GRE Argument模板
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
新GRE写作Argument 模板 By Jason Lee
新GRE写作Argument 模板——By Jason Lee﹡审题+提纲：2min﹡开头+结尾模板：5min﹡中间三段：7min*3=21min﹡补完结尾（检查润色）：2min一、开头-In this argument, the author concludes that...-To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that…-Close scrutiny of these supporting evidences, however, reveals that none of them lend any credibility to the author’s conclusion.二、主体段落展开段落一：-Firstly, the author has tried to reach the conclusion that…by pointing out that…but this argument has failed to see some significant factors.-For instance,-Or, another scenario can be that …展开段落二：-Secondly, by analyzing the conclusion of this argument, we can find the unstated assumption that…-However, the validity of this assumption is challenged by some other possibilities.-It is likely that…-It is of equal probability that..展开段落三：-Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions were all confirmed valid, there remain doubts that render the author’s whole reasoning logically flawed.-To be more specific,-Absent evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…1. Assumptions◆First of all, the author unfairly assumes that…◆After all, the author provides no evidence that…2. Specific Evidences◆The author fails to offer any evidence to warrant this crucial assumption.◆Only if the author could provide the evidence that…can this argument be confirmed valid.◆The assumption cannot be substantiated until the author could provide that…◆As long as the evidence(that/of…) could be offered, the author’s view might be reasonably justified.3. Questions◆The first question of vital prominence could be whether…◆Only if the answer were positive, can the argument be substantiated. In contrast, if the answer were negative, the argument would be considered logically flawed.4. Alternative Explanations◆The explanation offered by the author does not suffice to be evaluated as justifiable based on the given evidence. Alternative explanation could involve that …or that…◆The author’s conclusion unfairly ignores… so a better explanation might be…◆Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons, the author cannot successfully convince me that…*5. 补充一些攻击Flaw的句型(1)样本不足或不具代表性/调查不可靠◆The author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable.◆Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of…◆The survey methodology might be problematic in several respects:◆As a result, the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion in light of the survey until adequate evidence is given to lend credibility to it.(2)错误类比（忽略个体差异）◆The author is drawing a false analogy between A and B. It is entirely possible that A and B own divergent situations. Perhaps…Without taking such differences into consideration, it is unconscionable to claim that…(3)方案并非最佳◆The argument fails to consider other possible options for…Perhaps by…or by…◆In short, without weighing the given suggestion against alternatives, it is unconscionable to claim that…(4)非充分/非必要条件、◆The validity of the view that…is never equivalent to the justifiability of the deduction that…(5)时间顺序混淆为因果关系/普通关联混淆为因果关系◆However, the conclusion that A is exclusively responsible for B based on the fact that B occurred after/ at the same time of A is unjustifiable.◆Yet the correlation alone amounts to scarce evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.(6)错误推论Absent evidence to warrant this deduction, it is entirely possible thatAny of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that…The fact (that…) accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the recommendation.*6. 段内/段间承接Absent the evidence,If this is the case,Perhaps,Even assuming/Even if……does not necessarily indicate that…三、结尾-In sum, the argument not only is logically unsound but also relies on several doubtful assumptions.-To reinforce the argument, the author must qualify the recommendation by accounting for possible alternatives and providing comprehensive evidence.-To better assess the argument, we would expect the author to provide adequate information with respect to…。
GRE的argument写作万能模板
GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。
了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。
GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。
它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。
我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。
我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。
现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。
二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。
三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。
GRE Argue 模板
