Socialinguistics_Dodie
topic 2 sociolinguistics and its research methods(1)
the Sociology of Language: is trying to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve to characterize particular social arrangements.
3. Adolescence: the models are now other adolescents, but the foundations of language have already been laid --- for most people it is too late to learn a new language or dialect perfectly. 4. Adulthood: the models are other adults, with current adolescents as a potential source of inspiration (or offence).
2.4 Sociolinguistic phenomena
1. An imaginary world --- an ideal one
society: clearly defined boundary language: everybody speaks the same language What would be the consequences?
2. the sociolinguistic development of
the child (p.14)
超全sociolinguistics
Chapter 8: SociolinguisticsLearning objectives●I. Sociolinguistics●II. Language variation●III. Language and gender●IV. Language and class●⏹Throughout the 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat theinquiry of linguistics as a Monistic or Autonomous Pursuit of an independent science.⏹The resurrection of a Dualistic View of linguistic inquiry, came into being in the1960s, along with the development of sociolinguistics as an opposition to the dominant theory of Chomskyan linguistics.I. Sociolinguistics⏹Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation❑between language and society,❑between the uses of language and the social structures in which the language users liveTwo perspectives⏹Micro-studies:❑To look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm’s-eye view of language in use.⏹Macro-studies:❑To look at society as a whole and consider how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, a bird’s eye view of the languageused in society.⏹Sociolinguistics is interested in how social factors influence the structure and use oflanguage.⏹Potential influencing social factors?❑class, gender, age, ethnic group, educational background, occupation, religion, etc.❑Comment on: You are what you say. (Lakoff 1991).⏹II. Language varieties⏹The key issue in sociolinguistics study is variation.❑ 1. Standard language❑ 2. Dialect❑ 3. Register❑ 4. Pidgin and Creole❑ 5. Lingua Franca❑ 6. Slang, jargon, and argot1. Standard language⏹George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion⏹ A particular variety of a language is better than any other.⏹This dominant, or prestigious variety is often called standard variety orstandard language/dialect⏹Quote: A language is a dialect with an army and navy.⏹Question: what is the definition of the standard language in China?⏹普通话的定义：❑以北京语音为标准音, 以北方话为基础方言, 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。
SociolinguisticsTheEssentialReadings社会语言学经典选读
.sg/Electronic Journal of Foreign Language T eaching2005, V ol. 2, No. 2, pp. 74-78© Centre for Language StudiesNational University of SingaporeReview of “Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings”《社会语言学：经典选读》评介Title Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings 《社会语言学：经典选读》Editors Christina Bratt Paulston & G. Richard TuckerY ear of Publication 2003ISBN 0-631-22717-2No. of Pages xviii+502pPlace of Publication OxfordPublisher BlackwellReviewed by Jingquan Li《社会语言学：经典选读》（Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings）由美国匹兹堡大学荣誉退休语言学教授Christina Bratt Paulston和美国卡内基美隆大学应用语言学教授、现代语言系主任G. Richard Tucker编写并作序，汇集28位社会语言学家影响深远的研究成果而成。
对于对社会语言学感兴趣的学生和老师来说，这是一个非常优秀的最新入门读本，由11个部分组成，共收录29篇论文，多数是再版，每个部分的首篇论文都是该子域的经典之作，接下来的论文大部分年代较近，是过去近50年社会语言学研究者的力作，其中一些专门为这个读本而作。
编者认为，每个部分都代表了社会语言学研究的一个主要领域。
每个部分都包括编者的导言，在导言末尾还列出了推荐阅读的文献目录；每个部分由1篇到6篇社会语言学特定领域经典研究论文组成；每个部分完结时还专辟一页空间，列出一些讨论题和活动实例。
Sociolinguistics
1.Definition: Sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline oguage in social contexts. 2. Two concerns: 1) the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups. 2) impact of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender, profession, and social status. 3. Five sections
1. Two definitions: 1) A speech community: a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 2) A social group: besides regionally, a social group may distinguish
Contents: 1. Speech community 2. Speech variety 3. Regional variation 4. Social variation 5. Stylistic variation 6. Idiolectal variation
Speech community
3. Language variation → → → → 1. Education varieties 4. Social dialect → →Age varieties 2. 3. Gender varieties 5. Ethnic dialect 4. Register varieties
新编简明语言学作业以及答案
1 Which of the following modes of study emphasizes the correct and standard usage of language选择一项：a. synchronicb. prescriptivec. diachronicd. descriptive正确答案是：prescriptive2 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,选择一项：a. cultural transmissionb. flexibilityc. displacementd. duality题目3An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.选择一项：对错题目4General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.选择一项：对错正确的答案是“对”。
\题目5Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.选择一项：a. senseb. objectsc. ideasd. sounds题目6正确获得分中的分标记题目题干The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s____.答案：反馈g正确答案是：syntax题目7正确获得分中的分标记题目题干According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language.选择一项：a. competenceb. parolec. performanced. langue反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：competence题目8正确获得分中的分标记题目题干Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.选择一项：对错反馈Tg正确的答案是“对”。
sociolinguistics
3.2 The Study Scopes of Sociolinguistics
社会语言学的研究范围：一般而言，包括以下几个方面: 1）一个国家或地区的语言状况如双言制（diglossia） 、双语、多语或多方言状况； 2）各种语言变体包括地域方言和社会方言（social dialect或sociolect）、标准语和土语（vernacular） 、正式语体（formal style）和非正式语体（informal style）等构造特点及其社会功能； 3）交谈情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人 际关系的相互作用； 4）社会以及不同的集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价 和态度以及由此产生的社会效应； 5）由于社会的、文化的、经济的、政治的种种原因以 及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律，等等。
empirical investigation.
It is related to methodology and contents of social sciences.
2. DEVELOPMENT AND MAIN REPRESENTATIVES
ORIGINS: Saussure’s & Chomsky’s concepts PROMINENT FIGURES: William Labov & Peter Trudgill
(3). It also studies the influence of the essence and differentiations of society on language (e.g. How to distinguish a person‟s status in his social class by groups, religion, gender, educational level, age, ethnic origin, etc. which he belongs to.) On the whole, sociolinguistics, drawing upon the theories and methods of different aspects of social sciences( such as sociology, anthropology, ethnography, psychology, geography, history, etc.), studies and researches language, and its social essence and differentiations, as well as its social factors.
高级英语写作2020尔雅答案
第一章节测验1【单选题】Baseball was invented as an urban game in order for owners to make money, players to become arrogant, and spectators to drink overpriced beer. The tone of the sentence is _____ ____. 答案：humorous•A、objective•B、nostalgic•C、humorous•D、bitter2【单选题】The Puritans came to the new land for religious freedom, ye t they allowed little freedom to their followers. Anne Hutch inson was banished from the colony for preaching that salvat ion can come through good works. The tone of the sentence is _________. 答案：ironic•A、ironic•B、sentimental•C、optimistic•D、friendly3【单选题】When I study now, I’m in a lab with 50 noisy computers. What happened to the quiet chair in a corner with a table for your books, papers, and pencils? The tone of the sent ence is _________. 答案：nostalgic•A、objective•B、nostalgic•C、bitter•D、critical4【单选题】If given the funding, scientists could trace most aggressive behavior of crime and violence to either too much testoste rone or low blood sugar. The tone of the sentence is _____ ____. 答案：objective•A、objective•B、sentimental•C、subjective•D、joyful5【单选题】Editorials in newspapers are written mainly to __________. 答案：argue a point•A、argue a point•B、entertain readers•C、provide information•D、tell a story6【单选题】Samuel Slater opened a new factory in Rhode Island in 1790 and employed seven boys and two girls between the ages of seven and twelve. The primary purpose of this sentence is to __________. 答案：inform readers•A、persuade readers•B、inform readers•C、to entertain readers•D、describe a place7【单选题】The CIA was engaged in (covert) activities in South America that were not made public. The word in the paranthesis me ans _____. 答案：hidden•A、foreign•B、dishonest•C、dangerous•D、hidden8【单选题】The meeting was brief, and the message was (concise) and to the point. The word in the paranthesis means _________. 答案：short•A、laborious•B、lengthy•C、short•D、important9【单选题】If we have to have a pet around the house, get one that is (docile) and easy to manage. The word in the paranthesis means_________. 答案：gentle•A、gentle•B、short•C、sick•D、young10【单选题】He talked so loudly that it became the (dominant) characteri stic of his personality, the one you remembered. The word i n the paranthesis means _________. 答案：outstanding•A、outstanding•B、laudable•C、negative•D、diminished11【单选题】The student was accused of (plagiarism) because the term pap er contained the exact words of an author without giving a reference. The word in the paranthesis means__________. 答案：stealing words•A、stealing words•B、false handwriting•C、counterfeiting•D、sin12【判断题】Much of our lives, in fact, is spent filling out surveys, taking tests, and being interviewed. This statement is a fac t. 答案：错误13【判断题】Alder, too, believed that early childhood experiences shaped the human personality, but he emphasized the social nature o f the child’s urges. This statement is an opinion. 答案：错误14【判断题】When you use annotations to clarify, you can underline key statements, number supporting arguments, define unusual words, and paraphrasing difficult passages. 答案：正确15【判断题】In the margin of a book you explicitly state the ideas onl y indirectly suggested by the text. This is annotation to e valuate. 答案：错误16【判断题】If the meaning of words or structure is unclear, a well-pla ced question mark will remind you of what is puzzling. 答案：正确17【判断题】Feel free to express your bold or unusual opinions with any type of phrase, mark, or sign that conveys your attitude. In this case, you are using the annotations to evaluate.答案：正确18【判断题】Through annotations to clarify, you may recognize your reacti ons and express them in writing. 答案：错误19【判断题】A reading journal is a diary of your thought processes. 答案：正确20【判断题】The reading journal provides the space for more extended ide as-and particularly for ideas not tied to a particular passa ge of the original. 答案：正确21【判断题】You should avoid shifting the topic, contradicting yourself, or losing sense in your journal. 答案：错误22【判断题】Like any type of writing, your reading journal needs to be convincing. 答案：错误23【判断题】Unlike marginal comments, what you write in the journal is often decided by your teacher. 答案：错误24【判断题】One technique for developing the habit of keeping a journal is freewriting. 答案：正确25【判断题】Outlining is a form of note-taking that gives a quick displ ay of key issues and essential supporting details. 答案：正确26【判断题】The outline forces you to sort out significant details and decide on levels of importance. 答案：正确27【判断题】When taking notes in outline form, record as many details a s you can. 答案：错误28【判断题】Always remember you are outlining to save time for later st udy and review. 答案：正确第二章节测验1【单选题】Which of the following sentences makes the best main idea?答案：B•A、Walking for twenty minutes a day three times a week strengt hens the heart.•B、Swimming utilizes all the muscles of the body and improves lung capacity.•C、Exercise is important.•D、Exercise can contribute to a healthier heart and stronger lu ngs.2【单选题】Which of the following sentences makes the best main idea?答案：D•A、As a college student there are many appealing coursesof study from which to choose.•B、Computer science programs are increasingly popular.•C、Child care and teaching appeal to a large number of students.•D、Many high school students attend college.3【单选题】Which of the following sentences makes the best main idea?答案：For many of us, our relationship with our parents is unquestionably our greatest cause of stress.•A、Some of us suffer great stress over our relationships.•B、Much of our adult lives is spent trying to come to terms with one of our parents.•C、Many people seek therapy to cope with parental relationships.•D、For many of us, our relationship with our parents isunquestionably our greatest cause of stress.4【单选题】People are increasingly concerned about food safety, and matt ers such as food-borne illnesses, environmental contaminations, natural toxicants in foods, pesticides, and food additives. Moving the food from the field to processors, stores, and onto your table requires a vast network. Public agencies m onitor this huge network. Which of the following is the bes t topic for the passage? 答案：food safety•A、food safety•B、public agencies•C、food-borne illnesses•D、pesticides5【单选题】Health is a cultural concept that is defined differently in different cultures. The prevailing definition of health has evolved from the “absence of illness”to the broader ter m, wellness, with its definition as “a life-style that emph asizes such health- promoting behaviors as eating a healthful diet, avoiding harmful substances, enjoying regular exercise, and cultivating self-esteem.”Which of the following is be st topic for this passage? 