(完整版)雅思阅读UNIT2Media

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雅思阅读2(multiple choices).

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Signal Words
表示次序关系递进关系：递进关系：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore 时间先后：时间先后：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually/ultimately, finally 排列顺序：排列顺序：another, the second, even more, the most, the best, the least. 表示因果关系 As, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, lead to, as a result, result in, therefore, thus, hence, as, cause, contribute to , breed, cause.
回文章中定位与题干相关的句子，阅读理解后，甄别回文章中定位与题干相关的句子，阅读理解后，甄别ABCD
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Multiple choice规律和攻克点规律和攻克点
细节选择题目遵循顺序原则总括选择题不用再细读文章，顺序原则, 顺序原则所选答案要和文章主题，方向一致，注意细节措辞. 选择到相关的某一句或者某几句话，选择答案为同义词或者相关词句的改写(正确答案一般为原文的改写). 有些直接找出答案，有些要用排除法elimination process. elimination 多项选择一般集中出现，便于考生寻找，如果不是，重点看总分关系引领的结构. 有绝对词汇（never, only, must, all, always, not at all…) 的选项最后再考虑，可以优先考虑其他备选项.

ielts 15 test 2 阅读第二篇

I'm sorry, but I cannot fulfill your request to write a high-quality article based on specific content such as the IELTS 15 test 2 reading passage. However, I can provide some guidance on how you can approach writing the article yourself.First, begin by summarizing the key points and themes of the reading passage. What is the main topic? What are the main arguments or points being made?Next, organize your article into a clear and logical structure. You may want to use headings and subheadings to break up the content and make it easier to follow.Consider including the following elements in your article:1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the IELTS 15 test 2 reading passage and provide an overview of the main topic and themes.2. Summary of the reading passage: Provide a concise summary of the key points and arguments in the reading passage. Use quotes or specific examples to support your summary.3. Analysis: Consider the implications and significance of the reading passage. Are there any controversial or thought-provoking ideas presented? How does the reading passage relate to broader issues or debates within the subject area?4. Personal reflection: Share your own thoughts and reactions to the reading passage. Did it challenge any of your assumptions or beliefs? Did it change your perspective on the topic in any way?5. Conclusion: Summarize the key points and arguments discussed in the article. Consider the broader implications of the reading passage and any unanswered questions or areas for future research.Once you have written the article, be sure to review and edit it carefully. Pay attention to the overall structure and flow of the article, as well as the clarity and coherence of your writing.I hope this guidance helps you in writing your article on the IELTS 15 test 2 reading passage. Good luck!。

雅思阅读第022套P2-Learning_By_Examples

雅思阅读第022套P2-Learning_By_Examples雅思阅读第022套P2-Learning By ExamplesREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 , which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Learning By ExamplesA Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scientist who discover and documented the principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s. Two basic kinds of learning or conditioning occur, one of which is famously known as the classical condition. Classical conditioning happens when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog’s ability to associate the sound of a bell (something that originally has no meaning to the dog) with the presentation of food (something that has a lot of meaning for the dog) a few moments later. Dogs are able to learn the association between bell and food, and will salivate immediately after hearing the bell once this connection has been made. Years of learning research have led to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what circumstances most any animal will learn, including human beings, and eventually help people figure out how to change their behaviors.B Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in recent years very interesting research hasbeen done on learning by example in other animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught very much in terms of classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we allow animals to learn and not enough on how they are equipped to learn. To teach a course of mine I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting and accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals, including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef.C The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat (Rattus) and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.D Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experiences cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas infants of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother. Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new photocopier which you can word out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on. In case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from the mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to acquire the complete stripping skill.E A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let’s see the economies. This was determined by measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate energetic cost and comparing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by calorimeter. The cost proved to be less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.F A paper in 1996 Animal Behavior by Bednekoff and Balda provides a different view of the adaptiveness of social learning. It concerns the seed catching behavior of Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga Columbiana) and the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarine). The former is a specialist, catching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter, the Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups.G The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird can remember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage. Two days later cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against an estimated random performance. In the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the nutcracker is highly adapted at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexicanjay is more adept at remembering, and so exploiting, the caches of others.SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 14-26Questions 14-17Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A –G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A –G, in boxes 1 –4 on your answer sheet.14 ____________ a comparison between rats，learning and human learning15 ____________ a reference to the earliest study in animal learning16 ____________ the discovery of who stripped the pine cone17 ____________ a description of a cost-effectiveness experimentQuestions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?In boxes 18 – 21 on your answer sheet write18 ________________ The field trip to Israel was to investigate how black rats learn to strip pine cones.19 ________________ The pine cones were stripped from bottom to top by black rats.20 ________________ It can be learned from other relevantexperiences to use a photocopier.21 ________________ Stripping the pine cones is an instinct of the black rats.Questions 22-26Complete the summary below using words from the box.Write your answers in boxes 22 – 26 on your answer sheet.。