Argument 1_ 杀虫公司In this memo the vice president of the food distribution company recommends selecting Buzzoff Company the best mean to save money. To support this recommendation, the vice president cites the fact that the worthy of the food destroyed in the warehouse which Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of is higher last month. His account of this fact, however, reveals several absent of critical evidence needed to evaluate the judgment. Together, these problems serve to undermine the speaker’s argument.First, the vice president assumes that the result of this certain survey deserves enough credit and is representative of the future 水平of Fly-Away Pest Control Company. However, the president fails to provide any evidence to justify the 权威性of the method they adopted in the survey. Thus it is equally possible that the so-called “damaged” they defined as “caused by pest damage”is the ramification of other kind of causes, such as improper storage conditions. Besides, the data acquired merely in a month is not an adequate indicator of the ability of the Fly-Away Pest Control Company either. Maybe there has been a major 虫灾in the city last month. Since the memo fails to account for this alternative explanation, the president cannot convince me that the result of the food damage survey is capable of reflecting the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s inferiority. Moreover, without ruling out the possibility that Fly-Away Pest Control Company is working on a more effective way to control pest and the company will be more 有效in the future, the validity of the president’s claim will be deminished.Secondly, even if the survey’s result is reliable, it is not fair to compare the two companies which protected food in two different cities. In order for the justifiability of this comparison, one must assume that all the other relevant circumstances involving the food protection are exactly the same. Unfortunately, this assumption is unwarranted. Perhaps, the Palm city where the Fly-Away Pest Control Company is in charge of has a more suitable environment for the pest’s prosperity. Or, perhaps the warehouse in Palm City is significantly larger than the one in the Wintervale and stores much larger amount of the food. Thus the 20,000 dollars loss does not necessarily demonstrate the Fly-Away Pest Control Company’s disability, if the warehouse in the Palm City is to be protected by Buzzoff Company, the loss might be even bigger.Thirdly, even though the Buzzoff Company is in fact more efficient to control the pest, without providing any information about the prices the two companies charge, the president cannot safely conclude that choosing Buzzoff Company can save more money. If the price they charge is so high that it exceeds the amount saved from food damage by abandoning Fly-Away Pest Control Company, this choice will be inadvisable and inexpedient.In sum, the fact that the recommendation lacks certain essential evidences renders it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation the vice president must provide clear evidence that the result of the survey is correct and representative and that the relevant conditions in two cities is almost identical so that the superiority of the Buzzoff is explicit. To better assess the recommendation, I would also need to know the exact prices both companies charges as well as the estimated loss after the adopting of one of the companies.。
GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类
34，72，79，88，105，114，126，129，133，145，153，154，211，227，23223, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ... Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ...1，53，59，60，72，75，90，91，101，105，129，142，153，173，23824, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the later one.(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...2，9，16，25，30，92，99，102，110，119，123，170，180，195，205，215，218，230，237，239，242证据25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...5，6，7，14，18，23，24，27，29，31，33，36，37，40，44，46，47，52，54，56，57，58，61，67，69，70，73，74，81，93，94，110，111，115，117，130，131，136，138，143，148，150，155，157，165，171，179，190，193，198，201，202，204，211，213，223，231，236，237，238，241Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:46，47，66，72，76，88，118，136，151，176，22626, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hastily assumes that...6，8，11，12，13，14，15，17，21，22，23，25，28，33，50，53，56，62，64，66，67，74，75，78，83，84，86，87，88，89，90，91，92，95，100，101，102，104，105，108，110，112，113，114，118，120，121，122，125，126，127，128，129，130，132，134，136，137，140，142，144，145，146，148，151，152，156，157，160，161，163，164，169，170，172，174，177，178，179，181，191，192，194，195，19 7，202，204，205，206，208，210，212，216，218，219，221，222，223，225，228，231，235，236，239，24227, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if... (the definition might be different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.53，72，81，91，105，141，153，167，179，195，196，211，219，223，226，239。
GRE_Argument模板汇总
12.If new evidence shows that...,then we are disposed to believe that the author’s conclusion is advisable.
4.However, such a conclusion cannot be readily arrived at because of several unsubstantiated assumptions.
5.If these assumptions prove unwarranted, the argument will be seriously undermined, thus compelling us to reconsider ... .
10.Behind the author’s argument lie a critical implied assertion.
11.It is that... , which could be wrong.
12.The possibility that ... must be considered and addressed.
TypeI.Assumpti来自nII.Evidence
III.Question
IV.Explanation
开头段
1.The author casts doubt on....
2.Data about ... serve to demonstrate ... .
3.The author therefore claims that ... .
GRE写作Argument高分范文
GRE写作Argument满分范文题目：“The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so students typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment. Also, its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the most renowned and most highly paid musicians in the nation.”范文：This argument concludes that the Mozart School should be the first choice of any music student based on (1) its intensive practice requirements for students of all ages, (2) its outstanding facilities, up-to-date equipment, and distinguished faculty, and (3) the accomplishments of its graduates. The evidence provided indicates that the Mozart School of Music should, in fact, be the first choice but the argument has several fatal flaws.First, while The Mozart School of Music is known for its intensive practice and training regimen, the school might only be suitable for new, young students. Perhaps the methods would be a shock for students already familiar with alternative styles of instruction. For that matter, many older students with other interests and activities may find the intensity and time commitment troubling.Secondly, if the claims are true that the outstanding facilities, equipment, and faculty are offered, it may follow that the cost for these benefits is passed on to students in the form of high tuition. Thus the argument assumes that for all prospective music students’ money is no object—a more affordable school may, in fact, be the first choice for music students.Thirdly, while many alumni have moved on to become rich and famous, the argument doesn’t offer a relevant connection between the graduates and potential students. For example, perhaps the earlier, successful graduates benefitted from market trends that have since changes. Therefore, it would stand to reason that any students with the same type of training would no longer fit the bill. Maybe another school provides the technical training that could better prepare students for emerging opportunities in the music scene.In sum, The Mozart School of Music, while it may certainly be a very good school, can not claim to be the number one choice for any music student—the claim is too sweeping and the evidence too general. To strengthen the argument, its proponent must demonstrate, at the very least, that the school would be affordable to any prospective student. To better assess the argument the audience needs more information about how various aged students with unique educational backgrounds will be treated. And finally, an audience must be provided with a basic understanding of the music industry in order to determine if the contributing factors that led to the success of alumni have gone unchanged.满分因素剖析一、语言表达1. This argument concludes that... based on (1) , (2), (3).(标志性的GRE argument 开头段首句，提出原文的conclusion, 同时非谓语动词短语based on后面引出原文为了支撑结论所引用的evidence) The evidence provided indicates that the Mozart School of Music should, in fact, be the first choice but the argument has several fatal flaws.(标志性的GRE argument开头段结尾，提出原文存在逻辑上的Flaw)2. First, while The Mozart School of Music is known for its intensive practice and training regimen, the school might only be suitable for new, young students. Perhaps the methods would ... . For that matter, ... .标志性的GRE argument 错误因果分析段写法，现提出文章中的错误因果，然后提出其他可能性二、逻辑结构本文是非常严谨的开头段-正文段1-正文段2--正文段3-结尾段的的五段论逻辑体系。
GRE作文argument参考范文
GRE作文argument参考范文第1篇：GRE作文argument参考范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbu sinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofmonroe.ajazzmusicclubinmonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitablee nterprise.currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourpro posedclub,thecnote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.plus,jazz isextremelypopularinmonroe:over100,000peopleattendedmonro esjaz*estivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinmonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminmonroeisjazznightly,whichairseveryweekni ght.finally,anationwidest未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofabatavianews paper.thedepartmentofagricultureinbataviareportsthatthenumb erofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreatertha nitwas10yearsago.duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceo fmilkatthelocalexcellofoodmarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$ 3.00pergallon.topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiv eprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,thebataviagovern mentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.suchregulationisnec essarytoensurebothlowerpricesanda未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GMAT考试：Argument写作范文参考inthiseditorialtheauthorassertsthatopinionpollsarelittlebette rthanrandomguessestopredictingoutesofpresidentialelections.theauthorsbasisforthisassertionisthatopinionpollsmeasureonlythe preferencesofvotersatthetimeofthepollandthatmanyvoterschang etheirpreferencesseveraltimebeforevoting?someremainingunde cideduntilthemomenttheycasttheirvote.theauthorsreasoningisu nconvincingintwocriticalrespects.firstofaltthepredictionsbasedonrandomguessingaresuchthat thegreaterthenumberofcandidates,thelesslikelythepredictionwill becorrect.thereasonforthisisobvious:ran未完，继续阅读 >第4篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文赏析discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.inastudyofreadinghabitsofleevillecitizensconductedbytheuni versityofleeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassi csasreadingmaterial.however,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbo okmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinleeville wasthemysterynovel.therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespond entsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.arecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofnortha mericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicd epre未完，继续阅读 >第5篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT真题四４４、thefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusine ssmagazinebythedickensacademy.wedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatinternationalm ega-publishing,inc.theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemp loyeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.intern ationalmega-publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingthei rnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,internationalm ega-publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicatio 未完，继续阅读 >第6篇：GRE作文精选：Argumentgre作文精选：argumentdiscusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepr esidentofnature'sway,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherh ealth-relatedproducts."previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitab leinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthyli ves.weshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinpainesville,which hasmanysuchresidents.painesvillemerchantsreportthatsalesofru nningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagodue tolackofbusiness,has未完，继续阅读 >第7篇：GMAT Argument作文备考方案范本参考不难看出，gmatargument作文主要考察的是考生的逻辑分析和判断能力，而提高此能力不妨结合cr部分；同时，考生也需要熟悉题库，力求对题目素材预先进行分析从而培养良好的判断和推论能力，并且多对行文结构和切入点有所构思甚至是设计，如此一来，便容易在考场上轻松写出一篇出*的文章了。
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ETS范文提炼模板（参考P16）The notion/statement/conception/concept that……seems/appe ars at first glance/to be an obvious/First of all/to begin with/as mentioned in the argument,……(逻辑缺陷).The statistics about/on……would be more accurate/ convincing/persuasive/convictiv e/eloquent if…….The argument above is weakened/crippled/impaired by the fa ct that it fails to/does not take into account…….Also/In addit ion/Additionally/Besides/Furthermore, the statistics/data/figure s above are based entirely/solely on…….The statistic s also does not differentiate between…and….The conclusion that…suggests/indicates/demonstrates/reveals that it is presumed that….This is usually not the case/this is not necessarily the case. Given that…,…(事实的原因).Finally, there is apparently/obviously/inherently no sufficient/ adequate evidence to testify/sustain that…….For example …To sum up, this argument fails to substantiate/authenticate/v erify his statement that……,for the evidence cited in the ana lysis/passage does not lead strong support to what the surv eyor claims/argues/states/maintains. To take the claim more c onvincing/persuasive, the speaker/author needs to provide/offer more information with regard to/concerning…….（尽量不用not可用fail to; for-as-since）Argument十大逻辑错误分类一﹑调查类错误1﹑调查过程错误Procedure⑴Selective sample:选择性样本/片面性样本（首先质疑不随机，随机也要大范围内随机，不能在小范围内随机;样本数量少,不够随机.）Unless the surveyor samples a sufficient number of…and doe s so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliab le to gauge…generally.⑵Quantity of sample:只有绝对值、相对值，没有数量insufficient (普遍性、代表性)The number of samples/respondents, itself, does not ensure/ guarantee representativeness. For example, if the sample incl udes/involves only……,then the results would no doubt sugg est…….⑶被访者是否说了真话，这是个小错误，可攻击也可不攻击（结果是否匿名、被访者是否有利益关系，比如衣服、价格We are not infor med whether the survey responses are anonymous, even con fidential. If they were not,……）2﹑调查结果类错误⑴数据是否有意义,数据是否含糊。
The argument tells us that many/a number of…….However th e spe aker fails to indicate the percentage of…….So this evide nce is far too vague to be meaningful.The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of …….⑵调查者错误researcher:应是中立机构或第三方(we, cross-benche r, non-aligned)⑶调查时间类错误,若不是close enough 就有问题;若有…ago…就有问题(according to a recent survey 不要攻击)When samples are used to make general claims about a part icular group, the sample should be gathered close enough in time to the generalization.A threshold paramount problem is that the argument neglect s to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted / carried out.补充词汇:名词:①survey, research, study, poll, investigation, statistics, data②sample, specimen, sampling, questionnaire, accidental sampl ing, random sample, class sampling, randomness③quantity, quality, absolute value, percentage, proportion④validity, statistical, validity⑤range, spectrum, scope动词:①select, choose, sample②indicate, investigate, examine, scrutinize, evaluate, assess③apply to, represent, stand for, embody其它:①valid, authentic②random, quantitative, statistical, representative, characteristi c,typical③far-ranging广泛的,普遍的, comprehensive, extensive④generally, universally二、充分与必要条件类错误sufficient evidence and necessary con dition充分条件：A发生导致D发生，A为D的充分条件攻击：不否认A是导致D发生的一个原因，但D的发生不光与A有关，还要B和C跟A一起起作用，对A我们要采取肯定的态度（once）必要条件：A不发生导致D不发生，A为D的必要条件攻击:我发现A未发生，D发生，D发生是由于B或C，对A我们采取否定态度（only without necessarily）The argument assumes to hastily that ___will necessarily/suffi ciently result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Per haps, ___.Moreover, ___.The fact that A is not sufficient for th e prediction that B___.The editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption tha t no factors other than A result in D. However, common sen se informs that this assumption is a poor/indefensible one. A myriad of other factors, including B or C might be the caus e of D. To be specific, ___. Without ruling out these and oth er possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A, can D.补充词汇:名词:Condition，prerequisite，requirement，sufficiency，aftermath，outcome，result，consequence动词：Constitute，establish，suffice导致：Cause，raise，conduce，induce，incur，trigger，breed，initiat e， ferment，provoke，ignite导致短语：Contribute to/lead to/give rise to/give birth to/account for/ be responsible for/be blamed for/result in/bring about/on/att ribute…to…/owe…to…/indebt…to/draw down(draw on)/be accom panied by表示起因于的短语：Result from/arise from/stem from/derive from/be parallel to(A is parallel to B;A起因于B)/be connected with/be associated with/be related to表示因为的介词短语：Because of/as a result of 因为(as a result 因此)/due to/owing to/on account of/thanks to/but for/in view of/by virtue of/f or the sake of三、因果关系类错误cause and effect fallacies1、无因果类错误non sequitur（与条件类错误类似），但是它的时态一般是已经发生的两件事情。