ASTM E186-1998 射线评定中文版
ASTM E 目录中英文
ASTM E 壁厚 英寸铸钢件标准参考射线底片
厚度2英寸[51mm]以下的铸钢件标准参考射线底片1 适用范围1.1 这些参考射线底片列举了在厚度2英寸[51mm]以下的铸钢件上产生的各种缺陷的种类和等级（注1）。
注1：在E71中曾提到过这种厚度的参考射线底片，但E71中只包含了一种现在不常用的γ源——镭。
当前的文档中包括了一些已认可的缩孔或C级，，取消了裂纹类和热裂缝类, 除这两类缺陷的一张底片外。
更厚的参考射线底片可以在E186和E280中找到。
1.2 这些参考底片包括以下独立的三套（注2）：（1）中压（标称250-kVp）X射线。
（2）1-MV X射线和铱-192（Ir-192）射线。
（3）2-MV到 4-MV X射线和钴-60（Co-60）射线。
每套比较的只是同一种射线产生的底片。
应该注意的是每个能量级不适用于本文中的所有厚度。
每套只作为样片提供，包括了6类已在渐增程度上定级的缺陷和4类未定级的缺陷，如下： 1.2.1 A级——气孔；等级为1到5级。
1.2.2 B级——夹砂和夹渣；等级为1到5级。
1.2.3 C级——缩孔；4类：1.2.3.1 CA——等级为1到5级。
1.2.3.2 CB——等级为1到5级。
1.2.3.3 CC——等级为1到5级。
1.2.3.4 DD——等级为1到5级。
1.2.4 D级——裂纹；1幅底片1.2.5 E级——热裂纹；1幅底片1.2.6 F级——夹杂物；1幅底片1.2.7 G级——斑点；1幅底片注2：底片组成如下：卷Ι：中压（标称250-kVp）X射线——34幅底片（5英寸×7英寸）放置在15英寸×17英寸的活页夹中。
卷II：1-MV X射线和Ir-192射线——34幅底片（5英寸×7英寸）放置在15英寸×17英寸的活页夹中。
卷III：2-MV到 4-MV X射线和Co-60射线——34幅底片（5英寸×7英寸）放置在15英寸×17英寸的活页夹中。
注3：虽然在三卷中都列出了G级——斑点，但斑点的出现取决于射线能量等级。
ASTME1965–98（Reapproved2003）中文版
ASTME1965–98（Reapproved2003）中文版ASTM E 1965 – 98 (Reapproved 2003)间歇性测定患者体温的红外测温仪的标准规范1.范围1.1本规范涵盖运用探测测量主体之间热辐射强度的方法，用于间歇性测量和检测病人温度的电子体温计和感应器。
1.2该规范通过热辐射测量耳道，涉及评估主体的身体内部温度。
也提供了非接触式皮肤温度测量的性能要求。
1.3该规范规定了实验室精度的限量和需求决定和披露了涵盖体温计的的临床精度。
1.4建立在不同的环境条件下的性能和储存限制，标签和测试程序要求。
注1：电气安全参考下述实验室标准2.注2：电磁辐射要求和测试参阅CPSPR 11:1990工业，科学和医疗（ISM）射频设备电磁干扰特性的测量方法列表。
1.5以SI单位表示的数值被作为标准。
括号里的数值不是以SI单位表示，是可以选择使用的。
1.6以下预防警告仅适用于测试方法部分，本规范的第6段：本标准的目的不是要结果所有的安全问题，既便要，与它的应用有关。
在使用前建立适当的安全和健康的做法，并确定监管限制的适用性，是此标准的用户的责任。
2.参考文件2.1ASTM标准：E117E344E667E11122.2国际电工委员会标准：IEC 601-1-2: 1993IEC 1000-4-2: 1995IEC 1000-4-3: 19952.3其他标准国际计量的基本和一般的词汇（VIM）3.术语3.1定义—E344给出的术语的定义同样适用于本标准。
3.2本标准的特殊术语的定义--下面定义的术语仅是本规范的目的而已。
制造商应该将这些术语运用于标记和技术和销售文献。
3.2.1精确性---是红外体温计给出接近于真实温度的读数的能力。
3.2.2可调节模式—IR体温计的输出，测量和计算从一个主体或对象的温度，利用纠正在周围环境温度，主体的温度，发射率，身体部位（口腔，或直肠）等温度变化。
3.2.3腋温[t ba]---用接触式体温计测量的任何一侧腋下的温度。
国内外铸件无损检验标准对比分析
国内外铸件无损检验标准对比分析对于工件的无损检测，检验标准是最重要的工作依据。
从工件的检测方法选择、检测过程的注意事项到工件的最终评定、报告的参数出据，往往都需要遵循一定的、供需双方均认可的标准规范。
随着改革开放的不断深入，我们和国外的交流也日益广泛。
其中，涉及到产品质量验收时应该遵循何种标准、采取怎样的验收级别，往往是供需双方讨论的焦点之一。
因此，将国内铸钢、铸铁件无损检测标准和国外、国际标准进行一定的对比，分析其在日常生产中的应用，对于我们的工作是非常有好处的。
１国内、外铸件无损检测标准铸件的检验，一般是由铸件制造厂根据设计的图纸或订货方（需方）提供的图纸上的技术要求或技术合同进行。
对于铸件，通常的检验包括尺寸检查、形状和外观的表面质量目视检查。
而对于设计要求比较重要的铸件，或者需方认定的比较重要的铸件或局部，或者铸造工艺上容易产生问题的铸件，一般除了要做化学成分分析和力学性能试验外，还需要进行无损检测。
对于一般铸钢、铸铁件的无损检测，常用的方法有磁粉检测或渗透检测（主要用于表面或近表面缺陷的检测）、超声波检测或射线检测（主要用于内部缺陷的检测）。
下面给出国内、外常用的关于铸件的无损检测标准。
ＡＳＴＭＥ１８６厚壁铸钢件［２．０～４．５英寸（５１～１１４ｍｍ）］射线检验标准底片ＡＳＴＭＥ１９２航空用熔模铸钢件射线检验标准底片ＡＳＴＭＥ２８０大厚度（４～１２ｉｎ，１１４～３０５ｍｍ）铸钢件参考射线照相底片ＡＳＴＭＥ４４６２英寸（５１ｍｍ）以下铸钢件的射线检验标准底片ＡＳＴＭＡ６０９／Ａ６０９Ｍ铸造碳钢、低合金钢和马氏体不锈钢的超声检测方法ＡＳＴＭＥ６８９球墨铸铁件的射线检验标准底片ＡＳＴＭＥ８０２厚度４．５ｉｎ（１１４ｍｍ）以内的灰铸铁参考射线照相底片ＡＳＴＭＥ１０３０金属铸件的射线透照检测方法ＡＳＴＭＥ１７３４?铸件射线成像检测方法ＥＮ１３６９铸件磁粉检测ＥＮ１３７１铸件渗透检测ＧＢ／Ｔ５６７７铸钢件射线照相及底片等级分类方法ＧＢ／Ｔ?７２３３铸钢件超声探伤及质量评级方法ＧＢ／Ｔ９４４３?铸钢件渗透探伤及缺陷显示迹痕的评级方法ＧＢ／Ｔ９４４４铸钢件磁粉探伤及质量评级方法ＩＳＯ４９８６铸钢件磁粉检测ＩＳＯ４９８７铸钢件渗透检测ＩＳＯ４９９２?铸钢件超声波检测ＩＳＯ４９９３?铸钢件射线检测ＪＢ／Ｔ?６４４０?阀门受压铸钢件射线照相检验ＴＢ／Ｔ３１０５．１铸钢摇枕、侧架射线照相检验ＴＢ／Ｔ?３１０５．２?铸钢摇枕、侧架超声波检验ＪＩＳ? ０５８１铸钢件射线照相检测方法２? 铸件磁粉检测（ＭＴ）标准对比分析ＥＮ１３６９、ＩＳＯ?４９８６与ＧＢ／Ｔ９４４４均为铸件磁粉检验的常用标准，而且欧盟标准系列中关于铸钢件的磁粉检验标准ＥＮ１３６９基本与ＩＳＯ?４９８６等效。
国外主要无损检测标准(含中英文名称对照)
ASTM A 754/A 754M-1996X射线荧光法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Coating Thickness by X-Ray FluorescenceASTM B567-1998用β射线背散射法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by the Beta Backscatter MethodASTM B568-1998χ射线光谱仪法测量涂层厚度的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray SpectrometryASTM C637-1998辐射屏蔽混凝土用集料的标准规Standard Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding ConcreteASTM C638-1992辐射屏蔽混凝土集料组分的描述术语Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete ASTM C1455-2000用γ射线谱法无损检定仍然有效特殊核材料指南ASTM D2599-1987X射线光谱法测定汽油含铅量的试验方法(05.02)Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectrometry (05.02)ASTM D4294-1998用非色散X射线荧光光谱法测定石油产品中含硫量试验方法Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Non-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Method of Test for (05.02)ASTM D4452-1985土壤样品的X射线照相法X-Ray Radiography of Soil SamplesASTM D5059-1998X-射线光谱法测定汽油含铅量的试验方法Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy (05.03)ASTM D5187-1991X射线衍射法测定煅烧石油焦炭中结晶尺寸(LC)的试验方法Test Method for Crystallite Size (LC) of Calcined Petroleum Coke by X-Ray Diffraction (05.03) ASTM D6247-1998X射线荧光光谱法分析聚烯烃中元素含量的试验方法Test Method for Analysis of Elemental Content in Polyolefins by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ASTM E94-2004(2010)射线照相检验标准指南Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination ASTM E142-1996射线照相检测的质量控制方法Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic TestingASTM E155-2010铝镁合金铸件射线照相检验标准参考照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium CastingsASTM E170-1999有关辐射测量和剂量测定的术语ASTM E181-1998放射性核素探测器的校准和分析的一般方法General Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysis of RadionuclidesASTM E186-2010厚壁(50.8-114mm)钢铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2-In./50.8 to 114-mm) Steel Castings ASTM E192-2004(2010)e1宇航用熔模钢铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of AerospaceApplicationsASTM E242-2001(2010)某些参数改变时射线照相图象显示的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images asCertain Parameters Are ChangedASTM E272-2010高强度铜基及镍铜合金铸件的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base andNickel-Copper Alloy CastingsASTM E280-2010厚壁(114-305mm)铸钢件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to305-mm)) Steel