《语言学应用于翻译》PPT课件

Äquivalenz
Roman Jakobson
• About Roman Jakobson • Interlingual translation: linguistic meaning and equivalence
About Roman Jakobson:
• Roman Osipovich Jakobson (October 11, 1896 - July 18, 1982) was a Russian linguist and literary theorist. As a pioneer of the structural analysis of language, which became the dominant trend of twentieth-century linguistics, Jakobson was among the most influential linguists of the century . Influenced by the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jakobson developed, with Nikolai Trubetzkoy, techniques for the analysis of sound systems in language • Main works: On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, Communication Model • Roman Jackobson’s three kind of translation: Intralingual translation(语内翻译） Interlingual translation(语际翻译） Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译） Here we focus on his interlingual translation Jakobson's
• • • • The origin of Nida’s approach The aim of Nida’s research Classification of meaning Techniques to determine referential and emotive meaning
The origin of Nida’s approach
Equivalence (equivalence in meaning between different languages)
Jakobson’s points: ■ ‘Here is ordinarily no full equivalence between codeunits(代码单位之间通常不存在完全的对等）’ ■ The problem of meaning and equivalence focus on differences in the structure and terminology of language. （意义和对等的问题主要在于语言结构和语言用语之间的 差异。） ■ Cross-linguistic differences centre around obligatory grammatical and lexical forms, they occur at: the level of gender, the level of aspect, the level of semantic fields (跨语言的差异主要集中在一定的语法词汇形式,体现在性 别层面上，形貌层面上和语义领域层面上）
Eugene A. Nida
the “science” of translating
Content
• Introduction • The nature of meaning: advances in semantics and pragmatics • The influence of Chomsky • Formal and dynamic equivalence • The discussion to translation theories of Nida
The aim for Nida’s research from the semantic and pragmatic angle
Central to Nida’s work is the move away from the old idea that an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning which a word “acquires” meaning through its context and can produce varying responses according to culture.(奈达的 研究旨在摆脱那种认为每个单词都有固定意义的 陈腔，提倡对意义进行功能定义，词要通过语境 才能“得到”意义，并可依据不同文化产生不同 反应。)
Linguistic meaning Here Jackobson follows the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier(能 指）and the signified (所指），the relationship between them is arbitrary. E.g.: cheese The English word cheese is the acoustic signifier which denotes the concept food made of pressed curds (the signified), although there is no inherent reason for what to be so.
The questions of meaning, equivalence and translatability became a constant theme of translation studies in the 1960and were tackled by a new scientific approach followed by one of the most important figures in translation studies, the American Eugene Nida.
Classification of meaning
• • • •
Meaning is broken down into : linguistic meaning(语言意义), referential meaning(指称意义), Emotive (or connotative )meaning(情感或 内涵意义).
Key figures and their theories in this new debate
• Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalence • Eugene Nida: formal and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalence effect • Peter Newmark: semantic and communicative translation • Werner Koller: korrespondenz and
Introduction
Eugene A. Nida (born November 11, 1914) has been a pioneer in the fields of translation theory and linguistics. His most notable and most controversial contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. This approach to translation aims to reproduce the intention of the original text in the translation, rather than reproducing the actual words of the original.
• Nida’s more systematic approach borrows theoretical concepts and terminology both from semantics and pragmatics and from Norm Chomsky’s work on syntactic structure which formed the theory of generative-transformational grammar.(奈 达较具系统的研究方法，是从语用学和语 义学的理论概念和术语以及诺姆· 乔姆斯基 的句法结构著作借鉴而来的，这种句法结 构形成了转换生成语法理论。)
Toward a Science of Translating - (Brill, 1964) The Theory and Practice of Translation - (Brill, 1969, meaning:advances in semantics and pragmatics
Linguistic Approaches to Translation Studies
Zhang Yu, Li Lei, Zhang Xiaomiao
Introduction
After the centuries of circular debates around literal and free translation, theoreticians in the 1950s and 1960s began to attempt more systematic analyzes of translation. The new debate revolved around certain key linguistic issues. The most prominent of these issues were those of meaning and ‘equivalence’.