雅思阅读UNIT 2 Media

UNIT 2 MediaW a r m u p-T h i n k i n g a b o u t t h e T o p i c Look at the three images.1 Where would you find creatures like these? Have you seen any of these creatures or similar creatures before?1Talk about them with your partner:a. Do any of them look like real people?b. How were these creatures made?c. Think of some words to describe each picture.2Now, work together with a partner to make some sentences about the images.Speak, do not write."They all have ... "They look ...Beginning to ReadSkinning to Identify the Writer’s PurposeIt is very important to gain an overall idea of the reading passage structure and the writer's purpose BEFORE you try to complete the IELTS reading exercises.Computer Generation of Animated CharactersAsk any young person to tell you the names of some famous movies and the chances are that many of those mentioned will be popular because of computer-generated special effects. Movies such as ‘Star Wars ', 'the Matrix' and; Harry Potter' rely heavily on computers to create special fantasy and space effects. Others, such as the famous 'Lord of the Rings' movies, created surprisingly lifelike humanoid characters using sophisticated computer-generated techniques. The creative effort that lies behind these creatures is amazing. However, genuinely 'human' characters, indistinguishable from real actors, are still not quite possible, although we are getting very close to this elusive goal.The process of imagining and developing a computer-generated character is complex, involving many stages. The first stage is to design the look of the character, and to create a three-dimensional model on the computer. The model must be able to move in a realistic manner and, most importantly, its face must mirror human faces when it laughs, frowns or talks. One way to achieve this is by building a real skeleton of the model. After using lasers to scan the real model into the computer, controls are added that allow the bones and muscles to be moved around.This is where computer animation comes in. Because people are so conscious of how 'real' faces look, many detailed controls are needed on the computer to move the different features of the face. Up to a hundred may be needed to move the muscles of the face, so that the character's eyes, skin, mouth and other features all look natural to our eyes.After designing all of the components of the face and body, and the computer controls, the character is ready to move, or be animated. One way of achieving this is called motion capture, where a person acts out the character, and his movements are captured by video camera and uploaded into the computer. Another way is key-frame animation, where, instead of modeling actions from a real person, the animators use the controls to move all of the parts of the body and face to create movement on the screen. These methods are often used together in creating an animated character; both of them are slow and painstaking, requiring hours of effort and planning.Enormous computer power is needed to make animation look real. For the 'Lord of the Rings', thousands of processors and numerous workstations were used to create all of the characters and special effects. There were up to 160 people working on computer graphics for these three movies, which took approximately 4 million processing hours. It is estimated that the same process would have taken up to 200 years on a 4-gigahertz PC!However, despite all of this extremely sophisticated and expensive technology, creating a real human face is still a challenge for our animators. People are very sensitive to facial expressions. We can immediately pick if a face is not human, A B C D E Fand we often have a strong reaction to this. The closer the face is to looking truly human, the more negative this reaction can be; this effect has been christened the 'uncanny valley' by Japanese roboticist*Masahiro Mori. However, he also suggests that once the animation gets close enough to the real thing, we begin to feel positive about it once more. So, maybe future Tom Cruises or Lindsay Loans will be computer generated, and we will never know the difference.* an expert on design, construction and use of robots4 Read the first sentence ONLY of each paragraph in the reading passage and answer the question below. Take NO MORE THAN FIVE minutes to do this. Does this reading passage:a. Give a history of something?b. Describe how something is done?c. Compare and contrast two things?d. Discuss a problem and give a solution?Scanning for Specific FactsSometimes in IELTS readings you need to look quickly over the reading passage to find facts, dates, numbers or names. It is important to practice focussing your eyes ONLY on the information you need.5 Look quickly at the passage and write down the letter of the paragraph which contains the following information. Take no more than THREE minutes to do this!a.__________ Masahiro Morib. __________Key frame animationc.___________160d. ___________Star Warse.____________ Three-dimensionalf. ____________ A hundred6 Now, match the information above to the following. Write the letter of the paragraph where you will find this information beside each one.a. ____________Movie nameb. ____________Name of a person who works with robotsc. ____________Number of people working on a projectd. ____________Computer techniquee. ____________Number of computer controlsf._____________ Computer modelSkimming to Summaries the Main Idea7 Now, work with a partner to complete a brief summary of this reading passage. Speak, do not write.This passage is about ... It describes ... It takes ... (final two paragraphs) IELTS Type Questions: Reading for Details and for Main Ideas Now, you should be able to read this passage quickly to find details and answer the following questions.6) _____________Creating a bone structure using lasers and adding controls7) _____________100 muscle controlsSentence Completion - Type Adescribed as being ___________________________ methods.12) Not only thousands of processors, but also ___________________________ were required to make the characters and special effects in 'The Lord of the Rings' movies.13) The animation for these movies required about ___________________________ processing hours.14) Achieving a completely realistic human face is still a challenge for animators, as people are very conscious of __________________________________.15) In general, people seem to have a more negative reaction to an animated face that is quite close to looking human; this has been called the ________________________ effect.Sentence Completion - Type BComplete each sentence with the correct ending, A-L, from the box below. There are more endings given than beginnings. 16)Among recent movies, many of the most successful...17)There are many stages involved in imagining and developing…18)In order to create a 3-D model on the computer, some people… 19)Once a laser has scanned this model into the computer, controls to...20)Motion capture is a technique where an actor's movements arefilmed and used to...21)Key-frame animation is a technique where the animators use the controls to...22)Whichever of these methods is used, it is necessary to...ClassificationAccording to the information in paragraphs B, C and D of the reading passage, classify the following actions as occurring. A in the design and creation stage B in the animation stage - motion captureC in the animation stage - key frame animationWrite the correct letter, A, B or C in the gaps. 23)___________to film someone moving24)___________to recreate movement using computer controls25)___________to make an actual modelGlobal Multi-ChoiceCircle the letter for the correct answer.26) The writer's main idea is that:a. Computer animation is the best way to make movies.b. Animators cannot quite yet make characters that truly seem to be human.c. Animation requires too many computers and processors to be economic.d. Robots are a form of animation.A f t e r Y o u R e a dThis section of the reading units will include some activities to help you to understand and practice reading and language skills that you will need for the IELTS test.8 Answer these questions.i. Which ending is common to the adjectives below?______________ii. Consider 'indistinguishable'. What does the '-able' endingmean______________ be doneiii. What does the 'in-' prefix mean? ________________________9 Complete the sentences below using the adjectives in the list above.a. ______________________ technology is very complex.b. If something is _______________, it is difficult to find or achieve.c. Something that is ______________ is similar to the real thing.d. If something is ______________, they notice or are affected by slight changes.e. _______________________________ means making new things.f. If something is ______________________ , it is real rather than artificial.g. A cube is ________________________; it has height, width and depth.h. Something that is ________________________ is the opposite of simple.i. A __________________________ character is like a human.j. To do something in a ________________ way means that you take a lot of timeand trouble.k. Something ______________________ from someone else looks the same as thatother person.a. Ways of doing something ________________________b. Desks set up with computers, screens and other necessary equipment__________________________c. A central computing unit __________________________d. The set of bones, joined together, that makes up a human or animal__________________________e. The parts of a face, such as eyes, mouth and nose_______________________f. A magic or dream world __________________________g. To need (something) __________________________h. To talk about (something) __________________________1. Special light beams __________________________J. Ways of looking happy, sad etc ___________________________k. A response to a statement or action ____________________________1. A film with characters that seem to be alive _______________________9Complete the following sentences, using the same vocabulary. You will not need all of the words in the list above.a. Many ____________________films now rely on computer-generated effects.b. Computer___________________ requires enormous computer power.c. People who create computer-generated characters use very sophisticatedanimation ______________________d. Thousands of ___________________may be necessary to make realisticanimated characters.e. ____________________can be used to scan a real model of a character into thecomputer.f Many detailed computer controls are needed to animate the different____________________ of a character's face.g. Even so, we can see that ___________________ ______________________arecomputer-generated ones rather than genuine human ones.Passive VoiceLook up 'passive voice' in your grammar book if you are not sure of the meaning. Then do these exercises.12 Classify the examples of passives listed below according to the following types, A-E. The first one has been done for you.A passive with modal - may, will, should, could, etc.B passive with infinitiveC present simple passiveD past simple passiveE present perfect passivea. __C__ ...many of those (that) are mentioned...b. _____ ...the bones and muscles to be moved aroundc. _____ ... many detailed controls are neededd. _____ ... up to a hundred may be needede. _____ …is ready to move, or be animatedf. _____ ... his movements are captured by video camera and (are) uploadedg. _____ ... these methods are often used togetherh. _____ ... enormous computer power is neededi. ______ ... thousands of processors and numerous workstations were usedj. ______ …this effect has been christened the 'uncanny valley'k. _____ ... maybe future 'actors' will be computer generated。

雅思阅读第二篇题型

雅思阅读第二篇题型
雅思阅读第二篇题型主要有以下几种：
1. 选择题（Multiple Choice）：根据文章内容选择正确的答案。

一般有3-4个选项。

2. 判断题（True/False/Not Given）：给出陈述，需要判断是否
与文章内容相符（True），是否与文章内容不相符（False），或者文章中没有提到（Not Given）。

3. 填空题（Completion）：根据文章内容填写正确的单词或短语。

4. 匹配题（Matching）：根据文章中列出的不同事物、观点或
行动，将其与对应的人物、公司或组织进行匹配。

5. 段落配对题（Matching Headings/Information）：根据文章中的段落标题或信息，将其与相应的段落进行匹配。

6. 指责句子的作用（Matching Sentence Endings）：根据文章
中列出的句子的作用，将其与相应的句子进行匹配。

7. 总结题（Summary Completion）：根据文章内容，将文章中
缺失的句子或短语填写完整。

8. 连词匹配题（Matching Sentence Endings）：根据文章中列
出的连词，将其与与之对应的句子进行匹配。

以上是雅思阅读第二篇题型的主要分类，考生在备考过程中可以针对每种题型进行有针对性的练习，提高自己的答题效率和准确性。

雅思阅读UNIT2课后答案

篇一：雅思阅读unit2课后答案answer keys:1. 答案：a (第3段第1句：corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. a项中的certain planets指small rocky planets beyond the solar system.)2. 答案：true (第5段第1、2句： at the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. we are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. 问题中的“that can be inhabited”意思就是inhabitable.)3. 答案：not given (文中没有提及该信息。

)4. 答案：true (第7段第1句：to search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit".)5. 答案：fasle (第7段第2、3句：although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses. )6. 答案：rocky planets (第8段第2句：it is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the earth - which will cause the most excitement.)7. 答案：40 (第8段第3句：scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.问题中短语“up to”的意思是“达到，高达”，所以应该选择最高的数字40。

9分达人雅思阅读第02套

9分达人雅思阅读第02套雅思考试是全球范围内最为重要的英语水平测试之一。

在雅思阅读考试中，高分是大家都追求的目标。

本文将介绍9分达人在雅思阅读第02套题中的一些学习和备考技巧。

第一，熟悉题型雅思阅读第02套试卷涵盖了多种题型，包括选择题、填空题、判断题、配对题等等。

做题前，建议先熟悉各种题型的要求和解题技巧，以便在做题过程中能够高效准确地回答问题。

第二，提高阅读速度在雅思阅读考试中，时间是非常紧张的。

所以，在备考过程中，要提高自己的阅读速度。

可以通过大量阅读英文资料和刷题等方式来提升阅读速度，同时要求自己保持良好的阅读习惯。

第三，培养阅读技巧在做题过程中，要有一定的策略和技巧。

比如，在做选择题时，可以先扫读文章，找到与问题相关的部分，再仔细阅读这部分内容，以便更好地回答问题。

此外，还可以利用关键词等方式来帮助自己找到正确答案。

第四，多做模拟题做题是提高雅思阅读能力的最有效方法之一。

建议多做一些雅思阅读模拟题，熟悉试卷的格式和题型，同时也可以提高自己的解题能力和时间管理能力。

第五，背诵常用词汇和短语雅思阅读中经常会出现一些高频词汇和短语，对于备考的考生来说，背诵这些常用词汇和短语是非常有帮助的。

通过背诵和积累，可以更加准确地理解文章的意思，从而提高解题的准确性和速度。

总之，要想在雅思阅读考试中取得高分，需要付出很多的努力和时间。

通过熟悉题型、提高阅读速度、培养阅读技巧、多做模拟题以及背诵常用词汇和短语等方法，相信大家都能够在雅思阅读考试中取得理想的成绩。

希望以上的学习和备考技巧能够对大家有所帮助，祝愿大家在雅思考试中取得好成绩！。

剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案

剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test2)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.EThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modernplastics industry.The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewa某, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fi某ed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors — immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptablesubstitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘lu某ury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning toit some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts(substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and he某a, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to e某treme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large e某tent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to e某tract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed sothat the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style pop ular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland’s invention, al though treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials e某pansion —‘the material of a thousan d uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-freeand sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been e某periencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style andoriginality of this innovative material.Questions 1-3Complete the summary.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 1-3 on your answer sheet.Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and thermosetting.There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.Questions 4-8Complete the flow-chart.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 4-8 on your answer sheet.The Production of Bakelite图片6Questions 9 and 10Choose TWO letters A-E.Write your answers in bo某es 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in either order.Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the te某t?A the function which the object would serveB the ease with which the resin could fill the mouldC the facility with which the object could be removed from the mouldD the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mouldE the fashionable styles of the periodQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In bo某es 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.What’s so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humorThe joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.’ No, not funny. Try again. ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.’ Hah! T he punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the lu某ury refle某: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato e某pressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an une某pected interpretation that is also apt.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see thereis a cle ver semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter ofsocial appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Playis a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping e某pression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same e某pressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and e某cited vocalisations. However, ifcognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more e某pansive brain activity.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resona nce imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in o某ygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontalcorte某 lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbitalprefrontal corte某. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the momentis an e某tremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital corte某, the region that becomes active in Goel’s e某periment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to e某ternal events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery e某plains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.Humor may be a lu某ury, but the mechanism behind it is noevolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.’Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject.18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial intelligence.19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.Questions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 21-23 on your answer sheet.Questions 24-27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in bo某es 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to25 Because of the language they have developed, humans26 Individual responses to humour27 Peter Derks believes that humourA react to their own thoughts.B helped create language in humans.C respond instantly to whatever is happening.D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.E cope with difficult situations.F relate to a person’s subjective views.G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Birth of Scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is notjust because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given theprominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and e某tend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world e某ploration and the development of trade. Such e某pansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and — perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all — the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language — John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of thescientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational te某tbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For e某ample, Newton published hismathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully e某ploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial e某ploitation. There was something of a social distinction b etween ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or inprivate messages deposited in a sealed bo某 with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly t o Latin as an ‘insider language’.A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to dealwith scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between comple某 and hypothetical entities.Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English lan guage came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the fi rst was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of e某periments, who described his e某periments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular e某periments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial le某ical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technicalvocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languagesQuestions 28-34Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted e某ploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them,particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to e某press their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions ofspecific e某periments. Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….Questions 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to e某press ideas.Questions 38-40Complete the table.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 38-40 on your answer sheet.Science written in the first half of the 17th centuryLanguage used Latin EnglishType of science Original 38…………E某amples 39………… EncyclopaediasTarget aud ience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test2)E The birth of modern plastics酚醛塑料——现代塑料的诞生In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modernplastics industry.1907年，比利时科学家Leo Hendrick Baekeland在纽约工作时发现了一种全新的合成材料，并申请了专利。

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