raz分级阅读 中国故事
中国寓言故事英文版
中国寓言故事英文版中国寓言故事英文版1. The Foolish Old Man and the Sons (愚笨的老人和他的儿子们)In ancient China, there was an old man who wanted to teach his sons the value of unity. He gathered a bundle of sticks and asked each of his sons to try and break it. Despite their efforts, none of them succeeded. Then, the old man untied the bundle and gave each stick to his sons. As they tried to break the sticks individually, they found it effortless. The old man explained that unity was their strength, just like the bundle of sticks.2. The Clever Monkey (聪明的猴子)Once upon a time, in a forest, there was a clever monkey who loved playing tricks. One day, he found a beehive filled with delicious honey. Instead of eating it all, the monkey decided to trick the other animals. He called them together and said that a treasure was buried beneath the beehive. As the animals dug furiously, the monkey enjoyed the honey all by himself. The animals learned the importance of caution and not being easily deceived.3. The Tortoise and the Hare (乌龟和兔子)In a forest, a tortoise and a hare lived. The hare was always boasting about his speed, so the tortoise challenged him to a race. The harelaughed, thinking victory was certain. He took a nap during the race, assuming he would easily win. Meanwhile, the tortoise continued at a slow and steady pace. When the hare woke up, he found the tortoise had already crossed the finish line. The tortoise taught the hare that perseverance and consistency are essential to success.4. The Greedy Farmer (贪婪的农夫)Once, there was a farmer who had a magic goose that laid golden eggs. The farmer became greedy and wanted to get all the golden eggs quickly. He thought there must be a lot of gold inside the goose. So he killed the goose, only to find that it was just like any other ordinary goose. The farmer lost the goose that laid the golden eggs, teaching him the lesson that greed leads to loss.5. The Fox and the Grapes (狐狸和葡萄)A hungry fox spotted a ripe bunch of grapes hanging from a vine. The fox tried to reach them but couldn't. He kept trying until tired. Finally, he gave up and said, "Those grapes must be sour and not worth eating." The fox made himself believe that the grapes were undesirable rather than admitting his failure. The moral of the story is that it is easy to despise what we cannot have.6. The Ant and the Grasshopper (蚂蚁和蝗虫)In a field, an ant worked hard to collect food for the winter. Meanwhile, a grasshopper played all day long. When winter arrived,the ant had enough food to survive, while the grasshopper had none. The ant learned the importance of hard work and planning for the future, while the grasshopper learned the consequences of laziness.7. The Fisherman and the Golden Fish (渔夫和金鱼)A fisherman caught a golden fish that turned out to be a magical creature. The fish pleaded to be released in return for granting any wish. The fisherman made extravagant wishes but was never satisfied. Finally, he realized his greed and asked the fish to return him to his humble life as a fisherman. The story teaches that contentment brings true happiness.8. The Dove and the Ant (鸽子和蚂蚁)A dove, flying over a river, noticed an ant struggling in the water. The dove plucked a leaf and dropped it next to the ant, saving its life. Later, the ant returned the favor by biting a hunter who was about to shoot the dove. The story highlights the importance of kindness and the idea that helping others will ultimately benefit oneself.9. The Boy Who Cried Wolf (撒谎的男孩)A mischievous boy lived in a village and often lied about a wolf threatening the flock. The villagers rushed to help him every time, only to discover he had tricked them. Eventually, when a real wolf appeared, the boy cried for help, but no one believed him. The moral is that repeated dishonesty will lead to a loss of trust and credibility.10. The Lion and the Mouse (狮子和老鼠)A mighty lion was caught in a hunter's net. A little mouse, moved by his cries, helped the lion by nibbling through the ropes to set him free. Later, when the lion fell into a trapper's trap, the mouse returned the favor and gnawed through the ropes. The story teaches that even the smallest of creatures can be of great help.These Chinese fables showcase important morals and life lessons that have been passed down through generations.。
raz分级阅读中中国故事
raz分级阅读中中国故事摘要：一、raz分级阅读简介二、raz分级阅读中的中国故事特点三、raz分级阅读对中国故事的改编意义四、raz分级阅读在分级阅读中的优势五、推荐阅读正文：raz分级阅读是一种风靡全球的英语分级阅读体系，其丰富的故事内容和多样的主题深受孩子们喜爱。
在raz分级阅读中，中国故事占据了重要地位，它们以生动有趣的方式传递了中国文化的精髓。
raz分级阅读中的中国故事具有以下特点：首先，故事情节富有趣味性，能够吸引孩子们的注意力。
例如，《狼和小羊》、《小猫钓鱼》等经典故事都以寓言的形式传达了道德观念。
其次，raz分级阅读在改编中国故事时，注重保留传统文化的元素，如人物形象、地理环境、习俗等，使孩子在阅读的过程中能够了解中国传统文化。
raz分级阅读对中国故事的改编具有重要意义。
一方面，它有助于传播中国文化，让世界各地的孩子们了解中国的传统故事；另一方面，通过分级阅读的形式，孩子们可以在不同阶段接触到适合自己阅读难度的故事，提高英语阅读能力。
raz分级阅读在分级阅读中有明显优势。
首先，其故事内容丰富多样，涵盖了童话、寓言、历史等多个领域，满足孩子们的阅读需求。
其次，raz分级阅读按照难度分为多个级别，适合不同年龄段和英语水平的孩子们阅读。
此外，raz分级阅读还注重培养孩子们的阅读习惯，让他们在享受阅读乐趣的同时，提高英语综合素质。
在这里，我们推荐raz分级阅读中的中国故事，希望孩子们能在阅读中感受到中国传统文化的魅力，提高英语阅读能力，培养国际视野。
同时，我们也鼓励家长们参与孩子的阅读过程，与孩子共同分享阅读的喜悦。
总之，raz分级阅读中的中国故事具有较高的教育价值和娱乐价值。
raz里的中国名人故事
raz里的中国名人故事
中国是一个历史悠久、文化底蕴深厚的国家，有许多令人敬佩的名人。
在raz
所举的中国名人故事中，我特别选取了几位具有代表性的名人，向大家介绍他们的故事和贡献。
一位著名的中国名人是孔子。
孔子是中国古代伟大的教育家、思想家和儒家学
派的创始人。
他生活在公元前551年至公元前479年期间，他的学说对中国乃至整个东亚地区的文化产生了深远影响。
孔子提倡仁爱、学问和社会秩序，他的思想被誉为中国传统文化的核心价值观之一。
他的《论语》是他的学说总结，至今仍被很多人学习和崇拜。
另一位中国名人是诗人杜甫。
杜甫是唐朝时期的一位伟大诗人，他生活在公元712年至770年间。
他以写实主义的风格和深刻的思想被誉为“诗圣”。
杜甫的诗歌
表达了对社会不公、战争和苦难的关切，他的作品带有浓厚的人道主义色彩。
他的代表作有《月夜忆舍弟》、《茅屋为秋风所破歌》等，他的诗歌在中国文学史上占据着重要地位。
中国历史上还有许多其他杰出的名人，如科学家钱学森、文学家鲁迅、政治家
邓小平等。
他们各自在不同的领域取得了重大成就，为中国的发展做出了巨大贡献。
中国名人的故事反映出中国文化的卓越和辉煌。
这些名人通过自己的才华、智
慧和奋斗，留下了不可磨灭的印记，影响着整个国家和世界。
他们的故事激励着后人，让我们感受到中国文化的伟大和丰富多样性。
《牛津树中国故事系列》Level4-5(12本)内容
《牛津树中国故事系列》Level4-5(12本)内容我们一起读一下题目：the Dragon and the Sun龙和太阳What do you think Lee and Kipper are doing with a dragon?Have you read any stories about dragons before?今天故事里的 dragon 是指 chinese dragon。
中国的龙和西方的龙，可是完全不一样的。
The chinese dragon is a legendary creature.It has a horse head and a snake's body.It has four jaws.The dragon is a symbol of power in Chinese folklore.It is historically the symbol of the Emperor of China.But in western culture, It was totally diferent.It has a thin neck, a big dinosaurs-like body and a pair of featherless wings.It can spray fire from its mouth.The dragon in western culture is a kind of evil animal.Ok，这就是中国的龙，和西方的龙的区别。
Now look at the back cover.What will happen if Lee cannot do the dragon dance?What do you think the dragon dance is?Dragon dance is traditional folk sports activities in China.舞龙活动是中国的民间传统体育活动。
raz分级阅读 中国故事
raz分级阅读中国故事摘要：一、Raz分级阅读简介二、中国故事在Raz分级阅读中的重要性三、如何选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材四、提高阅读效果的方法和建议五、总结与展望正文：一、Raz分级阅读简介Raz分级阅读是一种世界知名的英语分级阅读教材，适用于不同年龄段和英语水平的学生。
它以丰富的题材和多样的形式吸引了大量读者，其中也包括了许多中国故事。
Raz分级阅读教材按照难度分为多个级别，旨在帮助学生提高阅读能力、扩展词汇量和培养英语思维。
二、中国故事在Raz分级阅读中的重要性在Raz分级阅读中，中国故事占据了重要地位。
通过阅读这些故事，学生不仅可以了解中华文化的传统美德和智慧，还能加深对祖国文化的认同感。
同时，这些故事也具有很高的教育价值，为学生提供了榜样和启示。
三、如何选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材1.考虑学生的年龄和英语水平：选择与他们年龄和英语水平相匹配的级别，以保证阅读效果。
2.关注故事内容：选择具有教育意义、寓教于乐的故事，激发学生的阅读兴趣。
3.教材质量：选择内容丰富、插图精美的教材，提高学生的阅读体验。
4.教师和家长指导：在选择教材时，要充分考虑教师和家长的辅导能力，确保学生能够更好地理解和掌握故事内容。
四、提高阅读效果的方法和建议1.创设良好的阅读环境：鼓励学生在安静、舒适的环境中进行阅读，以提高阅读效果。
2.制定合理的阅读计划：根据学生的实际情况，制定适合的阅读计划，确保他们有足够的时间完成阅读任务。
3.引导学生在阅读中思考：鼓励学生边阅读边思考，提高阅读理解能力。
4.开展互动讨论：教师或家长可以组织学生进行讨论，分享阅读心得，促进彼此的交流和成长。
5.定期检查阅读进度：关注学生的阅读进度，对他们的努力给予肯定和鼓励，激发阅读兴趣。
五、总结与展望Raz分级阅读中的中国故事对于提高学生的英语水平和培养他们的文化素养具有重要作用。
通过选择合适的教材、制定合理的阅读计划以及采取有效的辅导方法，我们可以帮助学生更好地享受到阅读的乐趣，提高他们的英语能力和综合素质。
中国小故事英文版3-5分钟
中国小故事英文版3-5分钟Once upon a time in ancient China, there was a small village nestled in the mountains. The villagers lived simple lives, relying on farming and traditional crafts to sustain themselves. In this village, there lived a young boy named Li Wei, who had a remarkable talent for painting.Li Wei's paintings were known for their vibrant colors and intricate details. He would often depict scenes from nature, capturing the beauty of the mountains, rivers, and animals that surrounded the village. His talent was admired by everyone in the village, and his paintings brought joy to their lives.One day, a traveling merchant visited the village. He was amazed by Li Wei's paintings and saw great potential in his talent. The merchant proposed a deal to Li Wei's parents - hewould take the young boy to the city and introduce him to renowned artists who could further nurture his skills.Li Wei's parents were hesitant at first, worried about their son leaving the village and the life they had known. However, they realized that this opportunity could change Li Wei's life for the better. With a heavy heart, they agreed to let him go.In the city, Li Wei was exposed to a whole new world of art and culture. He studied under famous artists, learning new techniques and expanding his artistic horizons. Li Wei's talent continued to