肺癌相关英文词汇
胸外科常用英语
以下是一些胸外科常用的英语词汇和表达：1. 胸部手术：Chest surgery2. 肺切除：Lung resection3. 食管手术：Esophageal surgery4. 纵隔肿瘤：Mediastinal tumor5. 肺癌：Lung cancer6. 胸膜炎：Pleurisy7. 胸腔积液：Pleural effusion8. 气胸：Pneumothorax9. 心脏手术：Cardiac surgery10. 胸骨切开术：Thoracotomy11. 胸腔闭式引流术：Closed thoracic drainage12. 肺动脉高压：Pulmonary hypertension13. 心包积液：Pericardial effusion14. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征：Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)15. 胸腔镜检查：Thoracoscopy16. 纵隔镜检查：Mediastinoscopy17. 肺活检：Lung biopsy18. 食管狭窄：Esophageal stricture19. 食管反流：Esophageal reflux20. 食管癌：Esophageal cancer21. 肺大泡：Pulmonary bulla22. 胸腔闭锁：Thoracic cage locking23. 支气管扩张：Bronchiectasis24. 急性胸痛：Acute chest pain25. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）：Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)26. 急性呼吸衰竭：Acute respiratory failure27. 心包炎：Pericarditis28. 心肌梗死：Myocardial infarction (MI)29. 心律失常：Arrhythmia30. 心力衰竭：Heart failure。
医学英语常用前后缀(精华)
医学英语常用前后缀(精华)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1医学英语常用前后缀医学英语中单词颇多,但医学英语的学习有个技巧就是学习前后缀,不过医学英语中的前后缀也说实话也有很多的.可还是有一些前后缀是最常用的,掌握了他们你其实可以猜出大部分的医学英语单词的意思.下面小辈列出这些最常用的供参考.1．人体主要器官前缀名称通用名前（后）缀常用形容词示例心 heart cardiao- cardial cardium/carditis/cardiology脑 brain encepholo- cerebral cerebrum/encephalitis/encephalology肺 lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmontiis/pulmonectomy/pulmonology肝 liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis/hepatobiliary/hepatology胃 stomach gastro- gastric gastritis/gastrointestinal/gastrology胆 gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis/cholinergic/cholecystectomy肠 intestine entero- intestinal enteritis/enterectomy/enterology脾 spleen splen- splenic splenitis/splenectomy/splenology胰 pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis/pancreatectomy肾 kidney nephro- renal/nephric nephritis/nephropathy/nephrology2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀名称通用名前（后）缀示例血 blood hemo-/hemato hematology/hemoglobin/hematoma血管 vessel vaso- vasopressor/cardiovasology/verebrovascular静脉 vein veno- venography/intravenous/venoconstriction动脉 artery arterio- arteriology/arteriole/arteriosclerosis肌 muscle myo- mycology/myositis/myocarditis髓 marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/myelitis/myeloma神经 nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/neuritis/neuron细胞 cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/cytoma/leukocyte尿 urine uro-/ur- urology/urosurgery/urogenital体 body somato-/some somatology/somatopsychic/chromosome3．与数字有关的前缀数字前缀示例一（单） mono-/uni- monomer/monoclone/carbon monoxide/unidirectional二 bi-/di- bilateral/biphasiccarbon dioxide/dipeptide三 tri- trilateral/triphasic/trigeminal nerve四 tetra- tetramer/tetracycline/tetraplegia五 penta- pentagon/pentachromic/pentachloride六 hexa- hexachromic/benzene hexachloride(666)/hexacycliccompiund七 hepta- heptachromic/heptaploid/heptavalent八 octa- octahedral/octal system九 nona- nonapeptide/nonagon十 deca- decade/decagram/decaliter注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀+deca，如：hexadecanol（十六烷醇），tetradecape ptide gastrin（十四肽胃泌素），octadecanoic acid（十八烷酸）4．颜色及与颜色有关的前缀颜色通用名前缀示例色 color chrom-/chromo- chromosome/chromatin/chromatometer红 red erythro- erythrocyte/erythrocyturia/erythrometer白 white leuko- leukocyte/leukemia/leukocytuira黑 black melano- melena/melanoma/melanoderma黄 yellow xantho- xanthopsin/xanthosis/xanthoma蓝 blue cyan-/cyano cyanosis/cyanopsia/cyanemia紫 violet/purple绿 green棕 brown brown mixture/brown ring橙 orange Victoria orange/ethyl orange/orange G粉红 pink oink frothy sputum绯红 crimson青铜 bronzed bronzed diabetes注：有些病名的“蓝”“紫”“青”为同义，其前缀都为“cyano-”.5．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(1)含义前（后）缀形容词示例病 patho- pathogen/pathology/pathogenesis/-pathy -pathic neuropathy/nephropathy/adenopathy病态 -osis -otic neurosis/tuberculosis/schistosomiasis增多 leukocytosis/erythrocytopenia/granulocytosis减少 -penia -penic leukocytopenia/erythrocytopenia/granulocytopenia 无 a-/an- atypical/anuria/agranulocytopenia小/微 -let droplet/platelet/leafletmicro- microscopy/microorganism/micronucleus大/巨 macro- macroscopic/macronucleus/macrophage-megaly splenomegaly/acromegaly/hepatomegaly复合/多 poly- polyuria/polymer/polyopia全/泛 pan- pancolectomy/panmyelosis/pandemic6．