答案：definition of health•A、cultural concepts•B、definition of health•C、cultivating self-esteem•D、eating a healthful diet6【单选题】Sociolinguistics is concerned with the ethnography of speaking , that is, with cultural and subcultural patterns of speech variation in different social contexts. The sociolinguist mi ght ask, for example, what kinds of things one talks aboutin casual conversations with a stranger. A foreigner may k now English vocabulary and grammar well but may not know th at one typically chats with a stranger about the weather or where one comes from, and not about what one ate that da y or how much money one earns. A foreigner may be familiar with much of the culture of a North American city, but i f that person divulges the real state of his or her health and feelings to the first person who says, “How are you?”he or she has much to learn about “small talk”in No rth American English. Similarly, North Americans tend to get confused in societies where greetings are quite different f rom ours. People in some other societies may ask a greeting , “Where are you going?”or “What are you cooking?”Som e Americans may think such questions are rude; others may t ry to answer in excruciating detail, not realizing that only vague answers are expected, just as we don’t really expec t a detailed answer when we ask people “How are you?”--Judith Resnick & Lanny Lester, Text & Thought, pp. 194-195 Which of the following is the best summary for this passa ge? 答案：Sociolinguists are interested in how speech is used in different cultures and different social contexts, such as in making small talk and greeting people.•A、A foreigner may be familiar with the English languagebut not with the appropriate topics for making small talk.•B、North Americans may not respond appropriately to greetings in other societies.•C、Conversation differs around the world.•D、Sociolinguists are interested in how speech is used in different cultures and different social contexts, suchas in making small talk and greeting people.7【单选题】Paraphrase Nine out of ten doctors responding to a survey s aid they recommend our product to their patients if they re commend anything. Which of the following best explains the m eaning of the original sentence? 答案：If they recommend anything, nine out of ten doctors responding to a survey recommend the product.•A、Nine out of ten doctors recommend the product.•B、Of the doctors who responded to a survey, nine out of ten doctors recommend the product.•C、If they recommend anything, nine out of ten doctors responding to a survey recommend the product.•D、Most doctors recommend the product.8【单选题】Paraphrase This organization may succeed marvelously at whatit wants to do, but what it wants to do may not be all that important. Which of the following best explains the mea ning of the original sentence? 答案：Although the organization may reach its goals, the goals might not be important.•A、Although the organization may reach its goals, the goals might not be important.•B、The organization is marvelous.•C、What the organization wants is marvelous.•D、The organization does not have a clear goal.9【单选题】Paraphrase This book contains a totally new outlook that com bines the wisdom of the past with scientific knowledge to s olve the problems of the present. Which of the following be st explains the meaning of the original sentence? 答案：In this book, current knowledge and past wisdom are combined to solve current problems.•A、Problems of the past and present are solved in this book.•B、In this book, current knowledge and past wisdom are combined to solve current problems.•C、Only by using knowledge of the past and present can we solve problems.•D、None of today’s problems can be solved without scientific knowledge.10【单选题】Paraphrase It would be difficult to overpraise this book. Wh ich of the following best explains the meaning of the origi nal sentence? 答案：This book deserves much praise.•A、This is a difficult book.•B、It is difficult not to overpraise this book.•C、This book deserves much praise.•D、It is difficult to praise this book.11【单选题】Paraphrase When there is an absence of reliable information about drugs, the risks involved in using them are greatly i ncreased. Which of the following best explains the meaning o f the original sentence? 答案：Using drugs is more dangerous when we don’t know what effects and danger are involved.•A、There is no reliable information about drugs.•B、There are no risks involved in using drugs if we have reliable information about them.•C、The risks involved in using drugs have increased. •D、Using drugs is more dangerous when we don’t know what effects and danger are involved.。
Sociolinguistics
引言
社会语言学是一门年轻的学科，从确立 至今只有 40年左右的历史，但却因其独 特的学科性质和极强的发展能力而备受 关注。 社会语言学的确立以1964年在美国召开 的第9届国际语言学大会为标志。
历史背景
考察语言问题需结合社会因素的思想在 中西学术史中早已有之。 但直到18、19世纪、语言的社会性质才 真正引起人们的重视。有关语言和社会 关系的论述开始出现在一些著名学者的 文章、著作中。
主要流派
社会方言学（social dialectology） 语言社会学（sociology of language） 交际民族志学（ethnopology of communication） 语言社会心理学（social psychology of language） 互动社会语言学（interactional sociolinguistics）
而且成为许多大学语言学系的专业课程， 得到了学术界的普遍承认。
历史背景
就连当初把社会语言学研究比喻为采集蝴蝶标 本的工作，认为其重要性无法同理论语言学相 提并论的乔姆斯基，最后也改变了看法，声称 从不怀疑社会语言学研究在语言科学中的合法 地位。 当代社会语言学的应用研究在法律、广告、诊 断、教育等领域内广泛开展，已经成为社会文 化的有机组成部分之一，引起了越来越多的关 注。
主要流派
互动社会语言学（interactional sociolinguistics）
曾被译为“交际社会语言学”或“相互交往社 会语言学” 会话过程绝不是一个简单的罗列词语的过程。 研究语言和非语言知识在会话过程中的作用以 及说话人的社会文化背景如何跟这些知识相互 影响。
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Social factors, e.g. social backgrounds, influence their linguistic forms. Grammatical level E.g. I did it yesterday. I done it yesterday. Phonetic level E.g. [n] Accent E.g. RP
Language and Gender (1)
Gender differences in language
phonetic level intonation lexicon grammatical level (language structure) more status-conscious more ‗correct‘, more polite
Cause asymmetrical situation, resulting in some arguments.
(You Just Don’t Understand by D. Tannen, 1990.)
Language and Gender (4)
Sexism in language: prejudice against women
Regional dialect
Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region (e.g. Br.E. & Am.E.). Reasons Geographical barriers (major) Loyalty to one‘s native speech Physical and psychological resistance to change Trend Less stable than before E.g. Young people are less likely to speak their local dialect all the time and are more likely to be influenced by the language spoken in town and on radio and TV.
Chapter 8
Language and society
LOGO
Things we’ll cover today
Definition
Varieties of language Pidgin and Creole Bilingualism and Diglossia
Speech community and speech variety
Speech community- the social group that is singled ---out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community. Speech variety or language variety---- any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. In sociolinguistic study three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects and registers.
Language and Gender (3)
Conclusion:
Women: “Rapport talk” (“trouble talk”)—recount their trouble, and expect sympathy, understanding, affirmation, but not a solution. Men: “Report talk” (“solution talk”)—exhibiting knowledge and skill, holding center stage thus storytelling, joking, or imparting information.
Varieties of language
Dialectal varieties Register Degree of formality >>
Dialectal vxism in language (Examples)
Settlers moved west taking their wives and children with them. Alternatives: Use "families" for "wives and children" Farmers found their drought conditions difficult, and so did their wives. Alternatives: Use "spouses" for "wives" It has been falsely said that the Greeks mistreated their wives. Alternatives: Use "Greek males" <<
Varieties of language
No
two speakers speak exactly the same way. No one speaks exactly the same way every single time. People have different ways to express the same thing.
Male terms precede female terms
E.g. man and woman; his or her; boys and girls
Male terms used to refer to people in general Feminine words formed from masculine words Negative meaning in feminine words
Male terms --- people in general
Sexist language excludes women or renders them invisible. The use of the generic masculine subsuming all humanity in the terms man, father, brother, master. E.g. mankind – human race; forefather – ancestor chairman – chairperson; man-made – artificial E.g. Each student should bring his notebook to class every day.
The relatedness between language and society
There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. 1. Language is often used to establish and maintain social relationships. (e.g. greeting) 2. The use of language is in part determined by the user‘s social background. (social class, age, sex, education level, etc.)
3. Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. (―snow‖ for Eskimo) 4. As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social (the postvocalic [r] ).
Men: focus on “status” ( so “independence”, the key) Although different norms, neither is wrong or worse, or etc. But, it means women and men often talk at cross-purposes (without realizing it). 话不投机
Exercise The function of the sentence ‗A nice day, isn‘t it?‘ is _____. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative
Language and Gender (2)
Different norms for the conversational styles: Women: focus on “connection” (solidarity), so