blossom, and his paintings gained recognition throughout the city.As time went on, Li Wei became a renowned artist himself. His paintings were sought after by collectors from far and wide. Despite his success, Li Wei never forgot his humble beginnings in the village. He often returned to visit his parents and share stories of his adventures in the city.One day, Li Wei received news that his parents had fallen ill. He rushed back to the village, fearing the worst. When he arrived, he found his parents weak but still filled with love and pride for their son. They told him how they had followed his journey and were grateful for the opportunities he had been given.Li Wei stayed by his parents' side, taking care of them until they recovered. During this time, he realized that his success as an artist was not just about his talent, but also about the love and support he had received from his family and community.Inspired by this realization, Li Wei decided to give back to the village that had shaped him into the artist he had become. He organized art workshops for the children, teaching them the techniques he had learned in the city. He also painted murals on the walls of the village, depicting itsrich history and culture.The village transformed into a vibrant hub of art and creativity. Visitors from all over came to admire the beautiful paintings and learn from Li Wei's expertise. The village became known as a haven for artists, and its economy flourished as a result.Li Wei's story spread far and wide, inspiring others to pursue their passions and give back to their communities. His journey from a small village to a renowned artist became a symbol of hope and resilience.And so, the legacy of Li Wei, the talented artist from the small village, lives on, reminding us that with determination, talent, and the support of our loved ones, we can achieve great things and make a positive impact on the world around us.。
《中国故事》(第一集)The Story of China(1) Look For Ancestors
视频字幕TheStoryof China（1）Look For AncestorsI. ScriptChina is the oldest nation on earth .For thousands of years it’s rulers believed their task was to keep human society in balance with the eternal order of the universe .The emperor who achieved that harmony would receive the mandate of heaven ,blessed by the ancestors .But in the late 19th century ,the collision with the West shook China to its core .In midwinter 1899,the emperor came here to the Altar of Heaven in Beijing to ask the ancestors for support .In China’s hour of crisis ,as the empire crumbled in the face of rebellion and foreign armies .It was the last time the ritual was performed .Here ,just before dawn on the winter solstice ,the emperor prostrated himself before the powers of the universe .He performed rituals that they believed went back 5,000 years to the Yellow Emperor ,the mythical first founder of China .He made a report to the ancestors about the state of the empire .But that winter of 1899,China faced disaster .The following year 1900,China was plunged into catastrophe with rebellion ,flood and famine ,foreign aggression, and the new century saw swiftly the fall of the Empire ,short-lived republic ,Communist revolution and then the insane madness of the Cultural Revolution .But despite the tragedies of the 20th century ,the Chinese people have come through .Today China is writing its own story once more under a new mandate .So long the greatest civilization on earth ,China is rising again .It’s a great time to be looking at the events which have shaped the history of China and the ideals which have made its culture so distinctive and so brilliant for so long.THE STORY OF CHINA ANCESTORSEvery year in spring millions of Chinese people set off on the journey home.It’s the time of the Qingming Festival,the festival of light,when,since ancient times,the Chinese have honoured the ancestors.I’m heading down to the city of Wuxi for a very special occasiona family reunion.For the last 30 years,Chinese people have grown upin a consumer society.After the break with Communism,China has been on a headlong rush into the future.But there’s a deeper China,for as new freedoms beckon,the people themselves are reaching back to the things that have mattered most to them in their history.And for the Chinese people,identity begins with the family.Sometimes the new proves less enticing than was first thought and the old far more durable than anyone had ever imagined.This is the Qin family of Wuxi.WUXI JIANGSUIt’s dawn on the day of ancestors,what the Chinese call Tomb-Sweeping Day.And the Qin family gather at the grave of their founding ancestor,Qin Guan,a poet who lived 1,000 years ago.They have come from all over China and further afield to make their own report to the ancestors .To tell them how the family is doing and how the ancestors and their values still live on in us.As the ancients used to say,repaying our roots.Amazing scene,isn’t it?It recalls the whole of Chinese hist ory over the last 100 years,wars,revolutions,families broken up and cast to the four winds,and yet they come back with this kind of homing instinct,almost to the tomb of the founder,as if everything can be reconstituted again.These rituals were banned in the Communist era and the grave was lost after the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s.But when the revolutionary time drew to a close.Frank Ching and his sister came searching for the tomb.Back in 1982,when I found that gravestone none of these things existed.When I first sought it out I was like a blank slate.I didn’t know what existed.It’s really very exciting that this is happening.I certainly never expected anything like this to happen when I started my own journey of discovery.More attention is now paid to family values and culture this was interrupted by the cultural revolution.So now we need to pick it up again.Like everyone in China,the Qin family have experienced dizzying change since the end of empire.From colonial subjects to emigres seeking a better life,Communist revolutionaries on the long march with Chairman Mao and even glamour on the Shanghai stage.Their family story mirrors the story of the nation.And now the meaning of that history is flooding back.Family lays the foundation of everything.Prosperity derives from a harmoniousfamily.The whole nation depends on the well being of the family.Our family has 1000 years of history.In that time huge changes have taken place.But now people are beginning to ask themselves what are my roots?I’m going to regret this.So the Chinese people have found again the warmth of home after the vast and terrifying dislocation of the mid-20th century when for a time China turned its back on its past.The Qin family,like the nation itself are seeking a renewed identity,a distinctively Chinese way forward anchored in the Chinese past.And that past goes back thousands of years.China is the oldest continuous stage on earth.There are no historical texts that describe its birth but later muths and traditions take us to the Yellow River plain that gave China its name,Zhonggou,the middle land.And here you can still reach back to those beginnings.This is a rural fair at an ancient temple,closed down in the Communist era.I’m at a great farmers festival in the plain of the Yellow River with a million people all around me.And these vast crowds have come to celebrate an ancient myth that tells of the origins of the Chinese people.As in many ancient cultures,it’s the women who have treasured the tales and handed them down.How much?Three?Especially the tale of the mother goddess of the Chinese people,Nuwa.Little dog.It’s great,isn’t it?This whole great festival is for two ancient gods in Chinese mythology.Fuxi,the male god,and Nuwa,the female god.And she’s famous because she created humanity out of the yellow mud of the Yellow River.And the mud that was left over she made dogs and chickens according to the myth.A long time ago the sky fell and the earth quaked,only Nuwa and her brother Fuxi survived.They bit their fingers and mixed their blood with mud and made primitive humans out of it.Thanks to Fuxi and Nuwa everybody shares the same ancestors.These myths have been handed down for over 4,000 years.And they contain a crucial idea,the uniqueness of Chinese ethnic identity.China is a huge and diverse country with so many languages and cultures.But the vast majority of its people see themselves as Han Chinese,part of the biggest tribe in the world.The myths also tell us about the origins of the Chinese state by the banks of the Yellow River.All four of the great old world civilizations began on rivers,the Nile,the Euphrates,the Indus and the Yellow River.China alone has come down until today.It was the ability to harness thewaters of the river for irrigation that enabled ancient people to feed bigger