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(2)含义前（后）缀示例相反 dis- disease/disorder/disability困难/障碍 dys- dysfunction/dyspepsia/dyspnea不良 mal- malfunction/malnutrition/malpractice炎症 -itis appendicitis/bronchitis/arthritis瘤/块 -oma lymphoma/adenoma/hematoma血症 -emia leukemia/septisemia/bacteremia痛 -algia/-algesia/alge-/algo- analgesia/hypoalgesia/algometer麻痹 -plegia hemipleia/pamplegia/myoplegia流出 -rrhea diarrhea/hypermenorrhea/rhinorrhea坏死 -necrosis necro-/necr- hepatonecrosis/myonecrosis/necrospermia 结石 litho-/-lith lithiasis/lithogenesis/cholelithes7．与方位有关的前缀含义通用词前缀示例上 upper/superior pi-/supra- epidemic/epithelium/supracostal下 lower/inferior nfra-/sub- infracostal/subclavicular/subcutaneous前 front/anterior/prior fore-/ante- forehead/anteroposterior/precirrhosis/pre-后 back/posterior post-/retro- posthepatic/postprandial/retrocardiac内 inner/internal in-/endo-/ento- inhalation/endoscopy/entocranial外 outer/external ex-/exo- extract/excretion/exocardial间 between inter- intermuscular/intercostal/intercourse旁/副 on the side of para- parathyroid/paraprotein/pararenal周 around peri- perioperative/pericarditis/peritoneum中心 central centri-/centra- centrifugation/centralize/centronucleus/centro-反/对 opposite counter-/contra- counterpart/countershock/contraindication注：in vivo/in’vaivou/活体内;in vitro/in vaitrou/活体外或试管内；in situ/in’saitju:/原位8．与外科手术有关的前（后）缀含义前（后）缀示例切除 -ectomy appendectomy/gastrectomy/splenectomy切开 -tomy tracheotomy/hysterotomy/craniotomy切（割） -tome tracheotome/thoracotome吻合 -stomy duodenoenterostomy/gastroesophagostomy成形术 -plasty tracheoplasty/osteoplasty/myoplasty整（矫）形 ortho- orthopedics/orthopod/orthotherapy造影 -graphy angiography/nephrography/phlebography经… trans- transdominal/translateral/transurethral注：ortho-也是“正”“原”的前缀，如：ortho-acid（正酸）-graphy为方法，如：electrocardigraphy 心电图检查术；graph为仪器，如：electrocardigra ph心电图机；gram为图象，文字，如：electrocardiogram心电图记录。
肿瘤英语单词
肿瘤英语单词-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1肿瘤：tumor neoplasm肉瘤：sarcom恶性：malignancy良性：Benign播散：dissemination; spreading 转移：metastasis治疗：therapy诊断：diagnosis临床表现：clinical situation临床分级：clinical scale手术后：post- operation肿大：tumefaction肿胀：tumentia咯血：hemoptysis咳痰：expectoration痰：sputum痰培养：sputum cultivation气短：Breathlessness发热：febrile寒战：chill; rigor; shiver; chills;shivered; shivering胸水：pleural fluid 肺炎：①pneumonia②pneumonitis③pulmonitis阻塞性肺炎：obstructive pneumonia呼吸困难：dyspnoea; dyspnea心慌：flustered; panicky胸腔积液：pleural effusion; hydrothorax 心包积液：pericardial effusion;hydropericardium渗出物：effusion喘： gasp;to pant; breathe heavly上腹不适：superior belly malaise; upset 盗汗：night sweats声音嘶哑：voice; phono-; sound Hoarseness支架：cage;carriage;cradle进食困难：eating difficulty吞咽困难：dysphagia口服：oral良性息肉：benign polyps癌变：carcinomatous房颤：atrial fibrillation发作：attack鼻饲：nasal feeding嗳气：belch; belching; burping; eructation搔痒：to tickle; to scratch an itch衰弱：weakness躁动：restlessness口腔溃疡：canker sore; oral ulcer; ulcer of mouth脱发：alopecia; loss of hair; baldness感觉减退：hypoesthesia;hypesthesia疼痛：ache;Aching;Pain全身痛：pantalgia乳腺痛：mastalgia胸痛：chest pain腹痛：abdominal pain②abdominalgia背痛：backache; notalgia; dorsodynia; Dorsalgia腰痛：lumbag胸部压痛：tenderness of chest便秘：constipation大便失禁：encopresis; fecalincontinence；scatacratia尿潴留：urinary retention恶心：nausea呕吐：omitting咖啡样呕吐物：caffee-ground vomit 呕血：hematemesis; Vomiting of blood 上消化道出血：hemorrhage of upper digestive tract; upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage便血：hematochezia柏油样便：tarry stools腹泻：diarrhoea；diarrhea；diarrhea 排尿时里急后重：vesical tenesmus 尿失禁：urinary incontinence食欲：appetite恶液质：dyscrasia倦怠：lassitude恶病质： cachecxia cachexy低蛋白血症：hypoproteinemia全身水肿：hyposarca消瘦：emaciation; marasmus; marcor; thinness; tabification贫血：anemia类白血病反应：leukemoid reaction白血病：leukemia白细胞：leucocyte红细胞：erythrocyte血小板：blood platelet; thrombocyte;血红蛋白：ferrohemoglobin白细胞减少：leucocytopenia; leukopenia 血小板减少：thrombocytopenia骨髓抑制bone marrow depression：淋巴结：lymph node胸腺：①thymus②thymus gland锁骨上淋巴结：supraclavicular lymph nodes锁骨下淋巴结：subclavicular lymph node 腋窝淋巴结axillary lymph node耳后淋巴结：posterior auricular lymph node腹股沟淋巴结：inguinal lymph node;lymph node of groin颈淋巴结：cervical lymph node;jugular lymph node纵隔：mediastina纵隔后淋巴结:posterior mediastinal lymph nodes活组织检查；活体解剖：biopsy淋巴结细针吸活组织检查：fine needle biopsy of lymph node淋巴结细针吸引活组织检查：fine needle aspiration biopsy of lymph node恶性淋巴瘤：burkitt's lymphoma; malignant lymphoma何杰金氏病：malignant lymphogranulomatosis; Hodgkin's disease 蕈样霉菌病：mycosis fungoides恶性黑色素瘤：malignant melanoma鼻甲：conchae;Concha nasalis;nasal turbinate; nasoturbinal concha;turbinate; turbinates鼻甲切除术：conchectomy+病理诊断：pathologic diagnosis喉鳞状细胞癌：aaryngeal squamouscarcinoma食道癌：esophageal cancer小细胞肺癌：SCLC;small cell lung cancer非小细胞肺癌：NSCLC;non-small cell lung cancer间皮瘤：mesothelioma胸膜：pleura乳腺癌：mammary cancer ；乳腺Paget病和导管内癌：Paget's disease and intraductal carcinoma of breast乳腺浸润性癌：IBC;invasive breast cancer 乳腺囊肿：galactocele; lactocele乳腺硬癌：mastoscirrhus髓样癌：medullary carcinoma乙型肝炎：hepatitis B肝硬化：cirrhosis of liver肝昏迷：hepatic coma前驱期：prodromal period潜伏期：incubation period; latent period 初期：incipient stage静止期：quiescent stage恢复期：convalescent stage碱性磷酸酶：alkaline phosphatase酸性磷酸酶：acid phosphatase谷草转氨酶：glutamic-oxal(o)acetic transaminase谷丙转氨酶：glutamic-pyruvic transaminase门静脉高压：portal hypertension慢性胆囊炎：chronic cholecystitis胆管炎：cholangitis胆石症：gallstone胆色素：bile pigments; porphobilin胆囊炎：cholecystitis胆囊脓肿：abscess of gallbladder胆囊囊肿：cyst of gallbladder梗阻性黄疸：obstructive jaundice胰腺癌：pancreatic cancer; pancreatic carcinoma胰岛细胞癌：Islet cell carcinoma胰岛素瘤：insulinoma; insuloma 胰头：head of pancreas壶腹周围癌：Bottle belly around cancer粘膜：mucosa腹膜：Peritoneum腹膜后：retroperitoneum脾：spleen〔动〕;lien; lineal腹部穿剌术：Abdominal paracentesis 肾：kidney肾结石：calculus of kidney; kidney stone;nephrolithiasis; renal stone;renalcalculus肾上腺：suprarenal gland; adrenal gland 膀胱：bladder; cysr-; cysto-; urocyst子宫：metra-;metro-子宫癌：cancer of the womb子宫肌瘤：hysteromyoma; myoma of uterus子宫体癌（子宫内膜癌）：carcinoma ofcorpus uteri; carcinoma ofendometrium子宫囊肿：cyst of uterus卵巢囊肿：ovarian cyst子宫不规则出血：metrorrhagia子宫镜;子宫镜检查：metroscop肌瘤：myoma卵巢：oophoro-;ovario-卵巢的：ovarian输卵管：fallopian tube;oviduct;uterine tube附件癌：adnexal carcinoma妇产科学:OB-GYN(obstetric-gynaecolog)；obstertrics-gynecolog(abb. OBGyN)妇科学: gynecology盆腔：pelvic kidney盆腔肿块：Pelvic lump肛门：anus降结肠癌：descending colon carcinoma直肠癌：rectal cancer; pimeloma;carcinoma of rectum大肠癌：前列腺：prostate前列腺肥大：prostatic hyperplasia;prostatauxe动脉瘤：aneurysm脑胶质瘤：brain glioma脑垂体瘤：brain pituitary tumour皮肤：skin; strap; leash; cutis滑膜肉瘤：synovial sarcoma恶性黑色素瘤：malignant melanoma胃镜：gastroscope胃溃疡：gastric ulcer; stomach ulcer泌尿道结石：urinary stone 绝经：menopause绝经后期：postmenopause绝经后出血：postmenopausal bleeding雌激素：estrin; estrogen;Estrogens雄激素：androgen雌激素受体：estrin（ estrogen;Estrogens ）receptor孕酮：progesterone; corlutin; flavolutan; fologenon;esterol;gestone;gestormone;g estron;lipo-lutin;sistociclina;syngesterone;proluton;p rogestone;progesterol;progekan;primolut ;pregnenedione芳香化酶抑制剂：arimedex; exemestane;fadrozol; vorozole阳性：positive阴性：negative病理性骨折：pathologic fracture石膏：plaster;gypsum石膏固定术：plaster immobilization病理诊断：pathologic diagnosis病理组织学检查：histopathologicexaminationB超：B-model ultrasound scanningECG心电图：electrocardiogram;（echocardiogram 超声心动图;electrocardiograph 心电描记器,心电图机;）MRI：磁共振成象PSA: Prostate specific antigen前列腺特异抗原免疫功能：immunological function免疫系统：immune system神经系统：nervous system腺癌：adenocarcinoma鳞癌：squamous carcinoma鳞腺癌：adeno-squamous carcinoma未分化癌：undifferentiated carcinoma单纯癌：carcinoma simplex硬癌：inocarcinoma汗腺癌：Sweat gland carcinoma印戒细胞癌：signet-ring cell carcinoma 粘液细胞癌：mucilage cell;mucous cell carcinoma类癌：carcinoid甲状腺髓样癌：medullary thyroid carcinoma大肠癌：large intestine carcinoma 