CastingsASTM E310-2010锡青铜铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsASTM E390-2011钢熔焊焊缝标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion WeldsASTM E431-96(2011)半导体和相关器件射线照片判读指南Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors andRelated DevicesASTM E446-2010厚度至50.8mm钢铸件的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) inThicknessASTM E505-2001(2011)铝和镁压铸件检验的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and MagnesiumDie CastingsASTM E545-2005(2010)确定直接热中子射线照相检验成象质量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct ThermalNeutron Radiographic ExaminationASTM E586-88γ与χ射线照相检测的术语定义ASTM E592-1999(2009)e16～51mm厚钢板X射线照相检验和25～152mm厚钢板钴60照相检验获得ASTM当量穿透灵敏度的标准指南Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity forRadiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Raysand 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60ASTM E665-1994测量暴露在X闪光射线机的X射线照射下的材料中相对深度的吸收剂量Determining Absorbed Dose Versus Depth in Materials Exposed to the X-RayOutput of Flash X-Ray MachinesASTM E666-1997γ或X射线剂量吸收的计算Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma or X RadiationASTM E689-2010球墨铸铁标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsASTM E746-2007测定工业射线照相成像系统相关图象质量响应的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response ofIndustrial Radiographic Imaging SystemsASTM E747-2004(2010)射线照相用线型象质计(IQI)的设计、制造及材料组分类的标准方法Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material GroupingClassification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (Iqi) Used for RadiologyASTM E748-2002(2008)材料热中子射线照相标准方法Standard Practices for Thermal Neutron Radiography of MaterialsASTM E801-2006(2011)电子装置射线照相检验的质量控制标准方法Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination ofElectronic DevicesASTM E802-1995(2010)厚度至114mm的灰口铸铁标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings up to 4 1/2 in. (114mm) in ThicknessASTM E803-1991(2008)确定中子射线透照束长径比的标准方法Standard Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron Radiography BeamsASTM E915-1996残余应力测量用X射线衍射仪校准检定的试验方法Test Method for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray DiffractionInstrumentation for Residual Stress MeasurementASTM E999-2010工业射线照相胶片处理的质量控制标准指南Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic FilmProcessingASTM E1000-98(2009)射线照相检测标准指南Standard Guide for RadioscopyASTM E1025-2011射线照相检测用孔型象质计设计、制造和材料组分类的标准方法Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material GroupingClassification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used forRadiographyASTM E1030-2005(2011)金属铸件射线照相检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic CastingsASTM E1032-2012焊缝射线照相检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of WeldmentsASTM E1079-2010透射密度计校准的标准方法Standard Practice for Calibration of Transmission DensitometersASTM E1114-2009e1测定铱192工业射线照相源尺寸的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining the Size of Iridium -192 IndustrialRadiopraphic SourcesASTM E1161-2009半导体和电子元件射线检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Semiconductors andElectronic ComponentsASTM E1165-2004(2010)用针孔成象法测量工业X射线管焦点的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-RayTubes by Pinhole ImagingASTM E1168-1995核设施工人辐射防护训练Radiological Protection Training for Nuclear Facility WorkersASTM E1254-2008射线照片及未曝光工业射线照相胶片储藏的标准指南Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed IndustrialRadiographic FilmsASTM E1255-2009射线透视检验标准方法Standard Practice for RadioscopyASTM E1320-2010钛铸件标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Titanium CastingsASTM E1390-2012工业射线照相观片灯标准规Standard Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing IndustrialRadiographsASTM E1400-1995高剂量辐射量测定校准实验室的特性和性能规程Characterization and Performance of a High-Dose Radiation DosimetryCalibration Laboratory, Practice for (12.02)ASTM E1411-2009射线照相系统鉴定的标准方法Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsASTM E1416-2009焊缝射线检验的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of WeldmentsASTM E1441-2011计算机层析（CT）成像的标准指南Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) ImagingASTM E1441-2000计算机层析成像（CT）指南Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging ASTM E1453-2009含模拟或数字射线照相数据的磁带媒体存储标准指南Standard Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog orDigital Radioscopic DataASTM E1475-2002(2008)数字射线照相检验数据计算机化传输的数据区标准指南Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of DigitalRadiological Examination DataASTM E1496-2005(2010)中子射线照相尺寸测量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Neutron Radiographic DimensionalMeasurements(With drawn 2012)ASTM E1570-2011计算机层析(CT)检验标准方法Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) ExaminationASTM E1647-2009确定射线照相检测对比度灵敏度的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in RadiologyASTM E1648-1995(2011)铝熔焊焊缝检验标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiographs for Examination of Aluminum Fusion WeldsASTM E1672-2006选择计算机层析(CT)系统的标准指南Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (Ct) System SelectionASTM E1695-1995(2006)e1计算机层析(CT)系统性能测量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (Ct) SystemPerformanceASTM E1734-2009铸件射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of CastingsASTM E1735-2007确定经4-25MV X射线曝光的工业射线胶片相关成像质量的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of IndustrialRadiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MVASTM E1742/E1742M-2011射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radiographic ExaminationASTM E1814-1996(2007)铸件计算机层析(CT)检验标准方法Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of CastingsASTM E1815-2008工业射线照相胶片系统分类的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for IndustrialRadiographyASTM E1817-2008使用典型象质计(RQIs)控制射线检验质量的标准方法Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination byUsing Representative Quality Indicators(RQI-s)ASTM E1894-1997选择脉冲X射线源用的剂量测定系统的标准指南Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in PulsedX-Ray SourcesASTM E1931-2009X射线康普顿散射层析技术标准指南Standard Guide for X-ray Compton Scatter TomographyASTM E1935-1997(2008)校准和测量计算机层析(CT) 密度的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT DensityASTM E1936-2003(2011)评估射线照相数字化系统性能的标准参考射线照片Standard Reference Radiograph for Evaluating the Performance ofRadiographic Digitization SystemsASTM E1955-2004(2009)与美国材料与试验协会ASTM E 390 参考射线照片等级比较钢中焊缝完善性的标准射线检验Standard Radiographic Examination for Soundness of Welds in Steel byComparison to Graded ASTM E390 Reference RadiographsASTM E2002-1998(2009)测定射线照相图象总不清晰度的标准方法Standard Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness in RadiologyASTM E2003-2010中子射线照相波束纯度指示计制作的标准方法Standard Practice for Fabrication of the Neutron Radiographic Beam PurityIndicators [Metric]ASTM E2007-2010计算机射线照相标准指南（用于CR的标准指南）(可激射线发光[PSL]法) Standard Guide for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence (PSL)Method)ASTM E2023-2010制作中子射线照相灵敏度指示计的标准方法Standard Practice for Fabrication of Neutron Radiographic SensitivityIndicatorASTM E2033-1999(2006)计算机射线照相的标准方法（用于CR的标准实施方法）(可激射线发光[PSL]法)Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable LuminescenceMethod)ASTM E2104-2009优质航空与涡轮材料和构件射线照相检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero andTurbine Materials and ComponentsASTM E2120-2000便携式X射线荧光光谱仪测量涂膜中铅含量的性能评估规程Practice for the Performance Evaluation of the Portable X-Ray FluorescenceSpectrometer for the Measurement of Lead in Paint FilmsASTM E2339-2004无损评价中的数字成像和通讯Digital Imaging and Communication in NDE（DICONDE）ASTM E2422-2011铝铸件标准参考数字射线图像（钛和钢铸件也适用）Standard Digital Reference Images for Al. Casting(Titanium & steel Castingalso available)ASTM E2445-2005(2010)计算机射线照相系统的长期稳定性与鉴定的标准方法（用于CR系统的质量认定和长期稳定性的标准实施方法）Standard Practice for Qualification and Long-Term Stability of ComputedRadiology SystemsASTM E2446-2005(2010)计算机射线照相系统分类的标准方法（用于CR系统分类的标准实施方法）Standard Practice for Classification of Computed Radiology SystemsASTM E2597-2007e1数字探测器阵列制造特性的标准规程Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital DetectorArraysASTM E2660-2011航空用优质钢铸件标准参考数字射线图像Standard Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings forAerospace ApplicationsASTM E2662-2009航空用平面与夹芯复合材料射线照相检验的标准方法Standard Practice for Radiologic Examination of Flat Panel Composites andSandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace ApplicationsASTM E2669-2011数字射线照相（DR）检测方法的数字图像与通信无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for Digital Radiographic (DR) Test MethodsASTM E2698-2010使用数字探测器阵列的射线照相检验标准方法Standard Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital DetectorArraysASTM E2736-2010数字探测器阵列射线照相检测标准指南Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiologyASTM E2737-2010评价数字探测器阵列性能和长期稳定性的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation andLong-Term StabilityASTM E2738-2011使用计算机射线照相（CR）检测方法的数字图像与通讯无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for Computed Radiography (CR) Test MethodsASTM E2767-2011使用X射线计算机层析（CT）检测方法的数字图像与通讯无损评价（DICONDE）的标准方法Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in NondestructiveEvaluation (DICONDE) for X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Test MethodsASTM E2861-2011测量中子辐射束发散与校准的标准试验方法Standard Test Method for Measurement of Beam Divergence and Alignment inNeutron Radiologic BeamsASTM F629-1997铸造金属外科手术植入物射线照相检查实施方法(F-4)ASTM F727-1981透明照相干版透光度测量的试验方法Test Method for Measuring Transmittance of See-Through PhotoplateASTM F784-1982校准放射性同位素密封测试仪的试验方法Test Method for Calibrating Radioisotope Hermetic Test ApparatusASTM F864-1984硬表面玻璃照相干板的检验Inspection of Hard-Surface Glass Photoplates ASTM F947-1985测定照相胶片低能级X射线辐射灵敏度的试验方法Test Method for Determining Low-Level X-Radiation Sensitivity ofPhotographic FilmsASTM F1035-1991使用橡胶帘布圆盘验证轮胎X射线成象系统的辩别能力Use of Rubber-Cord Pie Disk to Demonstrate the Discernment Capability of aTire X-Ray Imaging SystemASTM F1039-1987X射线安全屏系统中测量低剂量X辐射的试验方法Test Method for Measurement of Low Level X-Radiation Used in X-RaySecurity Screening SystemsASTM F1467-1999微电子装置电离辐射效应中X射线测试仪(近似等于10keV辐射量子)的使用Use of an X-Ray Tester (is Approximately Equal to 10 keV Photons) inIonizing Radiation Effects Testing of Microelectronic DevicesASTM PS95-1998便携式X射线荧光(XRF)装置现场测定涂料或其它涂层含铅量的质量体系的标准临时操作规程Standard Provisional Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In SituMeasurements of Lead Content in Paint or Other Coatings usingField-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) DevicesASTM PS 116-1999测量涂膜含铅量用的便携式X射线荧光光谱仪性能评价的临时操作规程Provisional Practice for the Performance Evaluation of the Portable X-RayFluorescence Spectrometer for the Measurement of Lead in Paint FilmsANSI/ANS6.1.1-1991中子及ｒ射线对剂量因素的影响Neutron and Gamma-Ray Fluence-to-DoseFactorsANSI/IEEE 309-1970盖革-弥勒计数器的试验程序Geiger-Muller Counters, Test Procedure for ANSI IT9.2-1991成象介质-已处理的照相胶片、平板和相纸-归档盒及储存箱Imaging Media - Photographic Processed Films, Plates and Papers - FilingEnclosures and Storage ContainersANSI IT9.8-1989成象介质-照相胶片耐折强度的测定Imaging Media - Photographic Film - Determination of Folding EnduranceANSI N13.2-1969辐射监测的管理规程指南Administrative Practices in Radiation Monitoring, Guide toANSI N13.5-1972直读和非直读式袖珍X和γ射线辐射剂量仪的性能Direct Reading and Indirect Reading Pocket Dosimeters for X- and GammaRadiation, PerformanceANSI N13.7-1983辐射防护照相胶片剂量仪性能标准Radiation Protection - Photographic Film Dosimeters - Criteria forPerformanceANSI N13.11-2001个人剂量测定的试验标准Personnel Dosimetry Performance, Criteria for TestingANSI N13.27-1981袖珍式报警辐射剂量仪和报警记数率计的性能要求Performance Requirements for Pocket-Sized Alarm Dosimeters and AlarmRatemetersANSI N15.36-1994核材料无损化验测量的控制和保证Nuclear materials - Nondestructive assay measurement control and assuranceANSI N15.37-1981核材料控制的自动无损化验系统指南Automation of Nondestructive Assay Systems for Nuclear Materials Control,Guide toANSI N42.16-1986用于液体闪烁计数器的密封放射检查源的规Specifications for sealed radioactive check sources used inliquid-scintillation countersANSI N42.20-1995个人辐射监视仪的性能标准Performance criteria for active personnel radiation monitorsANSI N42.26-1995辐射防护仪器监测设备X和γ辐射个人报警装置Radiation Protection Instrumentation - Monitoring Equipment - PersonalWarning Devices for X and Gamma RadiationsANSI N43.3-1993通用辐射安全非医疗应用的X射线和密封γ射线源的安装能量达10Mev General radiation safety - Installations using non-medical X-ray andsealed gamma-ray sources, energies up to 10 MeVANSI N43.6-1997密封放射性源的分类Classification of Sealed Radioactive SourcesANSI N43.9-1991γ射线照相仪器的设计和试验规Gamma Radiography - Specifications for Design and Testing of ApparatusANSI N322-1996直接和间接读取石英纤维袖珍剂量计的检验和试验规Inspection and Test Specifications for Direct and Indirect Reading QuartzFiber Pocket DosimetersASME Boiler & Pressure VesselCode(ASME锅炉压力容器规)第V卷《无损检测》2004版，第2篇“射线检测”，强制性附录-包含动态射线照相、实时射线成像检测容ASME SE-1647确定射线照相对比灵敏度的推荐实施方法ASME Code Case 2476使用荧光成像板的射线照相Radiography using phosphor imaging platesMIL-HDBK-55-66射线照相无损检测手册(已由MIL-HDBK-728/5取代)MIL-STD-139A-65射线检测铝镁合金铸件的完好性要求MIL-STD-453C-88射线照相检测MIL-STD-746A-63铸造爆破器材的射线照相检测要求MIL-STD-779-68钢焊缝参考χ射线照片(由ASTM E390取代)MIL-STD-1257A-87钴铬合金枪管射线照相及目视检验MIL-R-11470A-71对射线检验设备,操作方法和操作人员的合格审查(由MIL-STD-453取代) MIL-I-36013B-72折迭式χ射线观片灯MIL-R-45226-62石墨的射线照相检测(已停用)MIL-R-45774A(92)铝,镁导弹零件熔焊完好性要求-射线照相检测MIL-STD-1948(91)中子射线照相检验的术语和定义汇编MIL-HDBK-728/5(92)射线照相检验MIL-HDBK-733(92)复合材料无损检验方法-射线照相法MIL-STD-1166A(91)固体火箭推进剂射线照相检验要求MIL-STD-1264B(93)钢焊缝完好性射线照相检验-与ASTM E390 各级参考底片比较MIL-STD-1265A(92)钢铸件射线照相检验分类和完好性要求MIL-STD-1894A(86)不完全焊透钢焊缝的射线照相参考标准及射线照相程序MIL-STD-1895A(86)不完全焊透铝焊缝的射线照相参考标准及射线照相程序BAC 5915(美国波音公司) 射线检验DPS 4.736(美国麦道公司) 射线检验API 1104(美国石油协会) 管道及有关设备的焊接AWS B 5.15射线照相评片资格技术条件。
ASTM E186-98 译
名稱：E186-98厚壁（2-41/2in.[51-114mm]）鑄鋼件的標準射線參照相片1範圍1.1本標準的射線參照相片適用于2-41/2in.[51-114mm]壁厚鑄鋼件，由以下獨立的三套相片組成：1.1.1第1冊：1-MV X射線和銥-192射線（以前的版本中稱為1-2Mev X射線）。
有28片，5×8in.（127×203mm）大小，裝于15×17in.（381×432mm）的活頁夾內。
1.1.2第2冊：2-MV X射線和鈷-60射線（以前的版本中稱為“伽馬射線”）。
包括鈷-60或相當的放射性同位素射線，以及2-4MV X射線。
有28片，5×8in.大小，裝于15×17in.的活頁夾內。
1.1.3第3冊：4-MV至30-MV X射線（以前的版本中稱為“10-24 Mev X射線”）。
有28片，5×8in.大小，裝于15×17in.的活頁夾內。
1.1.4每一套相片由按非連續性的嚴重度遞增而劃分等級的3個種類和不劃分等級僅是附加圖例的3個種類組成，如下所示：1.1.4.1A類-氣孔；嚴重度從1至5.1.1.4.2B類-砂眼和夾渣；嚴重度從1至5.1.1.4.3C類-縮孔；3個類型：（1）Type1 嚴重度從1至5.（2）Type2 嚴重度從1至5.（3）Type3 嚴重度從1至5.1.1.4.4D類-裂紋；有1圖例，1972年以前文件。
1.1.4.5E類-熱裂；有1圖例，1972年以前文件。
1.1.4.6F類-型芯夾雜；有1圖例，1972年以前文件。
1.2以英寸-磅單位制作為標準單位。
1.3本標準并不意味著闡述了所有的安全問題。
本標準用戶有責任在使用前制訂相應安全和健康細則，確認符合相應的法律法規。
2參考文獻2.1ASTM标准：E 94 射線照相检测指南E 1316 无损检测专用术語2.2ASTM 附件：2-41/2in.[51-114mm]壁厚鑄鋼件的射線參照相片：第1冊：1MV X射線和銥-192射線第2冊：2MV X射線和鈷-60射線第3冊：4MV-30MV X射線3專用術語3.1定義-本文件使用的定義和術語，參見《專用術語E 1316》D章節。
核电技术中ASME规范第Ⅸ卷1998版至2010版的对比研究
2021年 第4期 热加工33核电技术中ASME 规范第IX 卷1998版至2010版的对比研究李哲，白林，王宇欣中国核电工程有限公司 北京 100840摘要：通过对ASME 规范第IX 卷1998版至2010版进行对比研究，分析不同版本内容的差异，尤其是常用核电焊接方法焊接变量的变化，对核电项目中焊接技术的应用具有实际指导意义。
关键词：核电项目；ASME 规范；焊接工艺评定；焊接变量1 序言A S M E 规范在我国核电项目上应用广泛，例如，在国内引进、消化的三代非能动核电项目AP1000中，其核岛设备的设计、制造采用的标准均为ASME 规范1998版至2000补遗（1998版+1999补遗+2000补遗）。
而目前ASME 规范公开发行的最新版为2015版，实施应用的为2010版。
另外，在我国自主研发设计的乏燃料运输和贮存容器设计中，设计标准也主要采用不同版本的ASME 规范。
在核电焊接技术中，焊接工艺评定是焊接质量控制中最复杂、最核心的工作。
因此，对于采用ASME 规范设计的项目及设备，亟需比较ASME 第IX 卷1998版[1]与2010版[2]在结构和内容上的差异，并对差异进行分析研究，以便后续相关项目的应用。
2 ASME 规范第IX 卷ASME 第IX 卷《焊接和钎焊评定标准》规范是对焊接和钎焊工艺、焊工、钎焊工，以及焊接和钎焊机械操作工的评定标准。
该规范分为两大部分：焊接评定篇（PART QW-WELDING ）和钎焊评定篇（PART QB-BRAZING ）。
其中，“PART QW-WELDING ”分为5个章节：焊接总要求、焊接工艺评定、焊接技能评定、焊接数据及标准焊接工艺规程。
在AP1000核电项目中，焊接工艺评定的制定主要参照焊接评定篇。
ASME 第IX 卷在焊接评定篇中，对所评价的每个焊接方法都列出了重要变量、附加重要变量和非重要变量。
通常，焊接工艺规程（WPS ）为每个包含在特定工艺规程中的焊接方法列出了所有重要和非重要变量。
射线照相探伤检验规程
射线照相探伤检验规程（ISO9001-2015/IATF16949）1.0目的：本规范适用于铸件、锻件产品和焊接（焊补）产品的射线照相检测。
2.0引用标准ASTM E94ASTM E142ASTM E186ASTM E446ASTM E747ASME B16.343.0检测要求：3.1 对承压铸件焊缝、焊接端焊缝坡口等关键区域100%进行射线照相。
3.2 对壁厚在2英寸（50mm）以内的钢铸件射线照片，应用ASTM E446标准，壁厚为2~4.5英寸（51~114mm）以内的，应用ASTM E186标准，壁厚为4.5~12英寸（114~305mm）应用ASTM E280标准。
3.3 API spec 6A产品a 取样：在进行改善力学性能的热处理之后和限制检验结果有效解释的机加工之前，应对每个零件尽实际可能选用射线照相探伤。
b 方法：射线照相检验应对最少当量灵敏度2%按ASTM E94或中国有关标准规定的程序进行。
χ-射线和γ-射线辐射源在各自厚度范围内均可采用。
当工厂有书面记载这些方法会产生最小当量灵敏度2%时，实际显像和记录/增强方法均可采用。
线形显像质量透度计可按ASTM E747采用。
c 阀体、阀盖铸造临界部位进行检测。
4.0射线照相程序4.1 ASTM E94“用于射线试验的推荐作法”ASTM E142“射线照相试验的控制质量”应作为指南作用4.2 射线照相范围应按3.1和3.3C要求。
4.3 软片应按实际情况紧贴在要进行射线照相的铸件上。
4.4 在市场上可买到的任何增感屏都可使用，但荧火增感型除外。
4.5 所有软片应具有识别标记，以便在说明和指示检验时的实际铸件严格定位。
软片还应标明拍摄的部门和日期。
4.6 每次拍射线片都应使用射线透度计，并应按照ASTM E142的要求。
4.7 任何软片都可使用，只要其粒度细于或等于ASTM E94中的2型。
4.8 可采用多样的拍摄技术，不论是一次或多次拍摄，目的是用一次曝光便能达到铸件厚度较大的范围。
ASTM标准的中文版本
ASTM标准的中文版本ASTM标准的中文版本ASTM A6/A6M-2004 a结构用轧制钢板、型钢、板桩和棒钢通用要求ASTM A36/A36M-2004碳结构钢标准规范ASTM A106-2002a高温用无缝碳钢公称管规范ASTM A143-2003热侵镀锌结构钢制品防脆化的标准实施规程和催化探测方法ASTM A179/A179M-1990a（R2001）热交换器和冷凝器用无缝冷拉低碳钢管标准规范ASTM A192-2002高压设备用无缝碳钢锅炉管标准规范ASTM A209/A209M-2003锅炉和过热器用无缝碳钼合金钢管标准规范ASTM A210/A210M-2003锅炉和过热器用无缝中碳钢管技术条件ASTM A213/A213Mb-2004锅炉过热器和换热器用无缝铁素体和奥氏体合金钢传热管技术条件ASTM A234/A234M-2004中、高温用锻制碳钢和合金钢管道配件ASTM A252-98（R2002）焊接钢和无缝钢管桩的标准规范ASTM A262-2002a探测奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感度的标准实施规范ASTM A269/A269-2004通用无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管标准规范ASTM A333/A333M-2004低温设备用无缝和焊接钢管的规范标准ASTM A334/A334M-2004低温设备用无缝和焊接碳素和合金钢管的标准规范ASTM A335-2003高温设备用无缝铁素体合金钢管标准规范ASTM A370/A370M-2003a钢制品力学性能试验方法和定义标准ASTM A387/A387M-2003压力容器用铬钼合金钢板的标准规范ASTM A403/A403M-2004锻制奥氏体不锈钢管配件的标准规范ASTM A450/A450M-2004碳素钢管、铁素体合金钢管及奥氏体合金钢管一般要求的标准规范ASTM A500-2003a圆形与异型冷成型焊接与无缝碳素钢结构管标准规范ASTM A515-2003中温及高温压力容器用碳素钢板的标准规范ASTM A516-2004a中温及低温压力容器用碳素钢板的标准规范ASTM A530-2003特种碳素钢和合金钢管一般要求的标准规范ASTM A615/A615M-2004a混凝土配筋用异形钢筋和无节钢胚棒标准规范ASTM A703/A703M-2004标准技术条件—承压件钢铸件通用要求ASTM A781/A781M-2004a铸件、钢和合金的标准规范及通用工业的一般性要求ASTM A788/A788M-2004a标准技术条件—钢锻件通用要求ASTM B209/B209M -2004铝和铝合金薄板和中厚板标准规范ASTM E6-2003金属材料布氏硬度的标准测试方法ASTM E18-2003金属材料洛氏硬度和洛氏表面硬度的标准测试方法ASTM E29-2002使用有效数字确定试验数据与规范符合性作法ASTM E8-2004金属材料拉伸试验的标准测试方法ASTM E94-2004放射性检查的标准指南ASTM E125-1963（R2003）铁铸件的磁粉检验用标准参考照片ASTM E164-2003焊件的超声接触检验的标准操作规程ASTM E208-1995a(R2000)用导向落锤试验测定铁素体钢无塑性转变温度的标准试验方法ASTM E213-2004金属管超声检验方法ASTM F36-1995测定垫片材料压缩率及回弹率的标准试验方法ASTM F37-1995垫片材料密封性的标准试验方法ASTM F38-1995垫片材料的蠕变松弛的标准试验方法ASTM F112-1995色覆垫片密封性能的标准试验方法ASTM F146-1995a垫片材料耐液体标准试验方法ASTM F1311-1995(R2001)大口径组装式碳钢法兰标准规范ASTM G1-2003腐蚀试样的制备、清洁处理和评定用标准实施规范ASTM G36-73(R1981) 参考资料标准实用规程：在沸的氯化镁溶液中进行的应力腐蚀裂纹试验ASTM G46-1976(R1986) 参考资料标准实用规程：麻点腐蚀的检验和评定ASTM G48-1976(R1980) 参考资料使用三氯化铁溶液做不锈钢及其合金的耐麻点腐蚀和抗裂口腐蚀性试验的标准方法ASTM标准中译本丛书（一）碳钢、铸铁、不锈钢及合金钢材料标准规范（含18个标准)ASTM A105/A105M-2002管道部件用碳钢锻件ASTM A126-1995(R2001)阀门、法兰和管道附件用灰铁铸件ASTM A181/A181M-2001通用管路用碳钢锻件标准规范ASTM A193/A193M-2001高温用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料ASTM A194/A194M-2001 a高温用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料ASTM A216/A216M-2001 a高温用可熔焊碳钢铸件标准规范ASTM A217/A217M-2002高温承压件用马氏体不锈钢和合金钢铸件标准规范ASTM A276-2002 a不锈钢棒材和型材ASTM A278/A278M-2001高温不超过650°F（350℃）的承压部件用灰铸铁件ASTM A320/A320M-2002低温用合金钢栓接材料ASTM A350/A350M-2002要求冲击韧性试验的管件用碳钢及低合金钢锻件标准规范ASTM A351/A351M-2000承压件用奥氏体、奥氏体-铁素体（双相）钢铸件规范ASTM A352/A352M-1993（R1998)低温承压件用铁素体和马氏体钢铸件标准规范ASTM A395/A395M-1999高温用铁素体球墨铸铁承压铸件ASTM A439-1983(R1999)奥氏体球墨铸铁件ASTM A536-1984(R1999)球墨铸铁件ASTM A694/A694M-2000高温输送用管法兰、管件、阀门及零件用碳钢和合金钢锻件标准规范ASTM A965/A965M-2002高温高压部件用奥氏体钢锻件ASTM标准中译本丛书（二）法兰、管件、阀门及部件（含9个标准）ASTM A182/A182M-2002高温用锻制或轧制合金钢法兰、锻制管件、阀门和部件ASTM A961-2002管道用钢制法兰、锻制管件、阀门和零件的通用要求标准规范ASTM B462-2002高温耐腐蚀用锻制或轧制的UNS NO6030、UNS NO6022、UNS NO6200、UNS NO8020、UNS NO8024、UNS NO8026、UNS NO8367、UNS NO10276、UNS N10665、UNS N10675和UNS R20033合金管法兰、锻制管件、阀门和零件标准规范ASTM F885-1984公称管径为NPS 1/4～2的青铜截止阀外形尺寸标准规范ASTM F992-1986(R2001)阀门铭牌标准规范ASTM F993-1986(R2001)阀门锁紧装置标准规范ASTM F1030-1986(R1998)阀门操作装置的选择准则ASTM F1098-1987(R1998)公称管径有NPS2～24的蝶阀外形尺寸标准规范ASTM F1565-2000蒸汽用减压阀规范。
ASTM E186-2010
Designation:E186–10Standard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled(2to41⁄2-in.(50.8to114-mm))Steel Castings1 This standard is issued under thefixed designation E186;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These reference radiographs2illustrate various catego-ries,types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of2to less than41⁄2 in.(50.8to114mm).The reference radiographfilms are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International,if needed(see2.2).Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in1.2.1.Note that the basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser/supplier agreement of radiographic examination at-tributes and classification criterion as described in Sections4, 6,and7of this standard.Reference radiographs for other steel casting thicknesses may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E446and E280.Reference Radiograph standards E446and E280provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range(see4.2,5.1,and6.3)1.2These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes as follows:1.2.1V olume I:1–MV X Rays and Iridium192(called“1to 2–Mev X rays”in previous editions)-Set of28plates(nominal 5by8in.(127by203mm)in a15by17in.(381by432mm) ring binder).1.2.2V olume II:2–MV X Rays and Cobalt-60(called “gamma rays”in previous editions).This includes cobalt-60or equivalent isotope radiation and from2–MV up to4–MV X rays-Set of28plates(nominal5by8in.)in a15by17in.ring binder.1.2.3V olume III:4–MV to30–MV X rays(called“10to24 Mev X rays”in previous editions)-Set of28plates(nominal5 by8in.)in a15by17in.ring binder.1.2.4Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement(see1.1),each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard.Each volume consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels,and three categories of ungraded discontinuities.Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed.Following is a list of discontinuity categories,types and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:1.2.4.1Category A—Gas porosity;severity levels1through 5.1.2.4.2Category B—Sand and slag inclusions;severity levels1through5.1.2.4.3Category C—Shrinkage;three types:(1)Ca—linear shrinkage—severity levels1through 5. (Called Type1in previous revisions)(2)Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels1through5. (Called Type2in previous revisions)(3)Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels1through5. (Called Type3in previous revisions)1.2.4.4Category D—Crack;one illustration(D3in pre-1972documents).1.2.4.5Category E—Hot tear;one illustration in pre-1972 documents.1.2.4.6Category F—Insert;one illustration(EB3in pre-1972documents).1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.SI values are shown for information only. 1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3E94Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE242Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittees E07.02on Reference Radiological Images and E07.93on Illustration Monitoring.Current edition approved Jan.1,2010.Published February2010.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2004as E186-98(2004)´1. DOI:10.1520/E0186-10.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference Radiographs SE186in Section V of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.E280Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled(412to 12-in.[114to305-mm])Steel CastingsE446Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to2in.[51mm]in ThicknessE1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2ASTM Adjuncts:4Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled(2to41⁄2-in.(50.8 to114-mm))Steel Castings:V olume I,1-MV X-Rays and Iridium-1925V olume II,2to4-MV X-Rays and Cobalt-606V olume III,4-MV to30-MV X-Rays73.Terminology3.1Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to radio-graphic examination,see Terminology E1316.3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1production radiograph—a radiograph under review for compliance with this standard.3.2.2discontinuity type—a specific discontinuity character-ized by its cause and appearance.For example:linear shrink-age is a specific discontinuity type.3.2.3discontinuity category—a nomenclature system used for grouping discontinuity types.For example:linear shrinkage is assigned category“Ca”where“C”represents the general shrinkage category and“a”represents the specific linear shrinkage discontinuity type.3.2.4discontinuity severity level—a relative rank in terms of“quantity,size and distribution”of a collection of disconti-nuities where“1”is the least and“5”is the greatest“quantity, size and distribution”present on the reference radiograph. Example:a severity level of“1”is more restrictive(requires a higher level of workmanship fabrication quality)than a sever-ity level of“2.”3.2.5discontinuity class—an assigned workmanship fabri-cation quality rating characterized by a discontinuity type, category and severity level.For example:“Ca2”is a discon-tinuity class comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of“2.”3.2.6classification specification—a set of user defined ac-ceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic workman-ship discontinuity class requirements for a specified user casting service application(see Sections6and7).3.2.7graded illustration—a category of discontinuity that is assigned a severity level.3.2.8ungraded illustration—a category of discontinuity without an assigned severity level.3.2.9prorating—assignment of quantity,size and distribu-tion on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size area of a reference radiograph.For example:a production radiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area of a reference radiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the applicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4.Significance and Use4.1Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes.Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels may not be needed.These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchas-ers may,by mutual agreement,select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability(see Sections6and7).4.2Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used,as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement,for energy levels,thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E446or E280reference radiographs may alternatively be used,as determined appropriate for the casting service application,if so agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement(see Section1and5.1).4.3Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section8;however,there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such require-ments.Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application,all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.Section9addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs to castings may be required.5.Method of Preparation5.1The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I or II film systems by the respective use of radiation energies stated in1.2.1to1.2.3.The original radiographs were made with a penetrameter sensitivity,as determined by ASTM penetram-eters(see Guide E94),of2-2T.The adjunct reference radio-graphs are reproductions prepared to an optical density of2.00 to2.25and have substantially retained the contrast of the original radiographs.In preparing these reference radiographs, the objective was to obtain progressively graduated severity levels for each graded discontinuity category of this standard. Additionally,some overlap of severity levels may occur for similar discontinuity categories of Reference Radiograph stan-dard E446or E280with the same energy level range(see6.3).5.2Film Deterioration—Radiographicfilms are subject to wear and tear from handling and use.The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions,care in handling and amount of use.Reference radio-graphfilms are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time.The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear,including scratches,abrasions,stains,and so forth.Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.4Available from ASTM Headquarters. 5Order RRE018601.6Order RRE018602.7Order RRE018603.2--`,,```````,``,`,```,```````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---6.Determination of Radiographic Classification6.1For purposes of evaluation of castings,a determination must be made of the radiographic discontinuity classifications to be assigned to individual castings or specific areas of castings.The determination of the applicable radiographic discontinuity classification shall be based on an evaluation of the casting applications,design,and service requirements.In these evaluations,consideration shall be given to such factors as pressure,temperature,section thickness,applicable design safety factor,vibration,shock,resistance to corrosion,involve-ment of penetrating radiations or radiation products,and involvement of dangerous gases or liquids.6.2For each individual casting or specific area of a casting to be radiographed,the discontinuity class must be clearly specified.For example:severity level2might be specified for linear shrinkage,Category Ca,and severity level3for gas porosity,Category A,since the latter are generally much less deleterious to tensile properties(see Section7).6.3When determining discontinuity severity levels for in-dividual castings spanning thickness ranges outside the range of this standard,consideration should be given to the potential for overlapping severity levels as described in4.2and5.1. 6.4Production radiographs which are compared to refer-ence radiographs should have an optical density in the area of interest in accordance with Standard Guide E94and a specified minimum radiographic sensitivity(quality level)of2%(2-2T).Other radiographic quality levels or optical densities may be designated,but then a corresponding change in severity level for each discontinuity category should be anticipated and hence specified.7.Classification Specifications7.1The applicable radiographic discontinuity classification should be designated by the contracting agency in formal specifications or drawings and in the specific contract or order. The specifications,drawings,contract,or order should also designate the sampling plan for the castings to be radiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage,radiographic practice to be followed(see Guide E94),image quality desired(see Note1),as well as the severity of acceptable discontinuity for graded discontinuity.N OTE1—For description of sensitivity or image quality levels,see Guide E94and Reference Radiograph standard E242.8.Procedure for Evaluation8.1Compare the production radiographs of the casting submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs ex-posed at an equivalent energy range within the thickness range of this standard(unless otherwise specified—see Section4).8.2When the severity level of discontinuities in the produc-tion radiograph being evaluated is equal to or less than the severity level in the specified reference radiograph,that part of the casting represented by the production radiograph shall be acceptable.If the production radiograph shows discontinuities of greater severity than the reference radiograph,that part of the casting shall be rejected.8.3A unit area on the production radiograph shall be evaluated to a unit area of like size on the reference radiograph.Any evaluation unit area that shares a discontinuity with an adjacent unit evaluation area shall meet the minimum unit area acceptability requirements within the combined unit area. When the unit area of interest of a production radiograph is less than the unit area of the applicable reference radiograph,such unit area of the production radiograph shall be prorated to the reference radiographic area.8.4When two or more categories of discontinuity are present in the same production radiograph,the predominating discontinuities,if unacceptable,shall govern without regard to the other categories of discontinuity and that part of the casting shall be judged unacceptable.8.5When two or more categories of discontinuity are present to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level as shown in the applicable standards for each category,then that part of the casting shall be judged unacceptable.When two or more categories of discontinuity are present in the same radiograph to an extent less than the maximum permissible level,as shown in the applicable standards for each category, the severity shall be evaluated by the overall aggregate condition.The aggregate condition is defined as the balance of quantity,size and distribution of the collection of discontinui-ties and shall not exceed the aggregate condition of the applicable reference radiograph.8.6Reference radiographs are provided showing a variety of shrinkage discontinuity types.Production radiographs show-ing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representative reference radiograph.8.7This standard does not specify limiting criteria for a single size of discontinuity,maximum number of discontinui-ties per unit area evaluated,specific dimensional spacing and/or alignment criterion between individual discontinuities or any other undefined discontinuity patterns.Unless otherwise specified by a purchaser supplier agreement(see Section4), these discontinuity conditions on production radiographs shall be evaluated as aggregate conditions as defined in8.5.8.8In general,there is no limit as to the extent of acceptable discontinuities in a casting,provided that no unit evaluation area throughout the casting contains discontinuities that exceed the severity of discontinuities in the applicable reference radiographs.8.9Reference radiographs in this standard do not illustrate elongated or“worm hole”type of gas discontinuities.When this condition occurs in a production radiograph,it shall be evaluated by comparison with the most representative refer-ence radiograph.8.9.1When the exposing radiation source has been placed perpendicular to the length of the gas hole,evaluate the production radiograph with a shrinkage reference radiograph.8.9.2When the exposing radiation source has been placed diametrically or“into”the diameter of the gas hole,evaluate the production radiograph with a gas reference radiograph. 8.10A diffraction mottling pattern can occur onfilms of parts and sections where the grain size is large enough to be an appreciable fraction of the material thickness(see Note2).If diffraction mottling is suspected,there are a number of ways to demonstrate its presence.The diffraction mottling pattern shown in these cases is dependent principally upon thecrystal 3--`,,```````,``,`,```,```````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---geometry and the orientation of the crystals to the incident radiation.Therefore,for a given specimen,any change in this orientation will affect the diffraction pattern dramatically.This can be accomplished by a slight,1to5°tilt of the part,with respect to the radiation beam or simply by shifting the center line of the radiation beam to a slightly different location from thefirst exposure.Indications from any porosity,shrinkage,or other discontinuity will move only slightly,while any mottling patterns present will change dramatically.If it is necessary or desirable to eliminate the mottling,the kV may be raised to reduce the amount of diffraction radiation.However,caution should be used so that the kV is not raised to the point that sensitivity is reduced excessively.If diffraction mottling is demonstrated to be present on a radiograph,this condition shall not be considered as prejudicial in evaluating the radiograph. N OTE2—Mottling is often associated with thin sections of austenitic steels,and copper base alloys such as copper nickel,tin bronzes,and nickel copper.8.11Hot tears and cracks exhibited on production radio-graphs may at times resemble linear type shrinkage.When doubt exists whether such indications are cracks or tears,or are linear shrinkage,all surfaces in the area of interest shall be ground and magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspected as applicable.The extent and depth of grinding may require engineering judgment.If the indication does not appear on the surface,that indication shall be considered shrinkage.8.12The radiographic density of discontinuities in compari-son with background density is a variable dependent on technical factors.It shall not be used as a criterion for acceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radio-graphs.9.Weld Repair of Castings9.1When radiographic quality castings are repaired by welding,the reference radiographs to be used in the evaluation of the repaired sections must be specifically agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.9.2When casting discontinuities are removed for repairs, only the extent of discontinuity required to meet applicable reference standards need be removed.10.Keywords10.1discontinuity classification criterion;gamma-ray;ref-erence radiographs;steel castings;X-rayASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website(/COPYRIGHT/).4--`,,```````,``,`,```,```````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---。