and bigger populations and eventually to create cities and make civilization.But where the rising of the Nile,for example,was predictable to the day and seen by the Egyptians as a joyful and benign source of life,the Yellow River here in China has been a destroyer.The killer of millions in its great floods throughout Chinese history.right up to the 20th century.And so the beginnings of Chinese history,the control of the river and its environment lay at the very heart of political power.And the tale of the king who tamed the mighty Yellow River and claimed the right to rule the hundreds of tribes along its banks became a myth still told by today’s storytellers.King Yu had two good helpers:Yellow Dragon and Black Turtle.The dragon had a very long tail and the turtle was very strong.To divert the flood the dragon dragged his tail and opened a channel for the water.When King Yu needed to build a dam,the turtle pushed huge amounts of mud into position.King Yu worked so hard to control the river that he d idn’t return home for 13 years!Look at this.This is a Ming Dynasty temple that was built in the 1520s,but on a very,very ancient terrace.And that is King Yu.Historians have always thought the tale of King Yu was just a myth,but the recent find of a bronze bowl nearly 3,000 years old engraved with his story proves the tale goes back to the Bonze Age.The legend says that King Yu was the founder of China’s first dynasty 4,000 years ago.They were called the Xia and they came from the middle plain of the middle land,here in Henan.And at the village of Erlitou,traditions survived until modern times that this had been the seat of China’s first rulers.The most ancient site in the world?Erlitou,yes Erlitou .Incredible!Ancient Greece,ancient Iraq,ancient Egypt.Wherever you look,some memory survives on site.Here,towns first emerged out of China’s myriad Stone Age villages.This is the bunal site of Huangdi.It’s thousands of years old.Huangdi,the Yellow Emperor,the original Emperor of China.North of the River Luo there was an ancient village.This area was excavated,the things they dug out are over there.Under these wheat fields the archaeologists excavated a settlement which had thousands of people and a huge walled enclosure.The white house,the taller one is Palace No.4.Inside it were pillared halls,palaces from different periods between 2000 and 1500 BC.They stood onrammed earth platforms,one of them with a triple gate,the pattern of all later Chinese royal cities.The Xia are still a mystery.But here at Erlitou,archaeologists have found tantalizing clues,pottery,bronze casting,and most intriguing of all,a burial with a sceptre made of 2,000 pieces of turquoise in the shape of a dragon,the symbol of royalty all the way through Chinese civilization.Whether the Xia w ere China’s first dynasty and whether this was their capital is still not known and that’s because we lack the key evidence,writing.Do you think that this was the capital of the Xia or what do you think?Difficult questions.Most historians believe the Xia existed.We are 99% sure of that,but without writing we can’t prove it.If it this was the capital of the Xia,for the Chinese,myth would become history for they would have found the root of the Chinese state.As it is,though,we now have to leap forward to around 1200 BC to find China’s first historical rulers,the Shang Dynasty.And we know about the Shang because they have left us the first Chinese writing.The modern discovery of the Shang is one of the most exciting stories in world archaeology.And it began by chance in one of those storehouses of age-old Chinese wisdom,a traditional pharmacy where beliefs and practices going back into prehistory have come down to us today.And the clues to the mystery of the Shang,unbelievably,were found inside a packet of over-the-counter medicine.The story goes like this,1899,Chinese scholar called Wang Yirong,who was the Chancellor of the Imperial Academy in Beijing,a great scholar and a collector of ancient bronzes.He was interested in the earliest Chinese writing systems.He falls ill with malaria and his local pharmacy,just like this one,delivers a series of ingredients which include dragon bones.These were animal bones.Just like this,they use them today which you ground up and bolied and drank to alleviate the fever.When he opened the packetto his amazement,this is what he saw.Some of the bones were inscribed with what he could see were primitive forms of the old writing that he knew from the inscriptions on his bronzes.And eventually these dragon bones were traced back to a little place in the lower valley of the Yellow River,a country town called Anyang.At Anyang,Chinese archaeologists made their greatest discovery.Huge tombs of the last Shang kings withmass human sacrifice and crucially,written texts on oracle bones.1928 they finally found the location and they started the excavation.From the excavation they found nearly 30,000 oracle bones documenting divination performed on behalf of nine late Shang kings.I love all the portraits of the people.Yes,yes.There is something so optimistic about their faces.They thought that their task is to prove thatChinesehistorywas true .Epoch-making,in world archaeology,really.Absolutely,yes.Now we knew that they were historical.Yes.Anyang was the final capital of the Shang Dynasty.They ruled for 500 years,controlling the whole of central China.The first Chinese state.Their authority rested on force but was validated by divination.The Shang kings and their diviners burned cracks in tortoise shells or cow bones to speak to the ancestors.So basically,they chose one piece of bone or shell and then they drilled some holes,and then they heat up these holes with some special plants and then these will create some cracks,and then they look at the pattern of these cracks.And the cracks come the other side,is that right?Yes.And then they can read these patterns and make their predictions about whether these divinations are auspicious or it is actually against the will of the ancestral spirits,so they should not be carrying out the activity they were asking for.So the diviners are asking for the favour of the ancestral spirits.Yes.So basically it’s their special way to communicate with their ancestors.The ancestors are the key people in their mental universe.Yes.Fantastic.Basically,in every aspect of the their society,including,for instance,the harvest.This one is even about praying for rain.Rain and water would be a big part of their concerns living in the Yellow River plain,I suppose.Yes,for agricultural society it is absolutely crucial.And unlike the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt or the cuneiform of Babylonia,the archaeologists had no need of a key to decipher them for they could see at once that the signs on the oracle bones were the direct ancestors of today’s Chinese writing.That’s the character for rain in modern language.And in oracle bones it’s like this with three drops ,so essentially it’s the same idea,fundamentally.This rain character is characterised by these raindrops.Yeah,yeah.Out of these prehistoric pictographs camethe modern Chinese script with its tens of thousands of signs.So through their script the Chinese are uniquely connected to their deep past and its ways of thinking.More so than any other culture on earth.There seem to be …Is this fanciful?There seem to be themes that we trace all the way through Chinese history the reverence for the ancestors,the divination,the control of writing and writing as a source of power.Is that fair?I agree.I think communicate or interaction between the ancestral spirit and the acquisition of social power is indeed a recurrent theme throughout Chinese history.So power came from the ancestors.In the oracle bones there is a sacred place.It has the same name as the dynasty,Shang.This is not like the shopping malls of Shanghai,that’s for sure.And the archaeologists now turn to a little town in Henan with a tantalizing name.Shangqiu,the mound or ruins of Shang.We are now inside the Ming Dynasty city.This was built in 1511,the previous one destroyed by floods.Lots more underneath it,of course.What’s fascinating is it’s still called Shangqiu,the ruins of Shang.So was this the ancestral place of China’s first great dynasty?That question has intrigued Chinese archaeologists since their first explorations here in the 1930s.But the Bronze Age layers here are 30 feet deep in Yellow River silt.Recently,though,geophysical surveys and test cores have detected the outline of a much earlier city.And the clues to what it was were in the oracle bones found at Anyang.In the 1930s a Chinese scholar called Dong Zuobin worked on the Bronze Age scratched into the oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty.Thousand upon thousand of them,and through