Chapter 2 Kinematics
Quiz questions:
Two stones are release from rest at certain height one after the other
• A) Will the difference in their speed increase, decrease or stay the same
Instantaneous velocity
• Using motion diagrams and graphs
Vs lim s ds t0 t dt
Stop to think 2.2 Which velocity-versus-time goes with the position –versus-time graph
B) Will their separation distance increase, decrease or stay the same
x (t 3 3t)m 1.What is particle’s position at t = 2s?
x = -8+6 = -2 m
2. What is the velocity at t = 2s V dx (3t2 3)m / s dt
V|t=2 = -3(2)2+3=-9 m/s
Finding position from Velocity
g = 9.8m/s2 If we choose the y-axis to point vertically up
a( freefall) g
Example 2.16 A falling rock A rock is released from rest at the top of 100-m-tall building. How long does the rock take to fall to the ground, what is impact velocity?
a) What was the rocket’s acceleration during the first 16 s.
The rocket launched with Vo = 0, after 16 s
V1 0 at 16a
y1 0 1/ 2at 2 128 a
b) After motor stops, the acceleration is –g as free fall.
Motion in one dimension
• Determining the signs of position, velocity and acceleration
Motion along a straight line
1s 2s
3s
4s
Can be illustrated by
position-versus-time graph:
tf
Sf Si Vsdt
tiபைடு நூலகம்
Sf Si area under thevolocitycurveVs between tiand tf
Example 2.9
1.Where is particle’s turning point? 2.At what time does the particle reach the origin?
Instantaneous Acceleration
a lim V dV t0 t dt
tf
Vf Vi adt
ti
Homework 2.50
• A 1000Kg weather rocket is launched straight up. The rocket motor provides a constant acceleration for 16s, then the motor stops. The rocket altitude 20 s after launch is 5100m. You can ignore the air resistance
x
Continuous
(smooth) curve
Origin (x=0)
10 20
40
cm cm
cm
x
70 cm
1
2
3
4 t(s)
Position vs time graphs
Interpreting a position graph
1.What is the position at t =0min 2.What is the position at t =30min 3.What is the velocity at t = 20min 4.What is the velocity at t = 50min 5. What is the acceleration at t=20min 6. If this is V vs. t graph, and x = 0 km at t = 0min. What is the position at t = 80 min
Chapter 2: Kinematics
• 2.1 Uniform Motion • 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity • 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity • 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration • 2.5 Free Fall • 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane • 2.7* Instantaneous Acceleration
Finding velocity from position graphically
Uniform Motion
• V(avg)= comstant • The position-vs-graph
is a straight line • Vs = ∆s/ ∆t • Sf = Si + Vs ∆t
y2 y1 (v1t 1/ 2g(t2 t1)2 ) 128 a 16a 4 1/ 2 9.8 42
192a 78.4 5100 a 27m / s2
c) The rocket’s speed as it passes through a cloud 5100m above the ground
C
Relating a velocity graph to a position graph
The value of the Tvelocity at Any time equals the slope of The position graph
• Using calculus to find the velocity Ex. A particle’s position is given by the function
Two objects dropped from the same height will, if air resistance can be neglected Hit the ground at the same time and with the same speed
Free Fall
a( freefall) g, vertically downward
Stop to think 2.1 P38 Stop to think 2.2 P44 Stop to think 2.3 P48 Stop to think 2.4 P54 Stop to think 2.5 P61
Example 2.3 P 40 Example 2.4 P 41 Example 2.7 P 45 Example 2.10 P 47 Example 2.14 P 53 Example 2.16 P 56 Example 2.18 P 58
What is the maximum velocity of the rocket sled? What is the total distance traveled?
The apple and feather in this photograph are falling in a vacuum
s (Vf Vi) t (Vf Vi) (Vf Vi) Vf 2 Vi2 2as
2
2
a
See page 57
Example 2.13
A rocket sled accelerates at 50m/s2 for 5.0 s. Coasts for 3.0 s, then deploys a parachute and decelerates at 3.0m/s2 until coming to a halt.
Motion with constant acceleration
a V Vf Vi
t
t
Definition of acceleration
Vf Vi at
If set t0=0s, ∆t = t
s (Vf Vi) t (Vi at Vi) t Vit 1/ 2a(t)2
2
2
• Y0=100m Y1=0m • Vy0= 0 m/s t0 = 0 s
y1 y0 1/ 2gt 2
t 2(y0 y1) 2(100 0) 4.52s
g
g
V1y V 0y gt 9.8 4.52 44.3m / s
Motion on an inclined plane
| as | g sin
kinematics(动力学)1动力学课件
The subjects that occupied physical scientists through the end of the nineteenth century----mechanics, light, heat, sound, electricity and magnetism-------are usually referred to as classical physics.
Velocity is the rate at which the position changes. • Average Velocity The average velocity of a particle during the time interval Δt is defined as the ratio of the displacement to the time interval.
It is classical physics we must master to understand the macroscopic world we live in, and classical physics is the main subject of the first part of the course.
K Δr and Δr
K Δr ≠ Δr
#mech001
Which of the following statements is (are) true ? (a) Δr is the magnitude of the displacement .
G (b) Δr is the magnitude of the displacement.
z
P1
G v1
北京大学物理系英语教材
北京大学物理系英语教材Beijing University Physics Department English TextbookIntroduction:The Beijing University Physics Department English textbook is designed to be a comprehensive resource for students studying physics in English at Beijing University. This textbook aims to provide students with a solid foundation in the principles and concepts of physics while simultaneously improving their English language skills. The content of this textbook has been carefully selected to ensure an effective and efficient learning experience for students.Chapter 1: Introduction to PhysicsIn this chapter, students will be introduced to the fundamental concepts of physics. They will learn about the scientific method, units and measurements, and the basic principles that govern the behavior of matter and energy. Through interactive exercises and real-life examples, students will develop a strong understanding of the key principles that form the building blocks of physics.Chapter 2: MechanicsThe study of mechanics is essential in understanding the motion of objects. This chapter delves into the laws of motion, including Newton's laws, kinematics, and dynamics. Students will explore various types of motion, such as linear, circular, and rotational motion. Through practicalexamples and problem-solving exercises, students will gain a deeper understanding of how forces and motion interact.Chapter 3: ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the study of heat and energy transfer. In this chapter, students will learn about the laws of thermodynamics and their applications. Concepts such as temperature, heat, entropy, and energy conservation will be explored in detail. Students will also be introduced to various thermodynamic processes and cycles, enabling them to analyze and solve problems related to energy transfer.Chapter 4: ElectromagnetismThis chapter focuses on the principles of electromagnetism. Students will learn about electric fields, magnetic fields, and the relationship between them. They will explore topics such as electromagnetic induction, electric circuits, and the behavior of charged particles in magnetic fields. The chapter also covers important concepts like Gauss's law, Ampere's law, and Faraday's law.Chapter 5: OpticsOptics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of light. In this chapter, students will study the properties of light, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction. They will explore the principles of geometric optics and learn about the formation of images by mirrors and lenses. The chapter also covers topics such as interference, polarization, and the wave nature of light.Chapter 6: Modern PhysicsThe final chapter of the textbook introduces students to the fascinating world of modern physics. They will explore topics such as quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, and the structure of atoms. Students will gain insights into the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels, and understand the fundamental principles that govern the physical world.Conclusion:The Beijing University Physics Department English textbook provides students with a comprehensive and accessible guide to physics in English. By combining the principles of physics with English language learning, this textbook aims to enhance students' understanding of physics while improving their language skills. With its clear explanations, engaging examples, and challenging exercises, this textbook is a valuable resource for students at Beijing University and beyond.。
完整版)大学物理笔记
完整版)大学物理笔记Chapter 1: Proton Kinematics1.Reference frame: A standard object chosen to describe the n of an object.2.Coordinate system3.Particle: Under certain ns。
the n of an object can be represented by the n of any point on the object。
which can be treated as a point with mass。
This point is called a particle (ideal model).4.n vector (displacement vector): A vector pointing from the origin of the coordinate system to the n of the particle.5.Displacement: The increment of the n vector in the timeint erval Δt.6.Velocity: Speed of n.7.XXX: The average rate of change of velocity.8.XXX quantities.9.ns of n.10.Principle of n of n.n vector: r = r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k Displacement: Δr = r(t+Δt) - r(t) = Δxi + Δyj + Δzk In general。
Δr ≠ ΔrVelo city: v = lim Δr/Δt = i(dx/dt) + j(dy/dt) + k(dz/dt) XXX: a = lim dv/dtCircular nj + k = xi + yj + zkXXX: ω = dθ/dtXXX: α = dω/dtXXX: a = an + atNormal n: an = v^2/R pointing towards the center of the circleXXX: at = Rα along the XXXLinear velocity: v = RωArc length: s = RθChapter 2: XXX1.XXX:XXX's First Law: An object at rest will remain at rest。
机器人学运动学分析_Kinematics
Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems
Kinematics
Joints can be classified by the degrees of freedom allowed or restricted. The commonly used joints are listed in Table 1. 3.2.3 Mobility Analysis One of the basic steps in the kinematic analysis of mechanical systems is to determine the number of degrees of freedom or independent coordinates required to determine the configuration of the system. It can be shown that the number of constraints provided by a joint is equal to the number of degrees of freedom eliminated from the unconstraint system as a result of using this joint. In the planar system, the configuration of a rigid body undergoing unconstrained motion can be described by three independent coordinates due to the common constraints. Therefore, a planar system with n unconstrained movable bodies has 3 n DOF. If the system has p joints, each of which provides two constraints (note the common constraints), then the number of degrees of the system can be evaluated by the mobility (Glubler) criterion
物理公式1(英文版)
小学六年级数学教研组工作计划模板一、指导思想本学期六年级数学教研组以学校教学工作计划为指导，加强课程理论学习，进一步转变教育观念，更新教学方式，提高自身的教育科研能力，提高课堂教学效率。
探索高效课堂下的课堂常规管理模式，提高课堂教学水平，使得教研组在课题研究和教学质量等方面进一步得到稳步提高。
创设高效、民主、合力的教育氛围，全面提升各位数学教师的教学质量。
二、工作目标1、把集体备课落到实处。
做好集体备课教案的二次修改和反思。
上好每一节课。
2、进一步提升教师的自身素质和业务水平努力，提升教师素养，提高教学水平。
3、注重学生兴趣的培养，提高学生的积极性，全面提高学生的综合素质。
4、重点做好毕业生思想健康方面的工作，确保学生安全健康的发展三、主要工作1、加大口算训练力度，努力提高学生计算水平。
口算是一切计算的基础，让口算训练体现在天天练中，每节数学课都训练一定数量的口算题，并在训练过程中逐步提高要求。
2、继续学习新课程理论，加强教育教学的理论学习本学期我们全体数学教师继续以高效为主要的学习内容。
组织切实有效的学习和讨论活动，用先进的教育理论，改变传统的教学模式。
要求教师们把高效课堂的理念渗透到教学中，教学注重以培养学生的合作交流意识和实践创新能力为主，注重尊重学生的需要，培养学生的自学能力。
3、精心备好每一节课本学期我们组备课力求体现学生的主体性，在备课中充分发挥团队的作用，做到资源共享。
充分利用集体研讨的时间，讨论交流一周工作的得与失，并对下一阶段教学提出自己的看法4、认真上好每一节课本学期根据学校要求，上好示范课、教研课和汇报课，做到各种课型都能上到。
在评课时每位教师认真总结，积极写好案例。
5、做好培优补差工作，提高教学质量。
在大面积提高教学质量的同时，坚持不放弃每一个后进生，以良好的心态接纳他们，给他们以更多的关心和爱护，相信每一个学生都能学到自己适合的数学，让他们在数学学习上有所进步，以提高的数学成绩合格率。
物理英文版
Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsUniversity PhysicsDepartment of Physics School of Science2006Professor XiaoguangZhangReference BooksPhysics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics: D. C. Giancoli. (高等教育出版社)Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: 西尔斯物理学，Young & Freedman, (机械工业出版社)《大学物理学》(五本)，张三慧，(清华大学出版社)《大学物理学》(三本)，吴百诗主编，(高等教育出版社) 习题指导书——《吴百诗大学物理学习题分析与解答》，李存志等，(高等教育出版社)。
Chapter 1 Introduction and VectorsImportant contentsSignificant figures （有效数字）.¾How to denote the significant figures for a number?¾Scientific notation.¾How to treat the number of significant figures when multiplying or dividing, and adding or subtracting.SI unit system （单位制）.¾Base units & derived units; 7 base units for SI unit system.¾The standards of Length, Time, and Mass.¾Unit prefixes.Dimensions and Dimensional analysis （量纲与量纲分析）.¾Check an equation by dimensional consistency.Order-of-magnitude.§1 Measurements, Estimating (Self taught)The transmission speed for optical fiber telecommunicationsAmerican standard: SONET (synchronous optical network).International standard: SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy).bit rate for OC-768 (STM-256)=39.813 Gbit/s ≈40Gbit/s, the bit period T B ≈25 ps20.0 ps/div40 Gbit/s RZ code50.0 ps/div10 Gbit/s RZ codeThe screens of an oscilloscopeAn older unit of length used for atomic scale: angstrom (A)In Bohr theory of hydrogen, the orbits of the electron around the proton are quantized: r n =n 2a 0The smallest radius a 0is called the Bohr Radius .。
运动技能学习与控制第2章运动操作的测量
第二章 运动操作的测量
图2. 3运用半径误差RE测量 操作准确性的范例。操作任 务是个体向圆形目标投掷飞 镖，投掷的目标是击中圆形 的中心(在图中用+表示)。个 体击中目标的位置用O表示。 RE就是有X轴和丫轴围成的 直角三角形的斜边(h)。
图2. 4个体每次反应与目标之间的差异用 均方根误差《RMSE)计算《经授权摘自F ranks，I .M .et al.，1982 .The generatio n of movement patterns during the acqu isition of a pursuit tracking task. Human Movement Science，1:251-271.Copyrig hts 1982 Elsevier/North-Holland，Amst erdam，The Netherlands)。
•
图2. 6角-角图显示熟练跑步者(上图)和三例肘一膝切断手术患者(下图)在跑步时膝-大腿之间的关系。 图中的缩写同侧支撑( IFS)、同侧腾空(ITO )、对侧支撑(CFS)、对侧腾空(CTO》表示跑步的四个组 成部分
六、动力学（kinetics）
• 动力学是指在运动研究中对力的探讨。 运 动学在不考虑运动产生原因的条件下对运 动的描述。 • 举例：实验室中将要进的测力板。 • 七、肌电图的测量（EMG） 记录激活开始 和结束的时间。 观察肌肉激活记录序列可 以了 解动作过程的协调性。
0101Chapter 1 Kinematics of a Particle
(1.3)
where the rectangular components see Fig. 1. l (b). Sample problem 1.1 In Fig. the crank OA of the scotch yoke is turning with a constant angular velocity ω rad/s. Derive the expressions for the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the sliding member.
y 8mm / s 2 ay v
Substituting t=2.090s, we obtain
机械程系
3
机械基础
Vector Mechanics
Statics and Dynamics
a x 37.8mm / s 2
and
a y 8mm / s 2
Therefore the acceleration vector at y=30mm a=37.8i +8j mm/ s 2 The pictorial representation of a is
R sin2ωt 2
z=Rsin 2 ωt
where R and ω are constants. (1) By calculating the magnitude of the position vector r show that the path line on a sphere of radius R, centered at the origin of the coordinate system. (2) Determine the rectangular and the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration vectors. Solution Part 1 The magnitude of the position vector can be calculated using r 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 . Substituting the given Expressions for the rectangular coordinates we obtain
机器人学导论 chapter2
DONG QiuhuangCollege of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, FAFU.Mathematical BasisManipulator-Mechanism Design 2Mathematical basisIntroduction4and tools will be some sort of mechanism.How to define the manipulate mathematical quantities （数学量）that represent location of the body?IntroductionRigid Body Motion （刚体运动）Position andOrientation Mathematical Quantities (Coordinates)Velocities, Forces （速度和力）must define coordinate systems representation.Mathematical basisDescription （描述）83×1 position vector.DescriptionCatesian coordinate system (笛卡尔坐标系):9Description10Description of Orientations （姿态描述）position , but also need to describe its orientation in the space.DescriptionHow to describe the orientation of a body ?Description of Orientationsreference system.Description12Description of OrientationsDescription1314Description of OrientationsDescriptionDescription of OrientationsDescriptionObtain the projection of that vector onto the unit directions of its reference coordinate.Example:Compute the Rotation MatrixRotation about axisExample:Rotation about axis:Rotation about axis:Description of OrientationsDescription19Description20manipulator hand is a position DescriptionWe define such a entity which contain the pair of position and Mathematical basiscoordinate system .工具坐标系目标坐标系固定坐标系基座坐标系Mapping23Mathematics of changing descriptions of the same quantity from frame to frame.1. Translation(平移）已知S 点在坐标系{B}中的表达，那么在坐标系{A}中如何表达？242. Rotation （旋转）求矢量在坐标系{A}三个主轴上的投影。
流体力学英语词汇
流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。