白血病：Leukemia急性淋巴细胞白血病：acute lymphoblastic leukemia; ALL慢性粒细胞白血病：chronic myelocytic leukemia; chronic granulocytic leukemia; CML; CGL骨肉瘤：osteosarcoma;osteogenic sarcoma肾细胞癌：renal cell carcinoma分化：differentiation免疫功能：immunological function死亡率：mortality辅助化疗：adjuvant chemotherapy新辅助化疗：neoadjuvant chemotherapy 诱导化疗：induction chemotherapy放射疗法：Radiation; radiation theraphy; radiotherapeutics; radiotherapy生物疗法：biological therapy生物反应调节剂：BRM;biological response modifier(s)中药疗法：the traditional Chinesemedicine therapy瘤苗：外周血干细胞移植：方案：pathologic fracture ；spontaneous fracture反应：response副反应：side effectBLM：博来霉素：BleomycinPYM：平阳霉素：Pingyangmycin;Bleomycin A5 DDP：顺铂：CisplatinCBP：卡铂：Carboplatin草酸铂：oxaliplatinHCPT：羟基喜树碱：HydroxycamptothecinCTX：环磷酰胺：Cyclophosphamide 5-Fu：氟尿嘧啶：5-Fluorouracil FYL：氟铁龙：FortulonFI-207：替加氟：TegafurHCFU：卡莫氟，嘧氟禄：Carmofur IFN：干扰素：InterferonIL-2：白细胞介素-2：Intelukin2 MTX：氨甲蝶呤：Methotrexate PDN：强的松：PrednisoneTAM：他莫西芬（三苯氧胺）：TamoxifenMA：甲地孕酮：Megestrol acetate;MebaceMPA：甲孕酮：Medroxyprogesterone acetate ; Provera; Veramix;MIT：米托蒽醌：Mitoxantrone;NoventroneTAX：紫杉醇：Paclitexal：泰素：Taxol：泰素蒂：Taxotere；Docetaxol VCR：长春新碱：VincristineVLB：长春花碱：VinblastineVDS：长春酰胺：VindesineNVB：诺维本（去甲长春花碱）：NovelbineVP-16：足叶乙甙（依托泊甙）：EtoposideVM-26：威猛（替尼泊甙）：Teniposide ADM：阿霉素：AdriamycinTHP：吡喃阿霉素：THP-adriamycin;PirarubicinEPI：表阿霉素：EpirubicinMMC：丝裂霉素：Mitomycin C CSF：集落刺激因子：colony stimulating factor并发症：complication并发病：complicating diseases流行病：epidemic disease遗传病：inherited disease职业病：occupational disease传染病：infectious disease主诉：chief complaint临床表现：clinical manifestation;clinical situation病史：history; medical history既往史：past history个人史：personal history分娩史：delivery history月经史：menarche初潮：menarche闭经：menopause; menoschesis;amenorrhea; amenia家族史：family history发病机制：pathogenesis; nosogenesis 婚姻状况：marital status症状：symptom主要症状：cardinal symptom典型症状：classical symptom伴发症状：concomitant symptom全身症状：constitutional(systemic) symptom间接症状：indirect symptom 诱发症状：induced symptom局部症状：local symptom精神症状：mental symptom听诊：auscultation视诊：inspection触诊：palpation叩诊：Percussion谵妄：delirium哮喘：asthma穿孔：perforation溃疡：ulceration坏死：necrosis出汗，大量出汗：diaphoresis; sweating; perspiration;盗汗：night sweat消瘦：emaciation; marasmus; marcor;thinness; tabification。
Lung-Cancer肺癌
3、大细胞癌〔large cell carcinoma〕：包括 巨细胞癌和透明细胞癌两个亚型 〔占10%〕。
4、腺鳞癌〔adenosquamous cell carcinoma〕：
二、流行病学
国际癌症研究中心 〔IARC〕的Parkin等对 2002年 全球癌症的发病、死亡和生存率进行了估计，其中 肺癌排在恶性肿瘤的第一位。同样我国肺癌发病率 也日益增高，目前已成为城市中常见恶性肿瘤的首 位，2002年中国男性发病率为44.7/10万，女性为 27.4/10万，据估计到2010年我国肺癌患者将到达 60万。这提示我们应普及肺癌基本知识，提高早 期就诊率，提高肺癌标准化诊治的重要性和必要性。
〔三〕肺癌的分类
肺癌的临床分类依据：根据肺癌在临床上的生 物学特性、治疗方向及治疗效果的不同，肿瘤临 床学家们将肺癌分为以下两大类：
1、小细胞肺癌〔small cell lung cancer， SCLC〕：此类肺癌约占肺癌的20%左右。临床 特点是恶性程度高、转移早，可视为是一种全身 性疾病，治疗上多需采取以化疗为主的综合治疗。
〔三〕细胞学检查
1、痰细胞学检查：无咳嗽咳痰者，可采用雾 化引痰法。
2、胸水癌细胞学检查：血性胸水的癌细胞学 检查阳性率较高。
3、经皮穿刺细胞学检查：体表肿物或淋巴结 穿刺、B超或CT引导下的经皮肺穿刺细胞学检查。
4、纤维支气管镜的咬检或刷检的涂片细胞学 检查。
〔四〕活体组织学检查 该方法可明确获得病理组织学的定性诊断： 1、转移淋巴结的活检。 2、B超或CT引导下的经皮肺穿刺针吸活检。 3、经纤支镜的活检。 4、皮下转移结节的活检。 5、胸膜活检。 6、开胸探查、术中冰冻切片活检等。
肿瘤英语单词
肿瘤英语单词在医学领域中，肿瘤是一个备受关注且复杂的课题。
而对于肿瘤相关的英语单词，了解和掌握它们对于学习医学知识、阅读专业文献以及与国际医学界进行交流都具有重要意义。
首先，我们来认识一下“肿瘤”这个词本身在英语中的表达，那就是“tumor”或者“neoplasm”。
“Tumor”这个词较为常见，使用频率较高。
与肿瘤相关的还有一些分类词汇。
良性肿瘤在英语中是“benign tumor”，“benign”有“良性的、和蔼的”意思。
而恶性肿瘤则是“malignant tumor”，“malignant”表示“恶性的、有害的”。
肿瘤的发生和发展过程中涉及到很多细胞层面的变化。
“癌细胞”对应的英语单词是“cancer cell”，“细胞增殖”是“cell proliferation”，“细胞凋亡”则是“cell apoptosis”。
在肿瘤的诊断方面，常用的词汇有“diagnosis”（诊断）、“biopsy”（活检）、“imaging examination”（影像学检查），比如“Xray”（X 射线）、“CT scan”（计算机断层扫描）、“MRI”（磁共振成像）等等。
治疗肿瘤的方法也有对应的英语表述。
“surgery”（手术）、“chemotherapy”（化疗）、“radiotherapy”（放疗）是常见的肿瘤治疗手段。
“targeted therapy”（靶向治疗）则是近年来发展迅速的一种新型治疗方式。
“肿瘤标志物”用英语说是“tumor marker”，通过检测肿瘤标志物可以帮助医生对肿瘤进行诊断和监测。
在肿瘤的研究领域，“oncogene”（癌基因）和“tumor suppressor gene”（抑癌基因）是经常被提及的重要概念。
“metastasis”这个单词表示肿瘤的转移，肿瘤细胞从原发部位扩散到其他部位是肿瘤治疗中的一个难题。
了解肿瘤相关的英语单词，不仅有助于我们获取最新的医学研究成果，还能在国际医学交流中准确表达自己的观点和想法。
肺癌英文
Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
Etiology
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors. 4Radioactivity in the atmosphere .
2.Symptoms
caused by the near organs or tissue involved by tumor.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to invasion of the pleura.
Radiographic Findings
The appearance on the x-ray film depends on the position ,size and stage of the tumor 1.Peripheral type :It may be various such as infiltrative or nodular, lobulated or umbilicus sign,liner protrusions from the shadow into the surrounding lung, cavitation which is often eccentric irregular in the inner wall owing to the necrosis of the neoplasm.
Clinical Features
病理英文专业词汇
1-01 脾萎缩(spleen atrophy)1-02心肌萎缩(myocardium atrophy)1-03颅骨压迫性萎缩(cranial pressure atrophy)1-04肾压迫性萎缩(kidney pressure atrophy)1-05脑压迫性萎缩(encephalic pressure atrophy)1-06 肝水变性(hepatic hydropic degeneration)1-07 肝脂肪变(hepatic fatty degeneration)1-08 纤维组织玻璃样变性（瘢痕疙瘩）(keloid)1-09 肾凝固性梗死(renal coagulative necrosis)1-10 结核干酪样坏死(caseous necrosis)1-11 液化性坏死（脑脓肿）(lliquefactive necrosis)1-12 干性坏疽(dry gangrene)1-13 湿性坏疽（坏疽性阑尾炎）(moist gangrene)1-14 皮肤溃疡(dermal ulcer)1-15 肝细胞压迫性萎缩（肝癌）(pressure atrophy of liver)1-16 肾小管上皮细胞水变性和玻璃样变性(hydropic and hyaline degeneration of renal tubular cells)1-17 脾中央动脉玻璃样变(hyaline degeneration of central arteriole of spleen)1-18 肝脂肪变性(hepatic fatty degeneration)1-19坏死细胞的形态（the morphological change of necrosis cell）1-20 肾贫血性梗死(anemic infarct of the kidney)2-01脾梗死瘢痕(splenic infarct scar)2-02 瘢痕疙瘩（keloid）2-03骨折愈合(healing of bone fracture）2-04 肉芽组织(granulation tissue)2-05 间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell)2-06 骨折愈合(healing of bone fracture）3-01肝淤血（槟榔肝）(nutmeg liver)3-02脾淤血 (spleen congestion)3-03肾淤血 (kidney congestion)3-04食管静脉曲张 (esophageal varices)3-05脑出血 (cerebral hemorrhage)3-06血管内血栓 (blood vessel thrombus)3-07心房附壁血栓 (cardiac mural thrombus)3-08脾贫血性梗死 (spleen anemic infarct)3-09肾梗死瘢痕 (infartion scar of kidney )3-10肺出血性梗死 (hemorrhagic infarct of lung)3-11肠出血性梗死 (hemorrhagic infarct of intestine)3-12肺动脉栓塞 (pulmonary artery embolism)3-13肝淤血脂变 (liver fatty change)3-14肺淤血水肿 (pulmonary congestion)3-15慢性肺淤血（肺褐色硬变）(chronic pulmonary congestion) 3-16混合血栓(mixed thrombus）3-17血栓机化(thrombus organization）4-02 纤维蛋白性心包炎(fibrinous pericarditis)4-03咽喉及气管白喉(gular or tracheal diphtheria)4-04 细菌性痢疾(bacillary dysentery)4-05蜂窝织炎（阴囊）(phlegmonous inflammation)4-06 肾脓肿 (renal abscess)4-07 肝脓肿 (liver abscess)4-08 化脓性脑膜炎 (purulent meningitis)4-09 急性卡他胃炎 (acute catarrh gastritis)4-10 炭疽性脑膜炎 (anthrax meningitis)4-11 慢性胆囊炎 (chronic cholecystitis)4-12 慢性输卵管炎 (chronic salpingitis)4-13 慢性肥厚性胃炎(chronic hypertrophic gastritis)4-14 肠道慢性炎症—肠息肉 (intestinal polyp)4-15慢性心包炎 (chronic pericarditis)4-16 脾周围炎（糖衣脾）(perisplenitis)4-17慢性扁桃体炎 (chronic tonsillitis)4-18大网膜急性炎(acute inflammation of omentum）4-19鼻息肉(nasal polyp）4-20纤维蛋白性心包炎(pericarditis）4-21假膜性炎（细菌性痢疾）4-22皮下蜂窝织炎(subcutanous phlegmonous inflammation）4-23肺脓肿(pulmonary abscess）4-24肠息肉(intestinal polyp）4-25慢性胆囊炎(chronic cholecystitis）4-26肛门瘘管(anal fistula）4-27异物肉芽肿性炎(foreign body granuloma）5-01乳头状瘤(papilloma)5-02 甲状腺瘤(thyroid adenoma)5-03 乳腺纤维腺瘤(fibroadenoma of the breast)5-04 卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤(ovary mucinus cystadenoma)5-05 结肠腺瘤性息肉病5-06 皮肤鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma of skin)5-07 食管鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus)5-08 阴茎鳞癌(squamous cell carcinoma of penis)5-09 乳腺腺癌(mammary adenocarcinoma)5-10 肠腺癌(intestine adenocarcinoma)5-11 肺癌(lung cancer)5-12 肺癌脑转移(brain metastasis of lung cancer)5-13 肝癌肺转移(lung metastasis of liver cancer)5-14 胰腺癌肝转移(liver metastases of pancreatic cancer)5-15 乳腺癌淋巴结转移(lymph node metastasis of breast carcinoma)5-16胃粘液癌大网膜种植转移(epiploon implantation metastasis of gastric mucinous carcinoma )5-17 纤维瘤(fibroma)5-18 脂肪瘤(lipoma)5-19 软骨瘤(chondroma)5-20 骨瘤(osteoma)5-21 子宫平滑肌瘤(fibromyoma uteri)5-22 皮下的毛细血管瘤(subcutaneous capillary hemangioma) 5-23 肝内的海绵状血管瘤(cavernous hemangioma of liver) 5-24 淋巴管瘤(lymphangioma)5-25纤维肉瘤(fibrosarcoma)5-26 骨肉瘤(osteosarcoma)5-27软骨肉瘤(chondrosarcoma)5-28脂肪肉瘤(liposarcoma)5-29神经鞘瘤 (neurinoma)5-30 黑色素瘤 (melanoma)5-31 囊性畸胎瘤(cystic teratoma)5-32 实性畸胎瘤(solid teratoma)5-33 皮肤乳头状瘤(papilloma of the skin)5-34 甲状腺腺瘤(thyroid adenoma)5-35 肠腺瘤(enteric adenoma)5-36 鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma)5-37结肠腺癌(colonic adenocarcinoma)5-38 乳腺腺癌(mammary adenocarcinoma)5-39 淋巴结转移癌(metastasis carcinoma of the lymph nodes) 5-40 纤维瘤(fibroma)5-41 脂肪瘤(lipoma)5-42 毛细血管瘤( capillary hemangioma)5-43 纤维肉瘤 (fibrosarcoma)5-44 骨肉瘤(osteosarcoma)5-45 神经鞘瘤(neurinoma)5-46 黑色素瘤(melanoma)6-01主动脉粥样硬化 (aortic atherosclerosis)6-02脑底动脉硬化 (cerebral atherosclerosis)6-03心肌梗死 (myocardial infarction)6-04脑出血 (cerebral hemorrhage)6-05高血压之肾(kidney of hypertention)6-06高血压之心 (heart of hypertention)6-07急性风湿性心内膜炎 (acute rheumatic endocarditis)6-08 亚急性感染性心内膜炎(subacute i nfective endocarditis)6-09风湿性心脏瓣膜病——二尖瓣狭窄 (rheumatic valvular heart disease) 6-10急性克山病之心脏 (heart of acute Keshan disease)6-11慢性克山病之心脏 (heart of chronic Keshan disease)6-12主动脉粥样硬化(aortic atherosclerosis)6-13冠状动脉粥样硬化 (coronary atherosclerosis)6-14高血压之肾(kidney of hypertention)6-15风湿性心肌炎 (rheumatic myocarditis)6-16风湿性心内膜炎 (rheumatic endocarditis)6-17亚急性感染性心内膜炎 (subacute infective endocarditis)6-18 心肌梗死 (myocardial infarction)6-19 心肌病 (myocardiopathy)7-01支气管扩张(bronchiectasis)7-02肺脓肿(pulmonary abscess)7-03肺气肿(emphysema)7-04慢性肺源性心脏病(chronic pulmonary heart disease)7-05 大叶性肺炎(红色肝样变期) (lobar pneumonia, red hepatization)7-06大叶性肺炎（灰色肝样变期）(lobar pneumonia, gray hepatization)7-07小叶性肺炎 (lobular pneumonia)7-08病毒性肺炎 (viral pneumonia)7-09 硅肺(silicosis)7-10 肺癌 (lung cancer)7-11大叶性肺炎(灰色肝样变期)(lobar pneumonia, gray hepatization)7-12 支气管肺炎(bronchopneumonia)7-13间质性肺炎 (interstitial pneumonia)7-14病毒性肺炎(viral pneumonia)7-15 慢性支气管炎(chronic bronchitis)7-16 硅肺(silicosis)7-17鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma)7-18 肺癌(lung carcinoma)8-01 消化性溃疡病(peptic ulcer disease)8-02 急性化脓性阑尾炎(acute suppurative appendicitis)8-03 急性坏疽性阑尾炎(acute gangrenous appendicitis)8-04 慢性阑尾炎(chronic appendicitis)8-05 阑尾粘液囊肿(appendix mucocele)8-06 急性重症肝炎（急性黄色肝萎缩）(acute severe hepatitis)8-07 亚急性重症肝炎（亚急性黄色肝萎缩）(subacute severe hepatitis)8-08 门脉性肝硬化(portal cirrhosis)8-09 胆汁性肝硬化(biliary cirrhosis)8-10 坏死后性肝硬化(post-necrotic cirrhosis)8-11 息肉型胃癌(polypoid type of gastric carcinoma)8-12 溃疡型胃癌(ulcerative type of gastric carcinoma)8-13 浸润型胃癌(infiltrating type of gastric carcinoma)8-14 食管癌(carcinoma of the esophagus)8-15 巨块型肝癌(unifocal large mass type of primary carcinoma of the liver)8-16 结节型肝癌(multifocal type with numerous nodules of primary carcinoma of the liver)8-17 胰腺癌(carcinoma of the pancreas)8-18 结肠癌(carcinoma of colon)8-19 急性胆囊炎(acute cholecystitis)8-20 慢性胆囊炎(chronic cholecystitis)8-21 慢性萎缩性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis)8-22 慢性胃溃疡(chronic gastric ulcer)8-23 急性阑尾炎(acute appendicitis)8-24 慢性阑尾炎(chronic appendicitis)8-25 门脉性肝硬化(portal cirrhosis)8-26 胆汁性肝硬化(biliary cirrhosis)8-27 急性（普通型）肝炎( acute hepatitis)8-28 急性重症肝炎(acute severe hepatitis)8-29 亚急性重症肝炎(subacute severe hepatitis)8-30 急性胆囊炎(acute cholecystitis)8-31 胃粘液腺癌(mucinous gland gastric carcinoma)8-32 食管癌(carcinoma of the esophagus)8-33 肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma)9-01 霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s lymphoma)9-02非霍奇金淋巴瘤 (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma)9-03非霍奇金淋巴瘤之淋巴结 (lymph node of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma )9-04急、慢性髓母细胞性白血病 (actue/chronic myelogenous leukemia)9-05 慢性粒细胞白血病之脾 (spleen of chronic myelogenous leukemia)9-06霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s lymphoma)9-07 非霍奇金淋巴瘤—小细胞淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma)9-08急性髓母细胞白血病之肝脏（liver of acute myeloblastic leukemia ）9-09急性髓母细胞性白血病（血图片）(acute myeloblastic leukemia)10-01狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis)10-02 心脏移植(heart transplantation)11-01急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎(acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis) 11-02新月体性肾小球肾炎(crescentic glomerulonephritis)11-03慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis)11-04急性肾盂肾炎(acute pyelonephritis)11-05慢性肾盂肾炎(chronic pyelonephritis)11-06肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma)11-07膀胱乳头状癌(papillary carcinoma of bladder)11-08肾母细胞瘤(nephroblastoma)11-09急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎(acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis)11-10 新月体性肾小球肾炎(crescentic glomerulonephritis)11-11 轻微病变性肾小球肾炎(minimal change glomerulonephritis)11-12 膜性肾小球肾炎(membranous glomerulonephritis)11-13 膜性增生性肾小球肾炎(membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)11-14 慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis)11-15 急性肾盂肾炎(acute pyelonephritis)11-16 慢性肾盂肾炎(chronic pyelonephritis)11-17 肾透明细胞癌(clear cell renal carcinoma)11-18膀胱移行细胞癌(transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)12-01 子宫颈癌（外生菜花型）(cervical carcinoma)12-02 子宫内膜腺癌(endometrial adenocarcinoma)12-03 子宫平滑肌瘤(leiomyoma of the uterus)12-04 完全性葡萄胎(hydatidiform mole）12-05 绒毛膜癌(choriocarcinoma)12-06 卵巢粘液性囊腺瘤（mucinous cystadenoma of ovary）12-07 卵巢浆液性乳头状囊腺瘤(serous cystadenoma of ovary)12-08 乳腺纤维腺瘤(fibroadenoma of the breast)12-09 乳腺癌(carcinoma of the breast)12-10 炎症性乳腺癌(inflammatory carcinoma of the breast)12-11 慢性子宫颈炎(chronic cervicitis)12-12 子宫颈浸润性鳞状细胞癌(invasive squamous cell carcinoma)12-13 葡萄胎(hydatidiform mole)12-14 绒毛膜癌(choriocarcinoma)12-15 卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤(serous cystadenoma of ovary)12-16 乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast)13-01 单纯性甲状腺肿(simple goiter)13-02 毒性甲状腺肿(toxic goiter)13-03 甲状腺瘤(thyroid adenoma)13-04 甲状腺癌(carcinoma of thyroid)13-05胶样甲状腺肿（colloid goiter）13-06 毒性甲状腺肿(toxic goiter)13-07 甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤(follicular adenoma of thyroid)13-08 甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary carcinoma of thyroid)13-09 甲状腺髓样癌(medullary carcinoma of thyroid)14-01 流行性脑脊髓膜炎(epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis)14-02 流行性乙型脑炎(epidemic encephalitis B)14-3 胶质瘤(glioma)14-03流行性脑脊髓膜炎 (epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis)14-04 流行性乙型脑炎(epidemic encephalitis B)15-01原发性肺结核病 (primary pulmonary tuberculosis)15-02支气管淋巴结结核病15-03肺粟粒性结核病 (pulmonary miliary tuberculosis)15-04全身粟粒性结核病( systemic miliary tuberculosis)15-05局灶型肺结核15-06浸润型肺结核(Infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis)15-07干酪样肺炎(caseous pneumonia)15-8急性空洞性肺结核15-9慢性纤维空洞型肺结核(chronic fibro-cavitative pulmonary tuberculosis )15-10肺结核球 (tuberculoma)15-11结核性胸膜炎 (tuberculous pleuritis)15-12肠结核病（溃疡型）(intestinal tuberculosis，ulcer)15-13肾结核病 (t uberculosis of kidney)15-14结核性脑膜炎(tubercular meningitis)15-15 脊髓结核 (tuberculosis of spine)15-16 关节结核(tuberculosis of joint)15-17附睾结核 (tuberculosis of epididymis)15-18腹膜及肠系膜淋巴结结核 (tuberculosis of epididymis)15-19肠伤寒各期之回肠 (typhoid fever)15-20细菌性痢疾之结肠 (colon of bacillary dysentery)15-21中毒型细菌性痢疾 (toxic type bacillary dysentery)15-22流行性出血热之心(heart of epidemic hemorrhagic fever)15-23流行出血热之肾(kidney of epidemic hemorrhagic fever)15-24白色念珠菌病之食管(esophagus of white candidiasis )15-25肺粟粒性结核病（以增生为主）(proliferative pulmonary tuberculosis) 15-26肺粟粒性结核病（以渗出为主） (exudative pulmonary tuberculosis) 15-27肺结核球(tuberculosis)15-28肠结核（溃疡型）(intestinal tuberculosis)15-29结核性脑膜炎(tubercular meningitis)15-30肠伤寒(typhoid fever)15-31细菌性痢疾 (bacillary dysentery)15-32 尖锐湿疣(condyloma acuminatum)15-33肺曲菌病 (aspergillosis of lung)15-34流行性出血热肾脏(kidney of epidemic hemorrhagic fever)16-01 结肠阿米巴病(intestinal amoebiasis)16-02 阿米巴肝脓肿(amoebic liver abscess)16-03 肠阿米巴病(intestinal amoebiasis)16-04 血吸虫病(schistosomiasis)16-05 肺吸虫病(parogonimiasis)。
肺癌医学英语
肺癌在医学英语中通常被称为"Lung Cancer"。
根据不同的病理类型，肺癌可以分为非小细胞肺癌（Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, NSCLC）和小细胞肺癌（Small Cell Lung Cancer, SCLC）。
以下是肺癌相关的一些医学英语词汇：
Lung Cancer: 肺癌
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): 非小细胞肺癌
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): 小细胞肺癌
Adenocarcinoma: 腺癌
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 鳞状细胞癌
Large Cell Carcinoma: 大细胞癌
Bronchial Carcinoma: 支气管肺癌
Pulmonary Carcinoma: 肺癌
Lung Nodule: 肺结节
Central Lung Cancer: 中央型肺癌
Peripheral Lung Cancer: 周围型肺癌
Staging: 分期
Metastasis: 转移
Lymph Node Metastasis: 淋巴结转移
Chemotherapy: 化疗
Radiation Therapy: 放疗
Targeted Therapy: 靶向治疗
Immunotherapy: 免疫治疗
Palliative Care: 姑息治疗
Prognosis: 预后
这些词汇只是肺癌相关医学英语的一部分，具体的词汇和表达可能会根据上下文和特定的医学文献而有所不同。
在医学领域，准确和专业的术语使用非常重要，以确保信息的准确传递和理解的准确性。
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肺癌相关英文词汇小结Chapter 64 Lung Cancer肺癌1.Lung cancer/Lung carcinomas肺癌2.solid tumor originating from bronchial epithelial cells来源于支气管内皮细胞的实体肿瘤3.Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)非小细胞肺癌4.small cell lung cancer (SCLC)小细胞肺癌5.natural histories自然病程6.responses to therapy治疗有效7.Lung carcinomas arise from normal bronchial epithelial cells that have acquired multiple genetic lesions and are capable of expressing a variety of phenotypes肺癌来源于支气管上皮细胞，这些细胞在后天产生了多种基因缺陷，并且表现出多种表型。
8.Activation of protooncogenes原癌基因激活9.inhibition or mutation of tumor suppressor genes抑癌基因抑制或突变10.production of autocrine growth factors自分泌产生生长因子11.cellular proliferation细胞增殖12.malignant transformation恶性转化13.overexpression of c-KIT in SCLC小细胞肺癌细胞c-KIT过表达14.epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in NSCLC非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体15.affect disease prognosis影响疾病预后16.Cigarette smoking is responsible for ∼80% of lung cancer cases80%的肺癌是由于吸烟导致的17.exposure to respiratory carcinogens暴露于呼吸道致癌物18.asbestos石棉19.Benzene苯20.genetic risk factors基因风险因素21.history of other lung diseases其他肺部疾病病史22.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]慢性阻塞性肺病23.asthma哮喘24.The major cell types are SCLC (∼15%of all lung cancers), adenocarcinoma (∼50%), squamous cell carcinoma (<30%), and large cell carcinoma.肺癌主要的类型包括小细胞肺癌（15%），腺癌（50%），鳞癌（<30%）及大细胞肺癌。
25.The last three types are grouped together and referred to as NSCLC.后三类（腺癌、鳞癌、大细胞癌）统称为非小细胞肺癌26.The most common initial signs and symptoms最常见的早期体征和症状27.Cough咳嗽28.Dyspnea呼吸困难29.chest pain胸痛30.Discomfort不适31.Hemoptysis咯血32.exhibit systemic symptoms呈现出全身症状33.Anorexia厌食34.Disseminated disease转移性疾病35.neurologic deficits from CNS metastases 由于神经系统转移造成的神经功能障碍36.bone pain 骨痛37.pathologic fractures secondary to bone由于骨转移造成的病理性骨折38.liver dysfunction from hepatic involvement肝转移造成的肝功能障碍39.Paraneoplastic syndromes副癌综合征40.Cachexia恶液质41.Hypercalcemia高钙血症42.syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion抗利尿激素不当分泌综合征43.Cushing’s syndrome.库欣综合征44.underlying malignancy造成一切症状的肿瘤45.Chest radiography胸片（X片）46.endobronchial ultrasound支气管内超声puted tomography (CT) scan计算机断层扫描（CT）48.positron emission tomography (PET) scan正电子发射断层扫描（PET）49.Integrated CT-PET technology appears to improve diagnostic accuracy in staging NSCLC over CT or PET alone相比于单纯使用CT或PET，将CT和PET技术结合（PET-CT）可提高非小细胞肺癌的分期诊断的准确性50.Pathologic confirmation of lung cancer is established by examination of sputum cytology and/or tumor biopsy by bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, percutaneous needle biopsy, or open-lung biopsy肺癌可以通过以下途径进行病理诊断：痰标本的细胞学检查和/或通过支气管镜、纵膈镜、经皮细针穿刺或开胸肺活检采集的组织标本进行肿瘤活检51.a thorough history完整的病史52.physical examination体格检查53.detect signs and symptoms of the primary tumor监测原发肿瘤的症状和体征54.regional spread of the tumor肿瘤的局部转移55.ability to withstand aggressive surgery or chemotherapy耐受积极手术或化疗的能力56.The World Health Organization世界卫生组织57.a TNM staging classificationTNM分期系统58.primary tumor size and extent (T)原发灶大小及范围59.the regional lymph node involvement (N),区域淋巴结浸润60.the presence or absence of distant metastases (M)是否存在远处转移61.A simpler system is commonly used to compare treatments通常，应用另一个相对简单的分期系统来确定治疗方案62.Stage I includes tumors confined to the lung without lymphatic spreadI期疾病包括病灶局限于肺部并且没有淋巴结转移63.stage II includes large tumors with ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar lymph node involvementII期疾病包括巨大肿瘤伴随同侧支气管周围或纵膈淋巴结侵犯。
64.stage III includes other lymph node and regional involvementIII期疾病包括其他淋巴结及局部侵犯。
65.stage IV includes any tumor with distant metastasesIV期疾病包括任何原发情况并伴随远处转移。
66.A two-stage classification is widely used for SCLC小细胞肺癌一般分为两个阶段。
67.Limited disease is confined to one hemithorax and can be encompassed by a single radiation port.病情局限于一侧胸腔并且在一个照射野内。
68.All other disease is classified as extensive其他的情况被归为广泛期69.The stage of NSCLC and the patient’s comorbidities and performance status determine which treatment modalities will be used.非小细胞肺癌的分期、病人合并症情况以及身体状况共同决定了治疗的方式70.The intent of treatment—curative or palliative—influences the aggressiveness of therapy治疗的目的不同，根治性或姑息性会影响治疗的强度71.Local disease (stages IA, IB, and IIA) is associated with a favorable prognosis.病灶局限（IA，IB，IIA期）预后较好。
72.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and may be used with radiation and/or adjuvant (postoperative) chemotherapy手术是主要的治疗方法，并且可与放疗和/或辅助化疗联用。
73.Patients with locally advanced disease (stages IIB and IIIA) may undergo surgery. 局部进展期患者（IIB、IIIA期）也可采用手术治疗74.Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care（对于局部进展期患者），辅助化疗是标准治疗。
75.Some centers use neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiation, but this is not considered the standard of care.一些肿瘤治疗中心，（对于局部进展期患者），应用新辅助同步放化疗，但是这并不认为是标准治疗。