the 1930s,when China was driven by civil war and Japanese invasion,he worked transcribing these inscriptions in what,I suppose,you could call self-effacting loyalty to the Chinese past while the catastrophes of the modern world surrounded him.You see there his transcription of one of the turtle shells with all the splits and the inscriptions on them.And he worked out the order of the Shang kings and their calendar and their rituals and their journeys.What he discovered was that the kings came back to do special rituals at the city called Shang.That was here.Its name meant “the place where the ancestors were worshiped”.So state and ancestors were tied together .And amazingly,cults and legends about the Shang still survive here at amysterious temple at the edge of town.The Mound of Shang,it’s a great artificial hill.The legends say this mound was built before the Great Flood,that here mankind first got fire,stolen from the gods.And tradition also said this had been a kind of observatory where the Shang kings watched the stars that protected their dynasty.Because they believed that the stars were powers in heaven and if we understood them properly then we’d know best how to run our kingdom.So the oracle bones and the later myths are clues to early Chinese beliefs about society and the cosmos.Divination,ritual and writing were the basis of state power For their sacred ceremonies they cast beautiful bronzes to hold food and wine offerings to the ancestral spirits,which were consumed at the royal feasts.Some of them bear the symbols of the different lineages of the royal and noble families.Like the ancient Egyptians and Sumerians,the Shang practiced human sacrifice.The oracle bones list the victims.They were captives from the subject peoples the Shang ruled,killed as offerings to the powers of nature,as the Shang diviners asked the ancestors in heaven for guidance,anxiously watching the stars for omens of auspiciousness and omens of disaster.To them,time,as revealed in the movements of the stars and planets,was a truly portentous dimension,full of danger as well as auspiciousness,the planets would reveal heaven’s judgment on their earthly rule.That brings us to one of the key ideas in early Chinese thought,the Mandate of Heaven.The early Chinese believed their rulers should protect the people,keeping harmony with the order of heaven.It was said the first Shang king had been offered himself as a sacrifice in time of drought.But legend said the last Shang king was so depraved and cruel that heaven withdrew its mandate,and it gave a sign.Five planets came together in the rarest of conjunctions.As this happens only once every 516 years,we can pin down the very day.So you can follow any single planet?Yes.It’s just wonderful.We asked the Beijing Planetarium to work out the exact date of the omen and to show us the night sky at that moment.So it’s what historians always want to do,is actually go back in time.Mr Liu can do it for us.He can actually take us back to late May 1058 BC on this computer system,which is 1059 BC on historians’ calculations.This time,this place,the sky you can see them.The tribes who lived under the Shang tyranny saw the sign and made an allianceunder a man known for his virtue,King Wen of the Zhou.This five-planet conjunction happens once every 516 years,but that moment was the closest that has ever happened in human history and at that time the early Chinese chronicles say:when the five planets gather in the constellation called the Chamber, a great vermillion bird landed on the alter of the earth on Mount Qi.In its beak was a jade scepter ,and it spoke,saying,”Heaven has commanded that the king of the Zhou”should overthrow the king of the Shang and take the kingdom.”In the final battle,the wicked Shang king saw his subjects had turned against him.So he burned his palace with his treasures and his concubines and put on his jade suit and walked into the fire.And so the ancestors passed the mandate to the king of the Zhou.And he laid down the pattern of rule for future ages.Rulers must be virtuous and keep harmony between humanity and the cosmos by observing the rites and the music of the heavens.And,amazingly,some of the ritual traditions of the Zhou have come down to us today.China’s oldest religion is Taoism.In their ceremonies and their music the Taoists.the “seekers after the Way”,are a living link with these ancient ideas about the relation of t he kingdoms of earth and heavens.In Daoism Heaven and Earth are two kingdoms,those kingdoms have the same spirit,the same king.Daoiam has inherited China’s ancient beliefs from the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties.It’s rooted in Chinese culture and speaks to t he ordinary people.And these very ancient customs and beliefs are still held in affection and practiced by the ordinary Chinese people today.Daoists believe that humans should practice good deeds .And through this practice they realize they are immortal. In later times the Zhou came to be seen as model rulers,fulfilling heaven’s mandate.But China’s fate throughout its history has been to fragment in times of crisis.Eventually Zhou power disintegrated.And the heartland of China descended into chaos.Across the middle land,feuding kings and warlords fought for supremacy.Surrounded by their armies,even in death.Amazing sight,isn’t it?This is one of more than a dozen chariot burial pits that have been uncovered in the middle of Luoyang in the last few years.This with excavated in 2003 during the modern building boom.There’s 18 chariots and their horses here,associated with the tombs of the kings of the Eastern Zhou.It’s the world of Achilles and Hector in more than just themilitary hardware.Politically,just like Agamemnon,the kings here in the central plain of China depended on the co-operation of vassal states,smaller kingdoms.Sometimes more than 100 of them.But these were rivals fighting each other ,just like the Greek heros sacking cities and enslaving their populations.So political instability,warfare and violence were endemic.And for that reason,perhaps,this is the time when a ferment of ideas grows about the nature of kingship,the function of states,duties,obligation and morality.Out of this begins the first golden age of Chinese philosophy.Right across the Old World in the sixth century BC ,thinkers and rulers were debating these ideas.A new age of human thought had dawned,what we call the Axis Age.The Greek philosophers,the Old Testament prophets,the Buddha in India,all of them were wrestling with ideas about conscience and social justice and human autonomy.How can a king be just in violent times?What is law and what is virtue?Here in China it was said 100 schools bloomed.And the most famous thinker came from an obscure state in eastern China.He was descended from a family of Shang diviners,oracle-bone crackers.And his obsession was not the inner life but how we act in the public world.Small-town China,but what a small town.Because this place,Qufu.has nearly 3,000 years of continuity,life on this spot.And it gave birth to one of the most influential figures in the history of the world,Confucius.Ni hao.Confucius lived in a time of cultural and political crisis.China divided into many small states that were always fighting each other and sometimes even divided in themselves,like this one,the state of Lu,whose capital was Qufu.Confucius rose eventually to a quite high ministerial job in which he played a crucial role brokering a peace deal between three feuding clans and persuading them to demolish their fortifications and acknowledge the duke here as their lord.And that kind of experience gave him the idea of his mission,which was nothing less than to restore civilization by teaching rulers to be virtuous.Confucius had a very clear vision.There is definitely this sense of passion him that he wants to be recognized .He wants to contribute to the social orders of society and he wants to make sure that ritual practices are followed very closely.Confucius was very keen on the idea ofhumaneness,or benevolence,and that the ruler set a direct example for the people to follow.There’s a very lively metaphor in the Analects when the character of the ruler is compared to the wind and the character of the ordinary people is compared to the grass,so it’s said that when the wind blows the grass naturally bends.Like Socrates or the Buddha,his saying were turned into a book after his death by his disciples.The Analects,Horrible word,isn’t it?What a mouthful.It means the sort of quotations from but really it should be called the conversations of Confucius,cos that’s what it really is.It’s his saying,and it’s been said that no book in the history of the world,even the Bible,has exerted so much influence for such a long period on so many people.That’s