetlove15.Transferred epithet 移就: a descriptive term transferred from the appropriatenoun to modify another to which it does not really apply, e.g. sleepless night, expensive tastes, sweet teeth16.Alliteration头韵: Head rhyme, e.g. Practice makes perfect.17.Assonance腹韵: V owel rhyme, e.g. First thrive, then wife.18.Consonance尾韵: End rhyme, e.g. East or west, home is best.19.Rhyme押韵: e.g. Man proposes; god disposes. Well begun is half done. Well fed,well bred.20.Pun双关: Humorous use of homonymy, e.g. Seven days without water make oneweak/week.21.Allusion引喻: an implicit reference to an event/story, e.g. pound of flesh22.Metonymy转喻: The use of the name of one thing for another with which it isclosely associated, e.g. The pen is mightier than the sword. the gray hair, the bottle, the tongue23.Synecdoche提喻: the substitution of the whole for the part, or vice versa, e.g.short of hands,24.Antonomasia换喻: the use of a proper name to stand for sth else having anattribute associated with that name, Judas for a traitor, Solomon for a wise man, Nero for a tyrant25.Irony反语: The expression of actual intent in words that carry the oppositemeaning.sarcasm明讽: a strong form of irony, e.g. Gentlemen like you carry only large notes.innuendo暗讽: a mild form of irony, e.g. In a group they were brave.satire讽刺文学: An ironic literary work1.parody 仿拟: Beauty is more than skin deep. Once choose, always use.2.zeugma 轭式搭配: He gets out of bed and humor.3.syllepsis一语双叙: take the oath and his seats,He lost his temper and his hat.4.palindrome回文: No X in Nixon. Step on no pets. Madam, I’m Adam.5.epigram警句: brief, pointed saying that has the nature of a proverb6.malapropism词语误用: 200 light years ago, brus diver (bus driver), brive a dus 1.Analogy: a comparison in which different items are compared point by point,usually with the idea of explaining something unknown by something known.Analogies are offered to provide insights, and can be very instructive. Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.2.Symbolism: In writing, symbolism is the use of a word, a phrase, or a description,which represents a deeper meaning than the words themselves.3.Plantification: giving man or things plant-like characters. The sky was like a fadedrose.4.materialization: 美感垂手可得却无法靠前5.Zoosemy: reverse personification, animal or things attributes applied to people.e.g. Children are flowers of our country.6.Apostrophe顿呼: England! Awake! Awake! Awake!7.Rhetorical question修辞问句: The rhetorical question is usually defined as anyquestion asked for a purpose other than to obtain the information the question asks.8.Periodic sentence圆周句: a complex sentence in which the main clause comeslast and is preceded by the subordinate clause (loose sentence松散句)9.anagram变位词: Words or phrases rearranged, William Shakespeare = I swearhe's like a lamp. We all make his praise. Has a peer, I ask me? Ah, I speak a swell rime (rhyme).10.Hypallage移就: synaesthesia通感, empathy移情and transferred epithet转类通感Sweet voice/ icy look/ sharp cry/ sour remark/ oily-tongued移情Lazy clouds drifted across the sky.转类His dry humor doe sn’t seem intentional.修辞格(figures of speech) 大体分为三类：音韵phonological词义semantic句法syntactical。
Lecture 1修辞学英文课件
e.g. 1) Because Huang Ming, one of my roommates, had his tape recorder stolen, I became a thief. 违反逻辑规则 2) While my father, who came back from the south with a suitcase, was getting through the gate, my 7-year-old brother ran very, very quickly from the sitting room to greet him. 修辞问题
音韵修辞格 phonetic stylistic devices
• alliteration, • assonance, • consonance
结构修辞格 syntactical stylistic devices
• • • • • • • Parallelism Chiasmus Climax Contrast Repetition Anastrophe Rhetoriacal question
课堂分析：学生习作
Is Life All Beautiful ? “life” is an eternal topic in human life. It is extolled as beautiful, powerful and priceless. As a young inexperienced girl, I cannot make presumptuous comments. But it really shocks me not because of its colorfulness, but its ruthlessness. I love life ardently: I like blue sky, white clouds, red flowers and green trees; I am fond of the rising sun and evening glow. I give all my love to everyone around me and share theirs. I have always said to myself: “Living in today’s world is all happiness.” However, this is only one side of the life.Just one year ago, I found
《美学修辞》PPT课件
Aesthetic Rhetoric creates the beauty in good translation which satisfies the readers with aesthetic rhetoric.
精选ppt
5
Unit 3 Aesthetic Perspective of translation
精选ppt
8
Unit 3 Aesthetic Perspective of translation
Like a good neighbor，State Farm is there．
像个好邻居似的，州农场保险公司就在那儿。
精选ppt
9
Unit 3 Aesthetic Perspective of translation
精选ppt
11
Unit 3 Aesthetic Perspective of translation
这对年轻夫妇并不匹配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。 This young couple is not well matched, one is a Xi Shi —— a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is
精选ppt
7
Unit 3 Aesthetic Perspective of translation
这则广告口号连续运用了三个排比句，富有节奏和朗朗 上口的语言不仅使语篇具有一种独特的外在美来吸引 广告语篇受众，更使语篇具有一种内在的美。它所产 生的巨大魅力为广告语篇受众创造了一个更为广阔的 意义空间。帮助他们发挥自己的想象力，去接受蕴藏 在语篇深层层而的更为丰富的信息。
美学修辞: 在运用逻辑思维的同时，偏重于随景应情，运用想 象和联想，通过辞格(Figures of speech)唤起生动 的意象，使语言文字新鲜活泼，意蕴优美，发挥更
(最新整理)英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
2021/7/26
5
▪ 4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语 的“物称倾向”。
▪ An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962).
▪ 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个 例子。
挨户去唱五朔节赞歌，祝福主人。在一些农村，每 年5月1日凌晨，青年们便奏着音乐、唱着赞歌，结 伴去树林砍树枝，待太阳出来后返回，将树枝插在
门窗上。
2021/7/26
15
▪ What is simile? E.g. ▪ The snow was like a white
blank drawn over the field. ▪ The structure: ▪ The signified, the simile
That is our policy and that is our declaration. ▪ 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
▪ If winter comes, can spring be far behind? ▪ 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
▪ This is the reason why he is leaving so soon. ▪ 这就是他所以这么快就要离开的原因。
▪ To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves.
▪ To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2. Where shall we find hope, happiness, friends and cigarettes?
3. There were no heroic deeds to do, no lions to face, no judges to defy, but a few rooms to tidy up.
1. Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge ; and to knowledge temperance; And to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. (The Bible)
3. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. (Richard Nixon)
4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)
2020/4/29
Chapter 9 Syntactic Figures of Speech (Ⅱ)
9.1 Climax 9.2 Anticlimax 9.3 Syllepsis 9.4 Zeugma 9.5 Chiasmus 9.6 Asyndeton 9.7 Polysyndeton 9.8 Rhetorical question
2020/4/29
9.1 Climax
• Climax (层进法): is the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance, force and intensity, from light to weighty. Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually, like climbing a ladder, each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit. For example:
2020/4/29
9.2 Anticlimax
• Anticlimax (突降法): a figure of speech that involves stating one’s thoughts in descending order of significance or intensity, from the sublime to the ridiculous, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. Pope calls it the art of sinking, a sort of ladder to get down by. For example:
2020/4/29
9.1 Climax
• The successful construction of climax depends much on the character of the thought and good command of vocabulary.
• climax is widely used by speakers and writers to stir up feelings and emotions and drive home a point.
2. Having power makes totalitarian leadership isolated; isolation breeds insecurity; insecurity breeds suspicion and fear; suspicion and fear breeds violence.
4. I love my motherland, fe and my son and my daughter, I also love my pretty little dog.
2020/4/29
9.2 Anticlimax
• Anticlimax is the arrangement of successive words, phrases, clauses or sentences in the way that the ideas gets steadily less important or less interesting as it proceeds.
1. What light is to the eyes, what air is to the lungs, what love is to the heart, liberty is to the soul of man. (R.G.Ingersoll)
2. It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a crime; to put him to death is almost parricide. (Cicero)
• The progression of thought in climax must ascend at least three steps, and used together with repetitive devices such as parallelism, anaphora, epiphora. For example: