文艺复兴 英文 Renaissance
文艺复兴
核心
文艺复兴的心脏——佛罗伦萨人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提出以人为中心而不是以神为中心，肯 定人的价值和尊严。主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想，认为 人是现实生活的创造者和主人。
产生的根本原因 生产力的发展，新兴的资产阶级不满教会对精神世界的控制。 本质 新兴资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想文化的反封建的新文化运动。
但丁（Dante）（1265－1321）。文艺复兴的先驱，文艺复兴运动起源于意大利北部，一般认为第一个代表 人物是但丁，其代表作为《神曲》。
但丁被誉为中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。他所创作的长诗《神曲》（全诗为三 部分）：《地狱Inferno》、《炼狱Purgatorio》和《天堂Paradise》，明确表达了自己对天主教会的厌恶，率 先对教会提出批评。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观 绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利， 最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚 伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古希腊、罗马文化的形式 来表达自己的文化主张。因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上 是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
05Renaissance
1、文艺复兴三杰
1. Leanardo da Vinci（达· 芬奇）(1452-1519) painted (Mona Lisa), studied geology, chemistry and anatomy, designed buildings, canals and weapons, and sketched engines and flying machines.
波提切利（Botticelli， 1445～1510），立足 于佛罗伦萨的光辉与 颓废的危险矛盾中， 也是自然主义的变质， 倾向神秘主义。他以 曲线之优美，偏爱强 烈色彩，有节奏感， 及表现希腊神话为题 材而著名，著名作品 如《维纳斯的诞生》 （1480，佛罗伦萨乌 菲兹美术馆）、《春》 （1477～78，佛罗伦 萨乌菲兹美术馆）。
I. The Renaissance was the period that followed (brought Europe out of) the Middle Ages. It was a time of renewed interest in things of this world.
曼帖那（Mantegna， 1431～1506），向往古代 希腊罗马的艺术，他的人 物具有古典般的坚实和清 晰的形体，但形象显得庄 严冷峻，例如《前往受刑 的圣詹姆士》（约1455）。 又如《哀悼基督》（米兰 布雷拉绘画馆，约1465）， 大胆使用前人未用过的前 缩法透视，精确而真实地 表现了死后的基督，解剖 和衣纹如真物一般。
A.
The goal of education became making people well-rounded. Religion remained important, but the authority and some practices of the church began to be questioned.
英语专业 欧洲文化入门 chapter 5 名词解释 英文版
Renaissance 文艺复兴：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, which encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures.Constantinople君士坦丁堡：Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantium, which was founded on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium.Lombard 伦巴族人：The term Lombard refers to members of or things related, directly or indirectly, to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy.Justinian Code《查士丁尼法典》：Justinian Code was a coherent body of law that was codified by all Roman laws and it was the preservation and systematization of a large number of existing Roman laws.Iconoclasm 反圣像运动：The Iconoclasm controversy concerned the use of icons as aids to worship. In 726, Emperor Leo Ⅲlaunched it to destroy and forbid icons.Sassanid 桑萨王朝: Sassanid was one of the two major powers divided by west Asua.Zoroastrianism 波斯拜火教: Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranianreligion and a religious philosophy. It arose in the eastern region of the ancient Persian Empire, and it was the state religion of the Sassanid.Kaaba: K aaba is a sacred black meteorite. Arabs called it “the black stone that fell from the heaven in the days of Adam” and considered it the holiest shrine in the Arabia.Allah: Allah is the supreme deity of Arabs, and he is the creator and the giver of rain, the Arabic word for the only God in Islam.Medina 麦地那：“the city of prophet”Hegira: the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CEQur’an《古兰经》：the holy book of Islam. The word Qur’an means recitation, which Muslims believe to be the revelation from Allah.Ramadan 斋月: Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.Islamic Golden Age: an age of discovery and exploration for Arab traders and explorers from the mid-8th to the mid-13thFatalistic belief（宿命化信仰）: believe that nothing would happen unlessthe God actively willed itKnowledge of Truth: it is not just