2018四联法硕考研英语(一)真题及答案(完整版)
2018四联法硕考研英语(一)真题及答案(完整版)2018四级研究生入学考试英语(1)真题及参考答案(完整版)第一节英语用法说明:阅读以下课文，为每个编号的空格选择最佳单词，并在答题卡上标记A、B、C或D。
(10分)Tmst是一项棘手的业务。
一方面，这是一个必要条件1——许多值得利用的东西:孩子蔡锷、友谊等等。
另一方面，把yom* 2放在错误的地方往往会得到一个很高的4，我们为什么要信任它呢？因为感觉很好。
5个人把他们的名字放在一个人或机构里，他们的大脑会释放催产素，这是一种荷尔蒙，它能带来愉悦的感觉，并能刺激羊群行为。
科学家发现，暴露于这种激素会使我们陷入一种信任的状态:瑞士阿利的一项研究中，研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻子里；与吸入其他东西的人相比，这些受试者愿意向陌生人借更多的钱。
对我们来说，我们对不诚实也有第六感，这可能会使我们变得不诚实。
加拿大的一项研究发现，14个月大的孩子就能区分出13个可信的人和不诚实的人。
60个初学走路的孩子每人14个，交给一个拿着塑料容器的成人测试员。
测试人员会问，“这里有什么？”在看着容器之前，微笑着喊道，“哇！”然后，每个受试者都被邀请看起来像15岁。
他们中的一半找到了一个玩具；另一半16容器是空的——并且意识到测试人员有它们。
在没有被欺骗的孩子中，大多数在18岁时与测试者合作学习新闻技巧，这表明他们测试了liis的领导能力。
19岁，与“20”名受试者配对的30名儿童中只有5名参加了后续活动。
1.[甲]2号。
[信仰3。
[福利4。
[[]因此5。
[:直到6点。
[选择7。
[咨询。
[:9点。
[上下文10。
[答]对应11。
[·阿]富米12。
[甲]班长13号。
14岁之间的[。
[甲]转移15。
[:16分。
[发现了17个。
[背叛[像[担心[债务[然后[除非[生产[以情绪竞争替代品幸运的保护在…之内被加回来被证明被冤枉被注意被希望代替虽然适用于连接在…期间同事奇怪对…感到惊讶想起了[·迪]嘲笑18。
[甲]被迫19。
[:相比之下，20。
[A]不灵活的[B)愿意的[B)结果[B)无能的[C)犹豫的[C)总的来说[C)不可靠的[D)标题为[D]例如[D]不合适的部分指导:阅读以下四个测试。
选择A、B、C或D来回答每篇课文下面的问题。
在答题纸上标出你的答案。
(40分)Text 1在影响中产阶级的恼人挑战中，有一个可能在下一次总统竞选中不会被提及:当机器人来找他们的工作时会发生什么？不要完全排除这种可能性。
根据牛津大学的一项研究，大约一半的美国工作面临自动化的高风险，中产阶级1999被过度挤压。
像园艺或日托这样的低收入工作对机器人没有吸引力。
但是许多中产阶级的职业——理财建议、软件工程——已经引起了我的兴趣，或者很快会引起。
富人拥有机器人，所以他们会没事的。
这不是危言耸听。
乐观主义者指出，技术剧变过去曾让工人受益。
工业革命对那些工作被机械化织机取代的勒德分子来说并不顺利，但它最终提高了生活水平，创造了比它摧毁的更多的工作。
同样，自动化最终会提高生产率，通过降低价格刺激需求，让工人从繁重的劳动中解放出来。
但在中等收入国家，中产阶级工人可能需要很多帮助来适应。
正如埃里克·布林约尔夫森和安德鲁·麦卡菲在《第二个机器时代》中所说，第一步应该是重新思考教育和职业培训。
从格莱米尼亚大学到大学，CiuTiculums应该发展成更少地关注记忆事实，更多地关注创造力和复杂的交流。
职业学校应该在培养199解决问题的技能和帮助学生与机器人一起工作方面做得更好。
网络教育可以补充传统教育。
它可以使额外的培训和指导变得负担得起。
获得新技能的缇萦专业人士将能够在不负债的情况下做到这一点。
应对金融危机的挑战凸显了美国重振其日渐衰退的商业活力的必要性:创办新公司必须变得更加容易。
在过去最剧烈的技术变革时代，企业家们通过想出将劳动力和劳动力结合起来的方法来平稳过渡。
3D打印机和虚拟现实的最佳用途还没有被发明出来。
美国需要会发明它们的新公司。
最后，因为自动化有可能扩大资本收入和劳动收入之间的差距，所以必须重新考虑税收和安全网。
低工资劳动者的税收需要削减，工资补贴如收入所得税抵免应该扩大:这将增加收入，鼓励工作，奖励创造就业的公司，减少不平等。
9技术将在未来几年大大小小地改善社会，但对于那些发现自己的生活和职业被自动化颠覆的人来说，这并不是什么安慰。
摧毁我们的实验室将是疯狂的。
但是帮助工人适应的政策是不可或缺的。
21。
谁将受到自动化的最大威胁？[:主要的政治家。
[·B]低薪劳工。
机器人所有者。
中产阶级工人。
22。
以下哪一个最能代表作者的[？答:对自动化的担忧事实上是毫无根据的。
[·B]乐观主义者对新技术的看法没有得到多少支持。
[C]自动化产生的问题需要解决[D]新技术的负面影响可以避免23。
自动化时代的教育应该让[有更多的创造潜力。
[:求职技巧。
个人需求。
[]合作精神。
24。
作者建议税收政策应针对[，鼓励自动化的发展。
[乙]增加资本投资的回报。
[缓解贫富之间的敌意。
[·D]防止收入差距扩大。
25。
在这篇文章中，作者提出了一个与[相反的观点的问题。
[乙]可能的解决办法。
其惊人的影响。
[D]它的主要变化。
文本2视图？哈佛大学的一项新调查发现，超过三分之二的美国年轻人不赞成总统使用推特。
这意味着千禧一代更喜欢通过其他渠道过滤白宫的新闻，而不是总统的社交媒体平台。
大多数美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条。
然而，随着对所有媒体的不信任增加，人们可能开始提高他们的媒体素养。
这种趋势是非常需要的。
根据牛津大学的数据，在2016年的总统竞选期间，在政治批评的米其利根州，推特用户分享的网络内容几乎有四分之一是虚假新闻。
为BuzzFeed News进行的一项调查发现，44%的脸书用户要么完全信任，要么从不信任这个媒体巨头的新闻。
在网络空间里，数字时代的年轻允许他们重新分享新闻，作为他们价值观和兴趣的投影。
这迫使用户更加意识到他们在传递信息中的作用。
巴马研究中心的一项调查发现，美国人给出的虚假新闻现象的首要原因不仅仅是虚构的故事或报道中的事实错误。
关于第三种说法，虚假新闻的问题在于通过社交媒体“对真实新闻的曲解或夸大”。
换句话说，选择在社交媒体上分享新闻可能是问题的核心。
”这表明在应对这一问题上有真正的个人责任，”巴马集团总编辑罗克珊·斯通说。
因此，当年轻人批评一个过度发推的总统时，他们揭示了一种思维技能的心理训练——以及在社交媒体上分享的时间选择。
26。
根据第一段和第二段，许多年轻的美国人对[提出质疑，怀疑他是新闻过滤做法的正当性。
[B]人们对社交媒体平台的偏好。
[Cj政府处理信息的能力。
[社交媒体是可靠的新闻来源。
27。
短语“喝点啤酒”(第2行，第10段)。
2)在意义上最接近[A]锐化[B]定义[C]自夸[D]分享28。
根据奈特基金会的调查，年轻人[倾向于在网络空间表达他们的观点。
[B]通过参考不同的资源来验证新闻。
[有很强的责任感。
[D]想就“分布式信任”交换意见29。
《巴马邮报》发现，假新闻问题的一个主要原因是[读者过时的价值观。
[记者的偏见报道[读者，曲解[记者，编造的故事。
30。
以下哪一个是文本的最佳标题？[A]在线分享新闻的关键技能的提高[B)抵制过度发推趋势[C)社交媒体上相互信任的积累。
[]个人兴趣投射平台。
任何对英国国家健康服务局(NHS)和心灵深处(DeepMind)之间交易的危险的公正评估都必须从承认双方都是好意开始。
DeepMind是当今世界领先的人工智能公司之一。
这项工作应用于医疗保健的潜力是显而易见的，但它也可能导致科技巨头更大的权力集中。
正是在这种背景下，信息技术应运而生。
英国国家医疗服务体系下的皇家自由医院将160万名患者的记录移交给了Deep Mind。
2015年，一项模糊的行动计划的依据是，该计划对患者的权利和他们对隐私的期望考虑太少。
DeepMind已经差不多道歉了。
英国国家医疗服务系统已经改进了它的方法。
国民健康服务体系和深度思维之间的进一步的管理——可能会有很多——将会得到充分的审查，以确保已经向患者询问了所有必要的情况，并且已经清理了所有必要的数据。
有关于病人同意学习的课程。
但是隐私不是本案中的唯一角度，甚至不是最重要的角度。
丹利亚姆女士选择将责任集中在英国国民医疗服务体系的信任上，因为根据现行法律，该体系“控制”数据，而深度思维只是“处理”数据。
但是tliis的区别忽略了一点，即它是处理和聚合，而不仅仅是拥有位，这才是tlie数据的价值。
9最大的问题是谁应该从我们生活中产生的所有数据的分析中受益。
隐私法建立在损害所有个人可识别知识的概念上。
这忽略了监控经济的运作方式。
只有当一个人的数据与无数其他人的数据相比较时，这个人的数据才有价值。
在这种情况下，利用隐私法来批评科技巨头似乎有点不适应。
实践并没有解决真正的担忧。
仅仅说电子医疗发展的算法将使病人受益并拯救生命是不够的。
重要的是，它们将属于一个私人垄断企业，这个企业利用公共资源发展了旅游业。
如果软件承诺像现在这样拯救生命，大数据可能会像大潘恩所做的那样。
我们仍然处于这场革命的开端，现在的小选择可能会在以后产生巨大的影响。
要避免数字封建主义的进一步发展，还需要很长的时间。
德纳姆女士的报告是一个可喜的开端。
31。
国民健康服务体系和心灵深处之间的协议是什么？[:它导致了科技巨头之间的冲突。
[·B]它没有对病人的权利给予应有的重视。
[:它没有达到后者的期望，[:它把双方都置于危险的境地。
32。
英国国家医疗服务系统tmst对登汉姆的裁决做出了回应，[做出了空洞的承诺。
[乙]顽强的抵抗。
[]必要的调整。
[]真诚的道歉。
33。
作者在第2段中指出，必须不惜一切代价保护[的隐私。
[·B]泄露患者数据比出售数据更糟糕。
从病人数据中获利是非法的。
[数据的价值来自对它的处理34。
根据最后一段，这次交易引起的真正担忧是[A]大制药公司之间的恶性竞争们的永久剧院里复活了，一些有文学抱负的大学生很快加入了这些剧院作为谋生手段。
49。
这些文学巨匠创作了具有地方特色的文学戏剧，并把它们与公共剧院联系在一起。
至少一些伟大的传统已经开始了。
50。
为了认识到戏剧行为的伟大，我们必须进一步记住，许多戏剧形式已经消失，如果没有一个著名作家的所有作品，能生存到今天吗？第256节EEI写作+ 51。
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在你的电子邮件中，你应该包括时间、地点和其他与仪式相关的信息。
你应该在ANSEWER SHEET上工整地写大约100个单词不要在邮件末尾使用你自己的名字。
我写这封信是为了邀请你参加即将到来的毕业典礼。
(完整版)2018年考研英语一真题及答案解析,推荐文档
2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlerswere each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from 2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest 3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price 4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again 5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When 6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains 7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare 8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to 9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle 10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters 11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic 12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight 13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over 14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted 15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside 16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered 17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked 18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled 19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance 20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extratraining and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 21.Who will be most threatened by automation? [A] Leading politicians. [B]Low-wage laborers. [C]Robot owners. [D]Middle-class workers. 22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view? [A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless. [B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support. [C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled [D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided cation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on [A] creative potential. [B]job-hunting skills. [C]individual needs. [D]cooperative spirit. 24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at [A] encouraging the development of automation. [B]increasing the return on capital investment. [C]easing the hostility between rich and poor. [D]preventing the income gap from widening. 25.In this text, the author presents a problem with [A] opposing views on it. [B]possible solutions to it. [C]its alarming impacts. [D]its major variations. Text 2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded. Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University ofWisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group. So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media. 26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on [A] the justification of the news-filtering practice. [B] people’s preference for social media platforms. [C] the administrations ability to handle information. [D] social media was a reliable source of news. 27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to [A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share 28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people [A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace. [B] verify news by referring to diverse resources. [C] have s strong sense of responsibility. [D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust” 29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is [A] readers outdated values. [B] journalists’ biased reporting [C] readers’ misinterpretation [D] journalists’ made-up stories. 30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online [B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend [C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. [D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests. Text 3 Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy. DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more. The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start. 31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ? [A] It caused conflicts among tech giants. [B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights. [C] It fell short of the latter's expectations [D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation. 32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with [A] empty promises. [B] tough resistance. [C] necessary adjustments. [D] sincere apologies. 33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that [A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs. [B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it. [C] making profits from patients' data is illegal. [D] the value of data comes from the processing of it 34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is [A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. [B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law. [C] the uncontrolled use of new software. [D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants. 35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is [A] ambiguous. [B] cautious. [C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous. Text 4 The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization. Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union. If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century. 36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by [A]. its unbalanced budget. [B] .its rigid management. [C] .the cost for technical upgrading. [D]. the withdrawal of bank support. 37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to [A]. the interference from interest groups. [B] .the inadequate funding from Congress. [C] .the shrinking demand for postal service. [D] .the incompetence of postal unions. 38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by [A] .removing its burden of retiree health care. [B] .making more investment in new vehicles. [C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism. [D]. attracting more first-class mail users. 39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with [A] respect. [B] tolerance. [C] discontent. [D] gratitude. 40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days [B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese [C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure [D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid Part B Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871. B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary. C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events. D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country. F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped byfour skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas. G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building. 41. à Cà 42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gaveglory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England. When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun. The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions： Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEET Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions： Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对 Section I Use of English 1、【答案】[B] for 【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition__1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,"What'sinhere?"beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling, andexclaiming,"Wow!"Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook__15__. Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them. Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe"__20__"testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintainspare8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitableSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1 Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt. ThechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedfortheU.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality. Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomi ngforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?A.Leadingpoliticians.B.Low-wagelaborers.C.Robotowners.D.Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor'sview?A.Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.B.Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.C.Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled.D.Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided.cationintheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasis on________.A.creativepotentialB.job-huntingskillsC.individualneedsD.cooperativespirit24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat________.A.encouragingthedevelopmentofautomationB.increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestmentC.easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoorD.preventingtheincomegapfromwidening25.Inthistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith________.A.opposingviewsonitB.possiblesolutionstoitC.itsalarmingimpactsD.itsmajorvariationsText2AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsof youngAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.The implicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobe filteredthroughothersource,notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetas distrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheir medialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016 presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,according totheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNews found44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthe mediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmore skillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnight Foundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24 foundtheyuse"distributedtrust"toverifystories.Theycross-check sourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythose thatareopenaboutanybias."Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof personalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingo utopposingviewpoints,"thesurveyconcluded. Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedia ledtogreaterpoliticalengagement. Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimately andimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasa projectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarna researchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefake newsphenomenonis"readererror,"moresothanmade-upstoriesor factualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenews liesin"misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews"viasocialmedia .Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheart oftheissue."Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityin counteractingthisproblem,"saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarna Group.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,they revealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoiceson whentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscast doubtson________.A.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpracticeB.people'spreferenceforsocialmediaplatformsC.theadministration’sabilitytohandleinformationD.socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews27.Thephrase"beerup"(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople________.A.tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspaceB.verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresourcesC.haveastrongsenseofresponsibilityD.liketoexchangeviewson"distributedtrust"29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblem is________.A.readersoutdatedvaluesB.journalists'biasedreportingC.readers'misinterpretationD.journalists'made-upstories30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnlineB.ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrendC.TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMediaD.ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterestsText3Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartby acknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleading artificialintelligence(AI)companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthis workappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurther concentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.Itisagainstthatbackground thattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedher damningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS, whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsin 2015onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccount ofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy. DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendedits ways.Furtherarrangements—andtheremaybemany—betweentheN HS andDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessary permissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahas beencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn .Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemost important.Ms.DenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust, sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely “processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessing andaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalu e. Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata thatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamage toanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthe waythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualthere gainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountless millionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeels slightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.Itis notenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefit patientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivate monopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftware promisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybe expectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginning ofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegigantic consequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureof digitalfeudalism.Ms.Denham'sreportisawelcomestart.31.WhatistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?A.Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.B.Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient'srights.C.Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations.D.Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith______.A.emptypromisesB.toughresistanceC.necessaryadjustmentsD.sincereapologies33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that________.A.privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcostsB.leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingitC.makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegalD.thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdeal is________.A.theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmasB.theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylawC.theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftwareD.themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis______.A.ambiguousB.cautiousC.appreciativeD.contemptuousText4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestobleedredink.Itreported anetlossof$5.6billionforfiscal2016,the10thstraightyearits expenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120 billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirement costs.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisina historicsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanently decreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,and a regulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustits operationstothenewreality Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakers exertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS'sultimate overseer—Congress—insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePost alService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisis whyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvital modernization. Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved—Democrats,Republicans,th ePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinally agreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationismovingthroughthe HousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears, whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures. Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrate increaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstep wouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretiree healthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSand itsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughthe Senate—wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare, bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,not comprehensivereform.There'snochangetocollectivebargainingatthe USPS,amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80 percentoftheagency'scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionof eliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoy swidepublicsupportandwouldsavetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastintheHouse. Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsare gettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapsea ttheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey'regettingseriousabout transformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby________.A.itsunbalancedbudgetB.itsrigidmanagementC.thecostfortechnicalupgradingD.thewithdrawalofbanksupport37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto________.A.theinterferencefrominterestgroupsB.theinadequatefundingfromCongressC.theshrinkingdemandforpostalserviceD.theincompetenceofpostalunions38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbe addressedby________.A.removingitsburdenofretireehealthcareB.makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehiclesC.adoptinganewrate-increasemechanismD.attractingmorefirst-classmailusers39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith______.A.respectB.toleranceC.discontentD.gratitude40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDaysB.ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheeseC.TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCureD.ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-AidPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe numberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.(10 points)[A]InDecemberof1869,Congressappointedacommissiontoselect asiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartment Building.Thecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsf ortheWarandNavyDepartments.Tothehorrorofsomewhoexpecteda GreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheother sideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyle designbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingto houseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.[B]Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthe firsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary(completedin 1876),DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwit hcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavy Departmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewalland ceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeofthe Secretary.[C]TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown, housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimately associatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyin thelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe twentiethcentury—theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasan internationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smost significantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmany historicevents.[D]ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls. TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD. Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bush allhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused 16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24Secretariesof State.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapanese emissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthe bombingofPearlHarbor.[E]TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding(EEOB)commandsa uniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritage oftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury, AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowing staffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneof thebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.[F]Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingby wing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildingin Washington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors. Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwood wasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircase sofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecapped byfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.[G]ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswere laid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820 .Aseriesoffires(includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814)and overcrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasury Building.In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasury BuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding. PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten neatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Shakespeare'slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinary activityandachievementinthedrama.(46)Bythedateofhisbirth Europewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthe creationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyand comedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsand performedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwestern Europe,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningto makethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalor medieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,school,organizationsofamateurs, andthetravelingactorswereallrivalsinsupplyingawidespreaddesire fordramaticentertainment;and(47)noboywhowenttoagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhich gaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland. WhenShakespearewastwelveyearsoldthefirstpublicplayhouse wasbuiltinLondon.Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthis publicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschools orcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul'sandtheroyalchapel,who, however,gaveplaysinpublicaswellasatcourt.(48)Butthe professionalcompaniesprosperedintheirpermanenttheaters,and universitymenwithliteraryambitionswerequicktoturntothesetheaters asofferingameansoflivelihood.BythetimethatShakespearewas twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,andGreecehadmadecomediesthatwereat oncepopularandliterary;Kydhadwrittenatragedythatcrowdedthepit; andMarlowehadbroughtpoetryandgeniustotriumphonthecommon stage—wheretheyhadplayednopartsincethedeathofEuripides.(49)A nativeliterarydramahadbeencreated,itsalliancewiththepublic playhouseestablished,andatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeen begun. ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-five yearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthis briefperiod,wemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecay ofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.Weareamazedtoday atthemerenumberofplaysproduced,aswellasbythenumberofdramatistswritingatthesametimeforthisLondonoftwohundred thousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity, wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthat probablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived. SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions: Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampus,invitingthemto attendthegraduationceremony.Inyouremail,youshouldincludethe time,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET. e"LiMing"instead. (10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyour essay,youshould1)Describethepicturebriefly,2)Interpretthemeaning,and3)GiveyouranswerneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46.参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
2018考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2018考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 3 .4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smil ing, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “20 ”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delightlabor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are op en about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share n ews on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] peopl e’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under e xisting law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technologicalchange that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annuallypre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargainin g at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, WilliamHoward Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. 42. 43. 44. 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction werewritten for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the picture briefly2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments.Write your answer neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解)
2018年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3)._____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with oneanother. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else._____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What's in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. A．on B．like C．for D．from2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8. A．at B．by C．of D．to9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17. A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18. A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．In contrast B．As a result C．On the whole D．For instance20. A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitableSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who will be most threatened by automation?A．Leading politicians.B．Low-wage laborers.C．Robot owners.D．Middle-class workers.22 . 【题干】Which of the following best represent the author's view?A．Worries about automation are in fact groundless.B．Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.C．Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD．Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____. A．creative potential.B．job-hunting skills.C．individual needs.D．cooperative spirit.24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.A．encouraging the development of automation.B．increasing the return on capital investment.C．easing the hostility between rich and poor.D．preventing the income gap from widening.25. 【题干】In this text, the author presents a problem with_____.A．pposing views on it.B．possible solutions to it.C．its alarming impacts.D．its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verifystories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that ar e open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share ne ws on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on【选项】A．the justification of the news-filtering practice.B．people's preference for social media platforms.C．the administrations ability to handle information.D．social media was a reliable source of news.27.【题干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to【选项】AA．sharpenB．defineC．boastD．share28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people【选项】A．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.C．have s strong sense of responsibility.D．like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is【选项】A．readers outdated values.B．journalists' biased reportingC．readers' misinterpretationD．journalists' made-up stories.30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?【选项】A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned．There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?【选项】A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.C．It fell short of the latter's expectationsD．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with【选项】A．empty promises.B．tough resistance.C．necessary adjustments.D．sincere apologies.33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that【选项】A．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.D．the value of data comes from the processing of it34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is___【选项】A．the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B．the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C．the uncontrolled use of new software.D．the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.【题干】The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is 【选项】A．ambiguous.B．cautious.C．appreciative.D．contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate –where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. 【题干】The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by_____.【选项】A．its unbalanced budget.B．its rigid management.C．the cost for technical upgrading.D．the withdrawal of bank support.37. 【题干】According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to_____.【选项】A．the interference from interest groups.B．the inadequate funding from Congress.C．the shrinking demand for postal service.D．the incompetence of postal unions.38. 【题干】The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by_____.【选项】A．removing its burden of retiree health care.B．making more investment in new vehicles.C．adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D．attracting more first-class mail users.39. 【题干】In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with_____.【选项】A．respect.B．tolerance.C．discontent.D．gratitude.40. 【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?【选项】A．The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old DaysB．The Postal Service: Keep Away from My CheeseC．The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick CureD．The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.[B]. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.[C]. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.[D]. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.[E]. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.[F]. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.[G]. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41.【答案】E【解析】很多选项中都出现了EEOB这个简称，那么就意味着这个专有名词一定会先有交代它的全称，再出现简称，这里只有D选项符合。
考研英语一真题和答案完整版
2018考研英语一真题和答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word （s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。
（10 points）Trust is a tricky business。
On the one hand，it‘s a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things：child care，friendships，etc。
On the other hand，putting your 2，in the wrong place often carries a high 3。
4，why do we trust at all？Well，because it feels good。
5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution，their brains release oxytocin，a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another。
Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9：In a Swiss study，researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects；those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else。
2018年考研英语一真题及答案解析
2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but iteventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for ourjobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start byacknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave asa big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-i nterested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finallyagreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à43. à F à44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extra ordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius totriumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhilethings: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place oftencarries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in anindividual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelingsand triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have foundthat exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayedoxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higheramounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study foundthat children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask,―What’s in here?‖ before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container wasempty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with thetester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 3020‖tester participated in a fo l low-up activity.children paired with the ―1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D]. remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But manymiddle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefitedworkers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. Itcould make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skillswill be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this willbe little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21. Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22. Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25. In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americansdisapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer newsfrom the White House to be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platfo Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risentoward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend isbadly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared byTwitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to theUniversity of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebookusers rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating factfrom fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between-check sources andages 14and24 found they use ―distributed trust‖ to verify stories. They crossprefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. ―Manyyoung people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and activelyseeking out opposing viewpoints,‖ the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s relianceon social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately whilealso permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forcesusers to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna researchgroup found the top reason given by America ns for the fake news phenomenon is ―reader error,‖ more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem offake news lies in ―misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news‖ via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ―This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,‖ says Roxanne Stone, e chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mentaldiscipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administration’s ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase ―beer up‖ (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to e xchange views on ―distributed trust‖29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation-up stories.[D] journalists’ made30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National HealthService (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMindis one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this workapplied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in thetech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handedover to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreementwhich took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Furtherarrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefullyscrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and allunnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. Butprivacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose toconcentrate the blame on the NHS tru st, since under existing law it ―controlled‖ the data and DeepMind merely ―processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives nowgenerate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiableknowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.31. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuousText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, ithas more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze betweentechnological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust itsoperations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to thepressure on the USPS’s ultimate OverseerPostal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeatedattempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to payits bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, theunions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislationis moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money wouldcome from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees intoMedicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retireehealth care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – wheresomeone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep thePostal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at theUSPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense changeenjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postalspecial-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensusaround the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassingshort-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]its unbalanced budget.[B] its rigid management.[C] the cost for technical upgrading.[D]the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A] the interference from interest groups.[B] the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] the incompetence of postal unions.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and constructionof a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, withits elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the threeExecutive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events thathave taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bushall had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridorsand Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in boththe national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOBwas finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black andwhite tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by theBritish in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.F à 44 à45.41. àCà42. à 43. àPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, butin England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivalsin supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went agrammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. Fora time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were, however,written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) but the professional companies prospered in theirpermanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to thesetheaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele,and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedythat crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage- where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had beencreated, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditionshad been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptionalinterest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth,blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today atthe mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the sametime for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was thedramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probablythere is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduationceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about theceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead. (10 points) Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)参考答案及解析1.【答案】[C] fornecessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是【解析】考察介词的用法。
2018考研英语（一）真题及答案解析
2018 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use ofEnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blankandmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybe painful? Because humans have an inherent need to (1)uncertainty, accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedto knowissostrongthatpeoplewill (2)tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhen it is clear the answer will (3).In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University ofChicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business testedstudents'willingnessto(4)themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity. Forone(5),eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviouse xperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould (6)an electric shock whenclicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; anothertwenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. (7) left alone in the room, thestudents who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurredmorejoltsthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould(8).Subsequentexperiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, (9) the sound of fingernails onachalkboardand photographs of disgustinginsects.The drive to (10) is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as thebasicdrivesfor (11) or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago,aco-authorofthepaper.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct－itcan (12) new scientific advances, for instance－but sometimes such (13) canbackfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you todo _ (14) things is a profoundone.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to (15), however. In a finalexperiment,participants who were encouraged to (16) how they would feel after viewingan unpleasant picture were less likely to (17) to see such an image. These resultssuggest that imagining the(18) of following through on one's curiosity aheadof timecanhelpdetermine(19)itisworththeendeavor."Thinkingaboutlong-term(20)iskeytomitigatingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,"Hseesays.In other words, don't read onlinecomments.1.A．on B．like C．for D．from2.A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest3.A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price4.A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again5.A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When6.A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains7.A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare8.A．at B．by C．of D．to9.A．context B．mood C．period D．circle10.A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters11.A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic12.A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight13.A．between B．within C．toward D．over14.A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted15.A．out B．back C．around D．inside16.A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered17.A．betrayed B．wronged C．fooled D．mocked18.A．forced B．willing C．hesitant D．entitled19. A．Incontrast B．As aresult C．On thewhole D．Forinstance20.A．inflexible B．incapable C．unreliable D．unsuitable1.【答案】C【解析】该题选择的是介词，与后面的many worthwhile things一块做后置定语修饰前面的condition,表明对于许多重要事情来说是一个必要的条件。
2018考研英语一真题及解析
2018考研英语⼀真题及解析2018年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼀)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,it's a necessary condition1many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On the other hand,putting your2,in the wrong place often carries a high3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5people place their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that6pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to7with one another.Scientists have found that exposure8 this hormone puts us in a trusting9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their10who inhaled something else.11for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may12us.A Canadian study found that children as young as14months can differentiate13a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each14to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“What’s in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look 15.Half of them found a toy;the other half16the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were18to cooperate with the tester in learning a newskill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.19,only five of the30children paired with the“20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled19.[A]In contrast[B]As a result[C]On the whole[D]For instance20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums—from grammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A]Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A]Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists'opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided/doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html cation in the age of automation should putmore emphasis on[A]creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem with[A]opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found44percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24found they use “distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A2014survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenonis“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills–and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs1and2,many young Americans cast doubts on[A]the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B]people’s preference for social media platforms.[C]the administrations ability to handle information.[D]social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people[A]tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B]verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C]have s strong sense of responsibility.[D]like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A]readers outdated values.[B]journalists’biased reporting[C]readers’misinterpretation[D]journalists’made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B]A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C]The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D]The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of1.6million patients In2015on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients'rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed"it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters isthat they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?[A]It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B]It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C]It fell short of the latter's expectations[D]It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A]empty promises.[B]tough resistance.[C]necessary adjustments.[D]sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph2that[A]privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B]leaking patients'data is worse than selling it.[C]making profits from patients'data is illegal.[D]the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous.Text4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6billion for fiscal2016, the10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviestusers—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate–where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for80percent of the agency’s costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS$2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassingshort-term collapse at the USPS.It is not,however,a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A].its unbalanced budget.[B].its rigid management.[C].the cost for technical upgrading.[D].the withdrawal of bank support.37.According to Paragraph2,the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A].the interference from interest groups.[B].the inadequate funding from Congress.[C].the shrinking demand for postal service.[D].the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A].removing its burden of retiree health care.[B].making more investment in new vehicles.[C].adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D].attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A].The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B].The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese[C].The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D].The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BThe following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.In December of1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871./doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html pleted in1875,the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied,with its elegantfour-story library(completed in1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D.Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower, Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed16Secretaries of the Navy,21Secretaries of War,and24Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from1871to1888to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F.Construction took17years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly2miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite withover4,000individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G.The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between1799and1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In1866,the construction ofthe North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs,but in England,as everywhere else in western Europe,the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular,whether it should be new or old,classical or medieval,literary or farcical.Court,school organizations of amateurs,and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment;and(47)no boy who went a grammar school couldbe ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor toWhen Shakespeare was twelve years old,the first public playhouse was built in London.For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court,or for the choir boys of St.Paul’s and the royal chapel,who,however,gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five,Lyly,Peele,and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary;Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit;and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage-where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created,its alliance with the public playhouses established,and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history,for in this brief period we may trace the beginning,growth,blossoming,and decay of many kinds of plays,and of many great careers.We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced,as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity,we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony.In your email you should include time,place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about100words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the /doc/f0989c51340cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a883f.html e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the picture below.In your essay,you should2018年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼀)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进⾏核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的⽤法。
2018考研英语(一)答案及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
B选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于)，C选项like(像...)，D选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。