Confucius’s little blue book.18?18,OK,great.The Analects would become China’s guide to the principles of good government.He says that if you govern people by change ,it could be translated as “law”or “punishment”,then you get people who have no sense of shame.You get order but people don’t really know what they are doing wrong .But then if you govern by a sense of virtue,morality,then people have a sense of shame and with that idea it’s implied that they will have moral progress as well.It’s a very old idea in the story of China that the basis of all government is not law but established morality.And the key end – to preserve the state.In the West we tend to think of Confucius as an archconservative,a bit pious and a bit pompous.But without virtue he thought any rule is morally bankrupt and should be resisted,even until death.He travelled the roads of China like some intellectual trouble shooter,trying to sell China’s local rulers his new deal.At his tomb I met a group of Confucian t eachers from Korea.These gentlemen are not priests,they’re scholars.And what they’re doing is not so much religion as ritual.An active reverence for the old master and his ideal of universal brotherhood.Bowing before his tombstone,which was smashed to pieces by the Communist Red Guards only 50 years ago but is now restored.We are here to honour Confucius.But why are you here?Ah,very good question!We are interested in the history of China and Confucius is so important that that is why we are here.Confucius is covering all over the world love.Should spread all over the world.Not just individual.Love,benevolence,courtesy,good manners.These are the way society works,when society works well,in Confucius’s idea.Yeah,yeah,yeah. Confucius was condemned during the Communist revolution as the embodime nt of old ideas and old customs.But now,once more,he’s a national treasure,praised by the government for his stress on social values,though not so much perhaps for his insistence that it is the intellectual’s duty to spe ak truth to power.But in both he’s a symbol of the Chinese way.To have guests come from far away is a pleasure,is it not?Very good!Oh,very good! X ie xie!Thank you very much!Fantastic!Confucius was not an innovator,he was the distiller,the crystalliser of an already ancient tradition.The idea of the virtuous ruler,of filial piety,of ritual and ceremony as the glue that bound society together and the overruling power of education.Those are the values that still underlie Chinese values today.And South Asian values from Korea and Japan all the way down to Vietnam.What a legacy.But the truth is in his own lifetime Confucius was a complete failure.No ruler bought into his manifesto for change.After his death in 469 BC the warring states fought each other for two more centuries until the fall of the last of the Zhou.And when their end came no-one was listening to arguments about morality but only the claims of violence and war.And one of those warring states was the Qin.Through military conquest they swallowed up the Zhou and the other states of the Yellow River plain.And in 221 BC they proclaimed their leader the First Emperor of all China Qin Shi Huangdi.The First Emperor imposed his own revolutionary political system on the conqueredlands.Dispossessing the old aristocracies,creating an enormous captive labour force to build his new state,the Qin.That’s the source of the name China used today by the outside world.Qin Shi Huangdi built the first Great Wall.He made a new road system linking the 36 military provinces.For tax and commerce the weights and measures were standardized .There was to be a uniform coinage.And the Chinese script itself was simplified so the Emperor’s will could be conveyed right down to the local magistrates,who administered a population of more than 30 million people.Almost a third of the world.And the key to the Qin Emperor’s power was the army.It was the image of the empire,discipline,obedience,hierarchy.With their mass-producted bronze weapons and mechanical crossbows there’d been nothing like this in the whole of history.Infantry,archers and cavalry and charioteers,so that’s really the battle。
《中国故事》（第一集）TheStoryofChina（1）TraceTheOrigin（中..
视频字幕TheStoryof China（1）Trace The OriginI. ScriptChina is oldest nation on the earth. For thousands of years its rulers believed their task was to keep human society in balance with the eternal order of the universe. The emperor who achieved that harmony would receive the mandate of haven blessed by the ancestors.But in the late 19th century. The collision with the West shook China to its core19,In midwinter 1899,The emperor came here to Alter of Heaven in Beijing, To ask ancestors for support in Chinas hour of crisis. As the empire crumbled in the face of rebellion and foreign armies, It was the last time the ritual was performed1899.Here, just before dawn on the winter solstice The emperor prostrated himself before the powers of the universe .He performed rituals that they believed went back 5000 years to the Y ellow Emperor .The mythical first founder of China .He made a report to the ancestors about the state of the empire .But that winter of 1899China faced disaster .The following year1900.China was plunged into catastrophe with rebellion ,flood and famine foreign aggression .And the new century saw swiftly fall of the empire.Short-lived republic ,Communist revolution and then the insane madness of the Culture Revolution, But despite the tragedies of the 20th century ,The Chinese people have come throughToday China is writing its own story once more under a new mandate, So long the greatest civilization on the earth ,China is rising ag ain. It’s great time to be looking at the events which have shaped the history of China. And the ideals which have made it’s culture. So distinctive and so brilliant for so long timeEvery year in the spring ,millions of Chinese people set off on journey homeIt’s the time of the Qingming Festival .The festival of light. When,since ancient times,the Chinese have honored the ancestors. I’m heading down to the city of Wuxi for a very special occasions, a families reunion. For the last 30 years, Chinese people have grown up in a consumer society.After the break with a communism, China has been on a headlong rush into the future. But there is a deeper China for as new freedoms beckon the people themselves are reaching back to the things that have mattered most to them in their history and for the Chinese people, identity begins with the family, sometimes the new proves less enticing than was first thought and the old far more durable than anyone had ever imagined this is the Qin family of Wuxi. its dawn on the day of the ancestors what the Chinese call Tomb-Sweeping day and the Qin family gather at the grave of their founding ancestors .Qin Guan ,a poet who lived 1000 years ago, They have come from all over China .And further afield to make theirown report to the ancestors. To tell them how family is doing and how ancestors and their values still live on in us.As the ancients used to say, repaying our roots. Amazing scene, isn’t it? It recalls the whole of Chinese history over the last 100 years100 Wars ,revolutio ns, famines, families broken up and cast the four winds ,and yet they come back with this kind of homing instinct, almost ,to the tomb of the founder ,As if everything can be reconstituted again. These rituals were banned in the Communist era. And the grove was lost after the Cultural Revolution of the 1960sBut when the revolutionary time drew to close. Frank Ching and his sister came searching for the tomb. Back in 1982, when I found that gravestone none of this things exist1982. When I first sought it out I was like a blank slate .I didn’t know what existed. It’s very exciting that this is happening .I certainly never expected anything like this to happen when I started my own journey of discovery, more attention is now paid to family values and culture. This was interrupted by Culture Revolution, so now we need pick it up again.Like everyone in China the Qin family have experienced dizzying change since the end of empire, From colonia subjects to emigres seeking a better life, Communist revolutionaries on the long march with chairman Mao and even glamour on the Shanghai Stage their family story mirrors the story of the nation and now the meaning of that history is flooding back family lays foundation of everything prosperity derives from a harmonious family the whole nation depends on the well been of the family, our family has 1000 years of history1000 in that time huge changes have taken place but now people are beginning ask themselves: what are my roots? What are we roots? What are my roots? I’m going to regret this.So the Chinese people have found again the warmth of home after the vast and terrifying dislocation of the mid-20th century when for a time China turned its past .The Qin family ,like the nation itself, are seeking a renewed identity , a distinctively Chinese way forward, anchored in the Chinese past .And that past goes back thousands of years .China is the oldest continuous state on earth .There are no historical texts that describe its birth but later myths and traditions take us to the Y ellow River plain that gave China its name , Zhonggou, the middle land .And here you can still reach back to those beginnings.This is a rural fair at an ancient temple, closed down in the Communist era. I’m at a great farmers festival in the plain of the Y ellow River with million people all around me. And these vast crowds have come to celebrate an ancient myth that tells of the origins of the Chinese people. And in many ancient cultures, it’s the women who have treasured the tales and handed them down.Especially the tale of the mother goddess of the Chinese people, Nuwa.Little dog .Its great, isn’t it? This whole great festival is f or two ancient gods in Chinese mythology, Fuxi, the male god, and Nuwa, the female god. And she’s famous because she created humanity out of the yellow mud of the Y ellow River. And the mud that was left over she made dogs and chickens, according to the myth. A long time ago, the sky fell and the earth quaked. Only Nuwa and her brother Fuxi survived. They bit their fingers and mixed their blood with mud and made primitive humans out of it. Thanks to Fuxi and Nuwa everybody shares the same ancestors.These myths have been handed down for over 4000 years. And they contain a crucial idea, the uniqueness of Chinese ethnic identity. China is a huge and diverse country, with so many languages and cultures. But the vast majority of its people see themselves as Han Chinese, part of the biggest tribe in the world. The myths also tell us about the origins of the Chinese state by the banks of the Yellow River. All four of the great old world civilizations began on rivers the Nile, the Euphrates, the Indus and the Y ellow River.China alone has come down until today. It was the ability to harness the water of the river for irrigation that enabled ancient people to feed bigger and bigger populations and eventually to create cities and make civilization. But where the rising of the Nile, for example, was predictable to the day and seen by the Egyptians as a joyful and benign source of life, the Y ellow River here in China has been a destroyer.The killer of millions in its great floods throughout Chinese history, right up to the 20th century20 And so the beginnings of Chinese history, the control of the river and its environment, lay at the very heart of political power. And the tale of the king who tamed the mighty Y ellow River and claimed the right to rule the hundreds of tribes along its banks became a myth still told by todays storytellers.King Yu had two good helpers: Y ellow Dragon and Black Turtle. The Dragon had a very long tail and the turtle was very strong. To divert the flood the dragon dragged his tail and opened a channel for the water .When Kong Yu needed to build a dam the turtle pushed huge amounts of mud into position. King Yu worked so hard to control the river that he didn’t return home for 13 years!This is a Ming Dynasty temple that was built in the 1520s, but on a very, very ancient terrace. And that is King Yu. Historians have always thought the tale of King Yu was just a myth, but the recent find of a bronze bowl nearly 3000 years old engraved with his story, proves the tale goes back to the Bronze Age.The legend says that King Yu was the founder of Chinas first dynasty 4000 years ago. They were called the Xia and they came from the middle plain of the middle land, here in Henan. And at the village of Erlitou, traditions survived until modern times that this had been the seat of China s first rulers. The most ancient site in the world?Inside it were pillared halls palaces from different periods between 2000 and 1500 BC. They stood on rammed earth platforms, one of them with a triple gate, the pattern of all later Chinese royal cities. The Xia are still a mystery. But here at Erlitou archaeologists have found tantalizing clues-pottery, bronze casting, and most intriguing of all, a burial with a scepter made of 2000 pieces of turquoise in the shape of a dragon. The symbol of royalty all the way through Chinese civilization .Whether the Xia were Chinas first dynasty, and whether this was their capital is still not known, and that’s because we lack the key evidence-writing. Do you think that this was the capital of the Xia or what do you think? Difficult question .Most historians believe the Xia existed. We are 99% sure of that but without writing we cant prove it. If it this was the capital of the Xia, for the Chinese, myth would become history, for they would have found the root of the Chinese state. As it is, though, we now have to leap forward to around 1200 BC to find Chinas firsthistorical rulers, the Shang Dynasty. And we know about the Shang because they have left us the first Chinese writing.The modern discovery of the Shang is one of the most exciting stories in world archaeology. And it began by chance in one of those storehouses of age-old. Chinese wisdom, a traditional pharmacy where beliefs and practices going back into prehistory have come down to us today .And the clues to the mystery if the Shang, unbelievably, were found inside a packet of over-the-counter medicine .The story goes like this-1899, Chinese scholar called Wang Yirong, who was the Chancellor of the Imperial Academy in Beijing, a great scholar and a collector of ancient bronzes. He was interested in the earliest Chinese writing systems.He falls ill with malaria and his local pharmacy, just like this one, delivers a series of ingredients which include dragon bones.These were animal bones. Just like this, they use them today which you ground up, and boiled and drank to alleviate the fever. When he opened the packet, to his amazement, this is what he saw. Some of the bones were inscribed with what he could see were primitive forms of the old writing that he knew from the inscriptions on his bronzes. And eventually these dragon bones were traced back to a little place in the lower valley of the Y ellow River, a country town called Anyang.At Anyang, Chinese archaeologists made their greatest discovery.Huge tombs of the last Shang kings with mass human sacrifice and crucially, written texts on oracle bones .1928 they finally found the location and they started the excavation. From the excavation they found nearly 30000 oracle bones documenting divination performed on behalf of nine late Shang kings. I love all the portraits of the people. Y es, yes. There is something so optimistic about their faces. They thought that their task is to prove that Chinese history was true. Epoch making, in world archaeology, really .Absolutely, yes .Now we knew that they were historical. Y es. Anyang was the final capital of the Shang Dynasty. They ruled for 500 years, controlling the whole of central China. The first Chinese state. Their authority rested on force but was validated by divination. The Shang kings and their diviners burned cracks in tortoise shells or cow bones to speak to the ancestors. So basically, they choose one piece of bone or shell and then they drilled some holes, and then they heat up these holes with some special plants, and then these will create some cracks, and then they look at the pattern of these cracks. And the cracks come the other side, is that right? Y es. And then they can read these patterns and make their predictions about whether these divinations are auspicious or it is actually against the will of the ancestral spirits, so they should not be carrying out the activity they were asking for. So the diviners are asking for the favor of the ancestral spirits. Y es. So basically its their special way to communicate with their ancestors. The ancestors are the key people in their mental universe. Y es. Fantastic .Basically, in every aspect of their society, including, for instance, the harvest .This one is even about praying for rain.Rain and water would be a big part of their concerns living in the Y ellow River plain, I suppose .Yes, for agricultural society it is absolutely crucial .And unlike the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt or the cuneiform of Babylonia, the archaeologists had noneed of a key to decipher them, for they could see at once that the signs on the oracle bones were the direct ancestors of todays Chinese writing .That’s the character for rain in modern language. And in oracle bones its like this With three drops, so essentially its the same idea, fundamentally This rain character is characterized by these raindrops. Yeah, yeah.Out of these prehistoric pictographs came the modern Chinese script with its tens of thousands of signs. So through their script the Chinese people are uniquely connected to their deep past and its ways of thinking. More so than any other culture on earth .There seem to be Is this fanciful?There seem to be themes that we trace all the way through Chinese history the reverence for the ancestors, the divination, the control of writing and writing as source of power. Is that fair? I agree. I think communication or interaction between the ancestral spirit and the acquisition of social power is indeed a recurrent theme throughout Chinese history.In the oracle bones there is a sacred place. It has the same name as the dynasty, Shang. This is not like the shopping malls of Shanghai, that's for sure. And the archaeologists now turn to a little town in Henan with a tantalizing name. Shangqiu, the mound or ruins of Shang. We are now inside the Ming Dynasty city. This was built in 1511,the previous one destroyed by floods.Lots more underneath it, of course. What's fascinating is it's still called Shangqiu, the ruins of ShangSo was this the ancestral place of China's first great dynasty? That question has intrigued Chinese archaeologists, since their first explorations here in the 1930s.But the Bronze Age layers here are 30 feet deep in Y ellow River silt. Recently, though, geophysical surveys and test cores have detected.The outline of a much earlier city underneath the town. And the clues to what it was were in the oracle bones found at Anyang. In the 1930s a Chinese scholar called Dong Zuobin worked on the Bronze Age inscriptions scratched into the oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty. Thousand upon thousand of them, and through the 1930s,when China was driven by civil war and Japanese invasion, he worked transcribing these inscriptions in what, I suppose, you could call self-effacing loyaltyTo the Chinese past while the catastrophes of the modern world surrounded him. Y ou see there his transcription of one of the turtle shells with all the splits and the inscriptions on them.And he worked out the order of the Shang kings and their calendar and their rituals and their journeys. What he discovered was that the kings came back to do special rituals at the city called Shang. That was here. Its name meant "the place where the ancestors were worshiped".So state and ancestors were tied together. And amazingly, cults and legends about the Shang still survive here at a mysterious temple at the edge of town. The Mound of Shang, it's a great artificial hill. The legends say this mound was built before the Great Flood, that here mankind first got fire, stolen from the gods.And tradition also said this had been a kind of observatory where the Shang kings watched the stars that protected their dynasty. Because they believed that the stars were powers in heaven and if we understood them properly then we'd know besthow to run our kingdom.So the oracle bones and the later myths are clues to early Chinese beliefs about society and the cosmos.Divination, ritual and writing were the basis of state power. For their sacred ceremonies they cast beautiful bronzes to hold food and wine offerings to the ancestral spirits, which were consumed at the royal feasts.Some of them bear the symbols of the different lineages of the royal and noble families.Like the ancient Egyptians and Sumerian, the Shang practiced human sacrifice. The oracle bones list the victims.They were captives from the subject peoples the Shang ruled, killed as offerings to the powers of nature, as the Shang diviners asked the ancestors in heaven for guidance, anxiously watching the stars for omens of auspiciousness and ome ns of disaster.To them, time, as revealed in the movements of the stars and planets, was as truly portentous dimension, full of danger as well as auspiciousness, and especially for the rulers, for they knew that in time the planets would reveal haven's judgment on their earthly rule. That brings us to one of the key ideas in early Chinese thought, the Mandate of Heaven. The early Chinese believed their rulers should protect the people keeping harmony with the order of heaven. It was said the first Shang king had even offered himself as a sacrifice in time of drought.But legend said the last Shang king was so depraved and cruel that heaven withdrew its mandate, and it gave a sign. Five planets came together in the rarest of conjunctions. As this happens only once every 516 years, we can pin down the very day. -So you can follow any single planet? -Y es. -It's just... wonderful.We asked the Beijing Planetarium to work out the exact date of the moment and to show us the night sky at that moment. So it's what historians always want to do, is actually go back in time -- Mr Liu can do it for us He can actually take us back to late May 1058 BC on his computer system, which is 1059 BC on historians' calculations.This time, this place, the sky... you can see them. The tribes who lived under the Shang tyranny saw the sign and made an alliance under a man known for his virtue, King Wen of the Zhou.This five-planet conjunction happens once every 516 years but that moment was the closest that has ever happened in human history and at that time the early Chinese chronicles say.....when the five planets gather in the constellation called the Chambera great vermillion bird landed on the altar of the earth on Mount Qi.In it’s beak was a jade , and it spoke, saying "Heaven has commanded that the Kingof the Zhou should overthrow the King of the Shang and take the kingdom"In the final battle, the wicked Shang king saw his subjects had turned against him.So he burned his palace with his treasures and his concubines and put on his jade suit and walked into the fire.And so the ancestors passed the mandate to the King of the Zhou. And he laid down the pattern of rule for future ages.Rulers must be virtuous and keep harmony between humanity and the cosmos by observing the rites and the music of the heavens. And, amazingly, some of the ritualtradition of the Zhou have come down to us today.At a mysterious temple at the edge of town. The Mound of Shang, it's a great artificial hill. The legends say this mound was built before the Great Flood, that here mankind first got fire, stolen from the gods. And tradition also said this had been a kind of observatory where the Shang kings watched the stars that protected their dynasty. Because they believed that the stars were powers in heaven and if we understood them properly then we'd know best how to run our kingdom.So the oracle bones and the later myths are clues to early Chinese beliefs about society and the cosmos. Divination, ritual and writing were the basis of state power. For their sacred ceremonies, they cast beautiful bronzes to hold food and wine offerings to the ancestral spirits, which were consumed at the royal feasts. Some of them bear the symbols of the different line ages of the royal and noble families. Like the ancient Egyptians and Sumerians, the Shang practiced human sacrifice. The oracle bones list the victims.They were captives from the subject peoples the Shang ruled, killed as offerings to the powers of nature, as the Shang diviners asked the ancestors in heaven for guidance, anxiously watching the stars for omens of auspiciousness and omens of disaster. To them, time, as revealed in the movements of the stars and planets49 was a truly portentous dimension, full of danger as well as auspiciousness, especially for the rulers, for they knew that in time the planets would reveal heaven's judgment on their earthly rule. That brings us to one of the key ideas in early Chinese thought, the Mandate of Heaven.The early Chinese believed their rulers should protect the peop le, keeping harmony with the order of heaven It was said the first Shang king had even offered himself as a sacrifice in time of drought. But legend said the last Shang king was so depraved and cruel that heaven withdrew its mandate, and it gave a sign. Five planets came together in the rarest of conjunctions. As this happens only once every 516 years, we can pin down the very day. So you can follow any single planet? Yes. It's just...wonderful. We asked the Beijing Planetarium to work out the exact date of the omen and to show us the night sky at that moment. the thing which every host want to do is actually go back in time. He can actually take us back to late May,1058 BC on his computer system, which is 1059 BC on historians' calculations.1059This time, this place, the sky... you can see them.The tribes who lived under the Shang tyranny saw the sign King Wen of the Zhou. This five-planet conjunction happens once every 516 years but that moment was the closest that has ever happened in human history and at that time the early Chinese chronicles say...when the five planets gather in the constellation called the Chamber a great vermillion bird landed on the altar of the earth on Mount Qi. In its beak was a jade , and it spoke, saying, "Heaven has commanded that the King of the Zhou "should overthrow the King of the Shang and take the kingdom. "In the final battle, the wicked Shang king saw his subjects had turned against him. So he burned his palace with his treasures and his concubines and put on his jade suit and walked into the fire.And so the ancestors passed the mandate to the King of the Zhou. And he laid down the pattern of rule for future ages. Rulers must be virtuous by observing the rites and the music of the heavens, and keep harmony between humanity and the cosmos .And amazingly, some of the ritual traditions of the Zhou have come down to us today. China's oldest religion is Taoism. In their ceremonies and their music the Taoists, the "seekers after the Way", are a living link with these ancient ideas about the relation of the kingdoms of earth and heaven. In Daoism Heaven and Earth are two kingdoms those kingdoms have the same spirit , the same king Daoism has inherited Chinas ancient beliefs from Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties .It is rooted in Chinese culture and speaks to the ordinary people .And these very ancient customs and beliefs are still held in affection and practiced by the ordinary Chinese people today. Dao believes that humans, should practice good through this practice they realize they are immortal in later times the Zhou came to be seen as model rulers, fulfilling heaven's mandate. But China's fate throughout its history has been to fragment in times of crisis.Eventually Zhou power disintegrated. And the heartland of China descended into chaos. Across the middle land, feuding kings and warlords fought for supremacy. Surrounded by their armies, even in death. Amazing sight, isn't it? ?This is one of more than a dozen chariot burial pits that have been uncovered in the middle of Luoyang in the last few years. This with excavated in 2003 during the modern building boom.2003 There's 18 chariots and their horses here, associated with the tombs of the Kings of the Eastern Zhou. It's the world of Achilles and Hector.in more than just the military hardware. Politically, just like Agamemnon, the kings here in the central plain of China depended on the co-operation of vassal states, smaller kingdoms. Sometimes more than 100 of them. But these were rivals fighting each other, just like the Greek heroes sacking cities and enslaving their populations. So political instability, warfare and violence were endemic.And for that reason, perhaps, this is the time when a ferment of ideas grows about the nature of kingship, the function of states, duties, obligation and morality. Out of this begins the first golden age of Chinese philosophy. Right across the Old World in the sixth century BC, thinkers and rulers were debating these ideas. A new age of human thought had dawned, what we call the Axis Age. The Greek philosophers, the Old Testament prophets, the Buddha in India, all of them were wrestling with ideas about conscience and social justice and human autonomy. How can a king be just in violent times? Here in China it was said 100 schools bloomed. And the most famous thinker came from an obscure state in eastern China. He was descended from a family of Shang diviners, oracle-bone crackers. And his obsession was not the inner life but how we act in the public world. Because this place, Qufu, has nearly 3,000 years of continuity, life on this spot.And it gave birth to one of the most influential figures in the history of the world, Confucius. Ni hao. Confucius lived in a time of cultural and political crisis. China divided into many small states that were always fighting each other and sometimes even divided in themselves, and it's been said that no book in the history of the world,like this one, the state of Lu, whose capital was Qufu. Confucius rose eventually to a quite high ministerial job in which he played a crucial role.....brokering a peace deal between three feuding clans and persuading them to demolish their fortifications and acknowledge the duke here as their lord. And that kind of experience gave him the idea of his mission, which was nothing less than to restore civilization by teaching rulers to be virtuous.Confucius had a very clear vision. There is definitely this sense of passion in him that he wants to be recognized. He wants to contribute to the social order of society and he wants to make sure that ritual practices are followed very closely. Confucius was very keen on the idea of humaneness, or benevolence, and that the ruler set a direct example for the people to follow. There's a very lively metaphor in the Analects when the character of the ruler is compared to the wind and the character of the ordinary people is compared to the grass, so it's said that when the wind blows the grass naturally bends. Like Socrates or the Buddha, his sayings were turned into a book after his death by his disciples. The Analects. Horrible word, isn't it? What a mouthful. It means the sort of quotations from...but really it should be called the conversations of Confucius, It's his sayings, even the Bible, has exerted so much influence for such a long period on so many people. That's Confucius's little blue book.18? 18, OK, great! The Analects would become China's guide to the principles of good government. He says that if you govern people by cheng it could be translated as "law" or "punishment" -then you get people who have no sense of shame. Y ou get order but people don't really know what they are doing wrong. But then if you govern by de - a sense of virtue, morality and with that idea it's implied that they will have moral progress as well. In the west we tend to think of Confucius as an archconservative, a bit pious and a bit pompous .but without virtue he thought any rule is morally bankrupt and should be resisted .even until death. He traveled the road of China like some intellectual troubleshooter .trying to sell China's local rules his new deal. At his tomb I met a group of Confucian teaches from Korea. These gentlemen are not priests, they are scholars.And what they are doing is not so much religion as ritual. An active reverence for the old muster and his idea of universal brotherhood. Bowing before his tombstone, which was smashed to pieces by the Communist Red Guard only 50 years ago but is now restored ."We are here to honor Confucius. But why are you here?" Ah very good question! We are interested in the history of China and Confucius is so important that is why we are here. Confucius is covering all over the world love. These are the way society work, when society works well, in Confucius's idea. Y eah, Confucius was condemned during the Communist revolution as the embodiment of old ideas and old custom. But now, once more, he 's a national treasure, praised by the. Government for his stress on social values, thought not so much perhaps for his insistence that is the intellectual's duty to speak truth to power. But in both he's a symbol of the Chinese way. "To have guests come from far away is a pleasure is it not?" Very good ! Oh, very good! Xie xie! Thank you very much! Fantastic! Confucius was not an innovator, he was the distiller, the cry distiller of an already ancient tradition. The idea of the。
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raz分级阅读中国故事
摘要：
一、Raz分级阅读简介
二、中国故事在Raz分级阅读中的重要性
三、如何选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材
四、提高阅读能力的策略
五、推荐书单
正文：
Raz分级阅读是目前全球最受欢迎的分级阅读教材之一。
它涵盖了多种类型的读物，包括中国故事。
在Raz分级阅读中，中国故事具有重要地位，不仅能让读者了解中华文化的精髓，还能提高阅读能力。
本文将介绍如何选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材以及提高阅读能力的策略。
一、Raz分级阅读简介
Raz分级阅读是由美国知名教育机构麦格劳希尔（McGraw-Hill）出版的分级阅读教材。
它按照难度分为A-Z级别，适合幼儿园至6年级的学生。
Raz 分级阅读教材内容丰富，包括科学、社会、文学等多个领域，让读者在提高阅读能力的同时，还能拓宽知识面。
二、中国故事在Raz分级阅读中的重要性
在Raz分级阅读中，中国故事占有重要地位。
通过阅读中国故事，学生可以了解中华文化的传统美德、历史典故和民间传说。
这些故事具有很高的文学价值和教育意义，有助于培养学生的文化认同感。
三、如何选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材
选择适合的Raz分级阅读中国故事教材需要考虑以下几个方面：
1.难度级别：根据学生的阅读能力，选择适当难度级别的教材。
Raz分级阅读教材按照难度分为A-Z级别，教师或家长可以根据学生的实际水平进行选择。
2.故事内容：选择具有教育意义和趣味性的故事。
Raz分级阅读中的中国故事涵盖了传统美德、历史典故、民间传说等多种题材，教师或家长可以根据学生的兴趣和需求进行选择。
3.插图质量：Raz分级阅读教材的插图质量高，能吸引学生的注意力。
在选择中国故事教材时，注意插图的生动性和美观性。
四、提高阅读能力的策略
1.设定阅读目标：根据学生的阅读水平，设定合适的阅读目标，鼓励学生逐步提高阅读能力。
2.激发阅读兴趣：选择有趣、富有教育意义的故事，激发学生的阅读兴趣。
3.鼓励阅读分享：让学生分享阅读心得，提高他们的表达能力和自信心。
4.创设良好的阅读环境：为学生提供一个安静、舒适的阅读空间，有利于提高阅读效果。
五、推荐书单
以下是几本Raz分级阅读中的中国故事教材推荐：
1.《三字经》：一本介绍中国古代教育的经典教材，以简洁明了的文字阐述了做人的道理。
2.《成语故事》：收录了众多脍炙人口的成语故事，如《狐假虎威》、《亡羊补牢》等。
3.《西游记》：中国古代四大名著之一，讲述了唐僧师徒四人西天取经的神奇故事。
4.《格林童话》：收录了世界各地的童话故事，如《白雪公主》、《灰姑娘》等。
通过阅读这些中国故事，学生可以提高阅读能力，同时了解中华文化的精髓。