knowledge, rather, it is "epi - gnosis"（from the Internet and can not find a exact definition）Arab numeral system（阿拉伯数字体系）: a system that log with Latin numberArabian Nights（一千零一夜）: also called The Book of One Thousands and One Nights, mostly a compilation of earlier folk tales.Feudalism(封建制度): the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war Charlemagne(查理曼大帝): (also called Charles the Great) the greatest Frankish king who established the vast Carolingian EmpireCarolus Magnus: the Latin version of Charlemagne’s nameVassal（封臣）: a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lordCounty（郡）: distinct similar to the Roman ProvinceCount（伯爵）: the administrator, judge and military leader of the county Clergy(什一税): 10% income taxDark Ages: the two centuries after Carolingian Empire collapsed which Western Europe being attached by non-Christian invadersTribute(贡金)：money that forced to pay to the invaders after being occupiedNormandy(诺曼底): (also called “land of Norse”) the part of the northern Frankish coastal region which under Norseman’s control in 911 Vassalage(采邑制，封臣制): the relationship between a vassal and his lordCrusader(十字军)：a warrior who engages in a holy warTreaty of Verdun(凡尔登条约): a treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts in 843, signed by Louis the PiousTreaty of Meerssen（莫尔森条约）: a treaty signed in 870 that ended the civil war between the East Franks and the West Franks。
Renaissance(文艺复兴)
（文艺复兴）
Background of the Period
1.New Monarchy(新君主制)
the Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) the War of Roses(1455-1485) Tudor dynasty
2.The Religious Reformation（宗教改革）
The English Renaissance
The English Renaissance: (early16th—early17th ) a cultural&artistic movement. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as
1.Known as”Elizabethan period” ; 2.the most important period in English literaryhistory; 3.witness the flowering of English literature; 4.England became “a nest of singing birds”: Marlowe ,Shakespeare,Ben Jonson and Spenser wrote their best works in this period.
the
the Roman Catholic Church Church of England
3.The Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）
the
12th—(1450-mercial Expansion（商业扩张） 5.The War with Spain（英西战争）
‘文艺复兴’ (Renaissance) 一词原意是指‘古典文学艺术的再生’这个
「文藝復興」(Renaissance) 一詞原意是指「古典文學藝術的再生」。
這個概念從文學藝術開始，然後推及科學、文化、經濟及至整個社會和人的思想觀念。
它開始於意大利，然後擴展至整個歐洲大陸。
多條經濟航道也經過意大利主要城市，令「文藝復興」在此萌芽。
(二)美學特徵:( 1 )以人文思想主:歐洲經歷中世紀以宗教為尚的思想意識，及至十五、十六世紀，以爭取個人在現實世界的地位為核心的思想湧現。
於是藝術家開始在自己的作品中反映人生，反映社會的現實面貌，努力把科學與藝術結合起來，使作品具有真實性和時代感。
( 2 )科學客觀的繪畫方法的應用:文藝復興畫家/藝術家採用理性的解剖學、透視學、明暗法等，使作品真有高度的客觀寫實效果。
Proportion of the human figure( 3 )油彩帆布作品的西洋繪畫模式正式建立:由於威尼斯治海通商頻仍，畫作要便於攜帶，藝術家逐採用帆布油彩取代木板祭壇式的繪畫方法。
(三)發展:( 1 )開端(十三世紀末一十四世紀上半葉)指意大利文藝復興從中世紀藝術向新時代的過渡。
藝術品主要受拜占庭藝術的影響，流行木板祭壇畫，也流行羅馬式建築中的壁畫，形象力求客觀寫實。
( i )喬托( Giotto di Bondone) 1266 – 1337喬托被視為西方繪畫的開創性大師，他把哥德式雕塑的寫實風格和拜占庭繪畫的明暗透視法結合起來，創造出一種接近寫實的表現風格。
他的作品雖然大多為宗教人物，但卻開始以自然景色為背景，代替中世紀金色或藍色作背景的舊習，使畫面增加一份現實生活的生氣。
喬托, 1304-1306 The Mourning of Christ( 2 )早期(十五世紀，佛羅倫薩及北意大利)在銀行家柯西莫。
美迪奇的支持下，佛羅倫薩的藝術得以繁榮發展。
其時大量古希臘、羅馬文化古跡的考古發掘;及希臘的哲學書籍的手抄本流入意大利，使藝術家意識到藝術與科學的結合。
研究人體的解剖結構、研究 科學的透視法和明暗法，探討各種造形藝術的技法理論，成為當時藝術的風尚。
文艺复兴英文资料
1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。
复兴的英语单词
复兴的英语单词单词：renaissance1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2释义：复兴；复活；新生；文艺复兴（欧洲14 - 16世纪的思想与艺术运动）1.3英文解释：A revival or renewal, especially in art, literature, etc.; the period of European history between the 14th and 16th centuries when there was a new interest in ancient art, literature, and learning.1.4相关词汇：revival（复兴，复活），renewal（更新，复兴），rejuvenation（复原，恢复活力），resurgence（复活，再现）2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“renaissance”一词源于法语，法语又源于拉丁语“renascī”，意思是“重生，再生”。
2.2趣闻：文艺复兴时期涌现出了许多伟大的艺术家、文学家和科学家。
例如达·芬奇，他不仅是画家，还是发明家、科学家等多领域的天才人物。
他的画作《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》至今都是举世闻名的艺术瑰宝。
这个时期是人类思想和文化的一次巨大飞跃，就像“renaissance”这个词表达的一样，是一种在文化艺术等多方面的重生。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) Renaissance art：文艺复兴时期的艺术例句：Renaissance art has had a profound influence on Western art history.翻译：文艺复兴时期的艺术对西方艺术史有着深远的影响。
(2) economic renaissance：经济复兴例句：The government is working hard to bring about an economic renaissance in this region.翻译：政府正在努力使这个地区实现经济复兴。
对文艺复兴的理解
对文艺复兴的理解文艺复兴是人文主义，它的核心内容是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现世的幸福，而不是教会强调的灭人欲，以便死后升入天堂；它倡导个性解放，反对盲从盲信的愚昧思想。
这场思想解放运动适应了资本主义发展的需要，为近代自然科学和各种学术的发展清除了思想障碍，同时它打破了中世纪神学对人们思想和文学艺术等创造的桎梏，掀起了一股思想解放大潮。
扩展资料文艺复兴（Renaissance）是指发生在14世纪到16世纪的一场反映新兴资产阶级要求的欧洲思想文化运动。
“文艺复兴”的概念在14-16世纪时已被意大利的人文主义作家和学者所使用。
当时的人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世纪后才获得“再生”与“复兴”，因此称为“文艺复兴”。
文艺复兴最先在意大利各城邦兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动（文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动）之一。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。
在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利，最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。
当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古希腊、罗马文化的形式来表达自己的文化主张。
因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
内涵文艺复兴（英文：Renaissance 意大利文：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成，法文：La Renaissance）是14世纪中叶至16世纪在欧洲发生的思想文化运动，它在近代早期深刻地影响了欧洲的知识生活。
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What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal (Europe was
recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)
of the 14th century, such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power • Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome) • A new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance began to emphasize individual ability
Do Now
What was one of the factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance?
Lesson 2 Objectives
SWBAT discuss what the Renaissance was and where it began.
marked the beginning of the modern world)
Where did the Renaissance begin?
•Italy •Italian Cities
•Urban Societies •Major Trading Centers
•Secular Movement •People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions
a. identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance; b. sequencing events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their
political development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as described in The Prince; c. citing artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch; d. comparing the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writers.
When did the Renaissance Take P17th century
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time
Renaissance means “rebirth” of classical knowledge and “birth” of the modern
world (new intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance
Do Now
Write a definition for the word, ‘rebirth’
Lesson 1 Objectives
SWBAT identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance
Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renaissance
• Trade and commerce increased • Cities grew larger and wealthier • Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
growth of the arts and learning • The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters
SWBAT sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political
development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as
described in The Prince.
Renaissance
Special Thanks To Ms. Stewart for the PowerPoint
APS Standards
WHI.13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: