2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案
2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
Passage1：希腊硬币Greek coinage参考答案：1. 希腊coin早在3000年就出现了=F2. T3. Sparta地区侵略Athens并强制Athens用他们的货币=F4. Great coins在整个欧洲流传=F5. Persian 入侵了Lydia并且使用人家的硬币=T6. 用硬币上的头像来奖励做出杰出贡献的人=NG7. mint8. stamps9. anvil10. reserve dies11. 希腊硬币的重量至少=0.15g12. 硬币的图案=the king的头像13. 希腊被波斯征服之前的花纹是lion and doil14. coin 在雅典被称为 owlPassage2：悉尼交通标识Street markers in SydneyPassage3： Musical Maladies参考答案：A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects，and as a neuroscientist specializing in auditory learning and memory， I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia， the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him>C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body ofwork>complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.＂ He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation＂ and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology，” he says， and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks， who has been practicing neurology for 40 years， is torn between the old-fashioned path of observation and the new-fangled， high-tech approach： He knows that he needs to take heedof the latter， but his heart lies with the former.D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases，most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice.Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I， Haunted by Music，＂ begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria， a nonmusical， middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music， which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music， which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen？ Was I the cause psychological？（He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.） Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex？Electro-encephalography （EEG） showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s， just after his trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests， but Cicoria has declined to undergo them； he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame！E. Part II，“A Range of Musicality，” covers a wider variety of topics，but unfortunately， some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example， chapter 13， which is five pages long， merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about “ amusia，” an inability to hear sounds as music，and “dysharmonia，”a highly specific impairm ent of the ability to hear harmony， with the ability to understand melody leftintact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.F. To Sacks＇s credit， part III，＂Memory， Movement and Music，＂ brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how ＂melodic intonation therapy＂ is being used to help expressive aphasic patients （those unable to express theirthoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident）>G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior，Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For>appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical inaccepting scientific findings and theories.H. It＇s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However， Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example， he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension， such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody， indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely tobelieve in the brain localization of all mental functions， this was a missed educational opportunity.I. Another conclusion>patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications， which ＂damp down＂ the excitability of the brain in general； their effectiveness varies widely.J. Finally， in many of the cases described here the patientwith music-brain symptoms is reported to have ＂normal＂ EEG results. Although Sacks recognizes the existence of new technologies， among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test， he does not call for their use. In fact，although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients， he conveysno sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosisand treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book＇s preface， in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost＂ if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches， though， and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.27-30：B C A A31-36：YES NG NO NG YES NO 37-40：F B A D。
2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
……
PASSAGE 3
The Rainmaker DesiHale Waihona Puke n【喷淋设备设计】……
9. having a close circle of friends
10. reveals a link between happiness and life expectancy
11. shows that enviornment is not solely responsible for determining how happy
graph E
Modern and happiness
6. contributes to long-term happiness
7. we are more satisfied when we earn more than others
8. people can have negative feelings about their local enviornment
12. is generally stronger in happier people
13. shows that levels of happiness dont necessarily rise with improvements in life
PASSAGE 2
Copy Your Neighbor
上周的雅思考试已经顺利结束真题和答案也已经公布接下来就和出国留学网看一看2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
上周的雅思考试已经顺利结束，真题和答案也已经公布，接下来就和看一看2019年6月13日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
PASSAGE 1
2019雅思阅读考试真题(19)
2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena ofirritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed"neuroglia". They are characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The parts of a neuron(B) The structure of animals' nerve(C) The nervous system of vertebrates(D) The development of the brain2. According to the passage , the nerve cord of vertebrates is(A) large(B) hollow(C) primitive(D) embryological3. The author implies that a careful investigation of a biological structure in an embryo may(A) Improved research of the same structure in other species(B) A better understanding of the fully developed structure(C) Discovering ways in which poor development can be corrected(D) A method by which scientists can document the various stages of development4. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the(A) sensory endings(B) cranial nerve(C) spinal cord(D) peripheral nerves5. All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT(A) connective tissue(B) cardiac muscle(C) glandular activity(D) smooth muscle6. In what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells?(A) lines 1-2(B) lines 9-12(C) lines 12-14(D) lines 16-18CBBCA D。
2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
Title：印第安文明古迹Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析对于文化类的考察，放在第一篇的位置相对而言，对于考生而言还是比较友好的，尤其是针对古迹一类的词汇，学生相对而言应该还是比较熟悉的，类似于Relic这样的生词，考前应该完全熟悉并且做到心中有数。
具体可参考文章：C13——TEST3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation？Reading Passage 2Title：人类和人工智能的结合在太空探索中的应用Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析本篇文章相对而言还是比较简单的，在文章的理解上面首先就不是很难，其次在文章当中一直会重复出现AI等平时常见的生词，因此对于学生做题在信心上面也是很有帮助的，对待这篇文章，最重要的就是要做到定定心心。
但是把握好时间。
具体可参考文章：C9——TEST1 Passage2 Is anybody out there？Title：科技爆炸带来的负面影响Question types：待补充文章内容回顾具体可参考这一篇类似的文章：Alexander Henderson （1831-1913）Born in Scotland， Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful grandfather， also called Alexander， had founded the family business， and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh， it owned Press Estate， 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle， the large mansion on the northern edge of the property， and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area，playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh， Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career， he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855， however， he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish- Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source ofartificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Hendersonacted as chairman of the association＇s first meeting， which was heldin Notman＇s studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship， their styles of photography were quite e Notman＇s landscapes were noted for their bold realism，Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images， showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication had limited circulation （only seven copies have ever been found）， and was called Canadian Views and contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson＇s early work.In 1866， he gave up his business to open a photographicstudio， advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes， houses， and markets are alive with human activity， and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land，cutting ice on a river， or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade， steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirsof a trip or as gifts， and catering to this market， Henderson hadstock photographs on display at his studio for mounting， framing， or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad， in London， Edinburgh， Dublin， Paris， New York， and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario， in Canada， documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche， du Lievre，and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to theMaritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year， while in the lower St Lawrence River region， he took some photographs of the construction of the lntercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec，Montreal， Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway （CPR） as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia， where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west， photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897， when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913， his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada， Ottawa， and the McCord Museum of Canadian History， Montreal.题型难度及技巧分析这篇文章在三篇文章当中看上去和第二篇文章有点类似，但是从雅思真题的这篇文章来看，第二篇文章更加偏向于科技而不是强调人工智能。
2019年雅思阅读模拟练习题2
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and paper.Read the passage below and answer 10 questions.Ethnic Groups in SingaporeIn addition to being one of the smallest (and youngest) countries in theworld, Singapore, with its population of less than four million, is one of theworld 's most ethnically mixed countries. It is primarily Chinese, a group towhich over three quarters of permanent residents assign themselves, but even inthis group there are differences in languages and cultures. The other two main ethnic groups in Singapore are Malays and Indians, each representing around tenpercent of the population. It has long been the goal of the government topromote Singapore as a multicultural society in which all three of these main groups enjoy equal access to the wealth, education, and social systems that Singapore offers.For nearly seven hundred years, Chinese have been travelling to SoutheastAsia in search of wealth and prosperity. Those whosettled in Singapore came mainly from southern China and spoke different languages depending on which areawas home. Hokkien, one of the main Chinese languages spoken in Singapore, originates from Fujian Province. Speakers of Teochew had ancestors from easternGuangdong. Hakka has roots in both Fujian and Guangdong. Cantonese is also spoken in Singapore today, and originates from Guangzhou. All of these languages(and more) are spoken by the Chinese population of Singapore today, though thereare very few communities now that are linguistically isolated as theywere inthe past, and in recent years the government has also heavily promoted the teaching and learning of Mandarin to serve as a common language for the Chinesecommunity.Though representing a much smaller proportion of the population, the Malays are the second largest ethnic group in Singapore and the original inhabitants of Singapore. They are still today the main ethnic group throughout the region stretching from Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines. The Malay communityin Singapore camemainly from the Malaysian peninsula, though manyalso came from Java and other Indonesian islands. The Malay community practices Islam, which came to the area via Arab and Indian traders in the 1400s, but theirreligion also retains some features of pre-islamic Hindu beliefs.The third largest ethnic group in Singapore, slightly smaller than the Malay community, is that of the Indians. Migration from India dates mainly from the days of the British colony of Malaya in the 18th century, and most Indians came to the area as labourers recruited by the British to work on plantations.Most of the Indian community are Tamil from the southern part of India, but a sizeable portion originates from Kerala in the southwest.Another group of people with a long history in Singapore are known as thePeranakans. The word peranakan in Malay means ‘half-caste ' and the Peranakansare the descendants of Chinese immigrants who settled in the area and married Malay women. The groups of Chinese who travelled and settled in the region centuries ago were predominantly (if not entirely) men, and so a most weremarried to local women. The culture of the Peranakans is a mix of both Chinese and Malay traditions, and in most cases this group adopted the name and religion of their Chinese fathers, but retained the language and customs of their Malaymothers. Today, the Peranakan population speaks a version of Malay which borrowsfrom Hokkien so much that Malay speakers often cannot understand the dialect.While the Peranakan culture is being preserved and revived by organisations in Singapore, there are just a few thousand Peranakan Malay speakers left on the island.According to the information in the reading passage, which group(s) havethe following features:A ChineseB MalaysC IndiansD Peranakans1)Has/Have features of more than ethnic group?2)Is/Are united strongly through religion?3)Speak / Speaks many different languages?4)Is/Are not native to the Singapore region?5)Was originally made up mostly of men? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheetwrite Yes if the statement is true according to the article No if the statement is not true according to the article NOTGIVENif it is not possible to determine the truth of the statement from the article6)Originally, many Chinese communities in Singapore couldn ' t communicateeasily with each other due to linguistic differences.7)Mandarin is the main language of Singapore.8)Indians were the most recent of the three to arrive in Singapore.9)Arab and Indian traders settled in Singapore in the 1400s.10)The Peranakan language is being increasingly used in Singapore. Answers1)D2)B3)A4)A, C5)A6)YES7)NOT GIVEN8)YES9)NO10)NO。
2019年雅思阅读模拟练习题1
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task.To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and paper.Read the passage below and answer 10 questions.Early ClocksHumans have been trying, in various ways, to keep track of the passing oftime for around 6000 years. This means, of course, that for the very longstretch of human history before this time, people didn’t have ways to divide theday other than the rising and the setting of the sun. It is thought that theancient Sumerians may have been the first true time-keepers, but this is notclear as archaeological evidence is not sufficient. There is evidence, however,that the ancient Egyptians incorporated time-keeping as an aspect of their dailylife over five thousand years ago.The earliest type of clock, and the one which was used in ancient Egypt, was the sundial. As the name suggests, the sundial uses the sun to show thetime. There were many different types of such clocks in use at that time, but itis one type, the obelisk, which has become most closely linked with ancientEgypt. An obelisk is a tall, narrow stone tower, built outside, which would casta shadow on the ground in different places during different times of the day. Astime progressed, obelisks became more complex, and markings around the base ofthe tower could indicate further time divisions.Two centuries after obelisks were first used the Egyptians had expanded upon the idea and created more complex sundials. Sundials as we think of themtoday are flat stone objects with a long, narrow bar, called a gnomon, attachedat the centre of the ‘face’, or surface of the stone. The sun would shine downon the gnomon and its shadow would fall on the face, indicating the time ofday.Water clocks were among the first clocks which didn’t depend on the sun orstars to keep time. The oldest one known dates back to 1500 BC, and water clocksor ‘clepsydras’ became popular in amongst the Greeks and Arabs a thousand yearslater. The Clepsydra (Greek for “water thief”) consisted of a reservoir forholding water, and a mechanism by which water would and steadily flow or dripinto the reservoir. The rising level of the water would indicate how much timehad passed since the dripping began.The earliest water clocks were not very accurate, but as with the sundial,as time passed, water clocks became more mechanised and complex and they wereincreasingly outfitted with gadgets – some rang bells or gongs, some showed themovement of the planets, and some opened little windows to display statues orfigures. Just before the turn of the century, the Greeks built what is calledthe “tower of winds”, a complex water clock showing time, seasons, winddirection, and much more. Around this time, water clock making took root inChina, and after a thousand years of development, another famous clock, theeponymous Su Sung clock tower, was built. This tower clock was over 30 feet talland contained a variety of mechanisms not only for telling time accurately, butfor following the position of the stars and planets.The history of the development of clocks continued in Europe, and startinga few hundred years after the building of the Su Sung, clocks were developedthat kept time due to other natural phenomenon, mostly related to natural motion– the pulling of gravity, the swinging of pendulums, and finally, thereleasedtension of coiled springs, a mechanism which, for the first time, allowedportable watches to become a reality.QuestionsLabel the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Classify the following features according to the type of clock:A) SundialsB) Water ClocksC) Other kinds of clocksWrite the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7) Developed in Europe after the Su Sung8) Served purposes other than telling time9) Were easily portable10) Oldest recorded time-keeping device参考答案Answers1) Obelisk2) Sundial3) Gnomon4) Face5) Water clock / Clepsydra6) Reservoir7) C8) B9) C10) A。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(4)
2019年雅思考试阅读模拟试题：段落标题(1)Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesAVolcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption—cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava—is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floorhas a basement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they arealso thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every yearthey add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smokingaway for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth：enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world's atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.BGeologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack—like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly 'flow' like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents,is powerful enough to fracture the 'eggshell' of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.CThese zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow： vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa—the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes,like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth's crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific 'ring of fire' where there have been the most violent explosions—Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen's in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.DBut volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests faded, after snowin June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.。
2019年雅思考试阅读理解练习试题及答案
2019年雅思考试阅读理解练习试题及答案★Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure IneffectivePublished： February 5, 2007 New York Times1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard andthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are askedto select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look liketheir bank's, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6. "The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image," said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. "From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time."7.He added： "If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better," he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites tofind better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do： ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey "gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site," said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. "It was very well received."13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the。
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2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案A.
When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as
head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs
to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in
all 41 of the European countries where anti-
globalisers’favourite enemy operates.
B.
So far Mr Hennequin is doing st year European
sales increased by 5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%，
the best annual results in nearly 15 years.Europe accounted
for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its
sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C
Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being American.Mr Hennequin says
he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D.
He introduced“open door”visitor days in each country which became hugely popular.In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’programme last year.The Nutrition Information Initiative，launched last year，put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories，protein，fat，carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E.
Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that“McJobs”，the low-paid menia l jobs at McDonald’s restaurants，are much better than people think.But some of his efforts have backfired：last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a“McPassport”that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union.Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the continent.
F.
To stay in touch with local needs and preferences，McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible.A
R ussian is running McDonald’s in Russia，though a Serb is in charge of Germany.The group buys mainly from local suppliers.Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers，for example.(Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently。