大学英语四级考试阅读理解文章结构分析

辨别和理解文章的中心思想是大学英语四级考试阅读测试的重中之重,2006年修订的新四级考试大纲仍然将对此项能力的考查置于首位（见大纲第９页，上海外语教育出版社）。新四级仔细阅读部分(Readiｎg in Depth)选择题型的篇章阅读中，与此项能力直接相关的一种题型称为主旨题。如何快速把握文章结构，确定中心思想对快速阅读文章有相当重要的意义。我们知道，新四级的仔细阅读部分，选择题型的篇章阅读共两篇文章,十道题目，要求考生在15分钟之内完成,平均每篇文章大约７-８分钟的时间，其中文章的阅读大约3－4分钟的时间。在这么短的时间内读完一篇300－35０字的文章，逐字逐句通读全文寻找主旨的方法就显得不切合实际了,这必然要求考生采用适当的阅读技巧。为此，笔者建议考生采用略读(ｓkiｍmｉng）和跳读(skｉp-rｅａdｉng）相结合的阅读方式。

略读是一种浏览式的阅读方法，其主要目的是为了快速有效地把握文章的主旨大意,是平时为了大量获取信息和各种英语应试阅读中特别常用而且极为重要的一种阅读方法。这种方法主要是指在阅读过程中,只关注与全文大意密切相关的主题信息，而忽略其它支持性的细节信息。四级考试中，阅读文章主要以说明文和议论文为主，一篇文章的主题信息通常会出现在以下几处:一、文章各段的首句和尾句。这些处于较明显、较特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主题句，具有相当大的重要性;二、强转折处。通常以but, however， rａth er, yet, ｉnsteａd等词为标志，这些词汇后面的句子是主题性信息；三、因果关系处。通常以ｔherefore，as ａ result, thus, sｏ, That is why…等词语或句式为标志，这些词汇或句式后面的句子是主题性信息；四、递进处。通常以mｏreover, furthｅｒmo re, ｗhat’ｓｍｏre，what’s tｈe most iｍportant, moｓt impoｒtant oｆａl l, ｍosｔ importantｌｙ等词汇或短语为标志,这些词汇或短语后面出现的信息是被强调的信息，即主题信息出现的地方；五、例证处。通常以foｒ exampｌｅ, for instance，Let’s take…,Conｓｉｄeｒ…等词汇、短语或句式为标志，这些词汇、短语或句式表示举例,也是支持性的细节信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要说明的主题;六、并列处。通常以firｓtly， secｏndly…fiｎally, soｍｅ…others…,fｏr ｏnｅtｈi ｎg…ｆor anoｔher, oｎthe oｎe hanｄ…on the ｏther hand等组合为标志,这些

组合都是支持性的细节信息，位于这些组合前后的句子一般都是这些细节信息所要支持的主题。

跳读可以作为略读的辅助。跳读旨在掌握文章的全貌和要点，但又不必将文章中所有的词句全部都读进眼帘,句子中期补充说明、修饰限定作用的，在跳读过程中就可以略去不读。因此,跳读主要是为了抓住句子的主干部分,忽略次要部分，这种阅读方法并不影响读者对于文章主题信息的把握。当主题信息处是长难句时，这种方式尤为有效。跳读可以分为

以下三种形式：一、根据特殊的标点符号提示,采用跳读法。文章中的标点符号都有其一定的含义。如:两个逗号之间是插入成分或同位语；括号内表示举例或补充说明；冒号通常用来列举事物、附加解释说明性内容；破折号通常放在解释性分句或句子前，或是用来列举前面总括的若干内容，或是放在解释性的插入语之前或之后等。阅读时,可以将两个逗号之间的部分、括号内的部分、冒号后的部分、破折号后的部分和两个破折号之间的部分省略不读;

二、根据句法结构，采用跳读法。主要是在遇到长难句时，抓住句子的主干部分,即主语部分、谓语部分和宾语部分,而其它补充成分,即定语(从句）、状语(从句)和补语部分可以略去不读;三、根据文章结构和组织形式及段落间逻辑关系、主题句等,采用跳读法。阅读时,重点关注主题句、表明作者观点的词句,对于举例论证、引用论证、数据论证、正反论证、比喻论证等部分则一带而过,跳过不读。

当我们采用略读和跳读两种方法找到一篇文章的主题信息之后，全文的主旨又在哪里呢?是不是就是把所读到的主题信息句简单相加呢？我们知道,一篇好的文章是一个有机的整体,其内部的信息是按照一定的思维模式逻辑地组合在一起的，这种严密的组合就是文章的结构。全文主旨的最后确认是离不开文章结构的，因为主旨就是作者的逻辑思维模式。

笔者根据历年四级考试真题中的文章结构，将四级仔细阅读文章中心思想获取的方式大致划分为五种。下面分别举例说明：

1、综合型

Faces, ｌiｋｅ finｇerprｉｎtｓ, are uniｑue． Did you ever wonｄｅｒ hｏw it is possible for uｓtｏｒecoｇｎize peｏｐle. Even a ｓkｉllｅｄｗri ｔer pｒobably coｕld nｏt deｓｃｒｉbｅａll the ｆｅaｔures that ｍake one facｅdifｆｅrent fｒｏm ａnoｔhｅｒ. Ｙeｔ a ｖeｒy young child—ｏr even an ａｎimal， sｕｃh as ａpｉｇeｏn—can ｌearn to rｅｃogniｚe ｆaceｓ，we alｌｔake this aｂiｌitｙｆor gｒanted．

We aｌsｏteｌl ｐｅoplｅ apaｒt by how thｅy behave. Ｗhｅｎｗe taｌk about ｓｏｍｅone’s personaｌity，ｗe mean the ｗayｓ in whｉch he ｏr ｓhｅａcｔs, speakｓ tｈiｎｋs aｎd fｅels ｔhat maｋe that individuａl differ ent fｒom ｏｔhｅｒs.

Ｌike the human face，ｈuｍａｎ perｓonality is vｅｒy ｃｏmplex.Bｕt de ｓcriｂing ｓｏmeｏｎe’ｓpeｒsonalitｙ in words iｓ soｍewhat eaｓier than descriｂiｎg hｉs face. Iｆｙou wｅre ａskｅd to dｅscｒｉbｅwhat a “ｎice face” looked like, ｙｏu prｏbably ｗｏuld havｅ a ｄifｆiculｔtimｅｄｏi ng sｏ. But ｉf you were askeｄｔo ｄeｓcｒibｅa “nice ｐersｏn”, ｙou m ight begin to ｔｈｉnk aｂout sｏmｅoｎｅwho waｓｋind cｏnsiｄeraｔe, frie nｄｌy, ｗaｒm, and so ｆｏrth．

There are ｍany woｒdｓｔo ｄeｓｃriｂe how a ｐｅrson thｉnks, fｅｅls

anｄ acts．Ｇｏrdｏｎ Allpｏrｔ, an Aｍｅriｃａn ｐsycｈologist, founｄｎea rly １8，０00 Enｇlｉsh woｒdｓ cｈarａcterizｉng ｄｉfｆerences iｎpｅopl e’s ｂehaviｏr. Aｎd mａny of us use thiｓ infoｒmａｔiｏｎ as a bａｓiｓ fｏr descｒibing, or ｔyping, his peｒsonaliｔy. Bookwｏrｍs, conseｒvａtiveｓ, ｍilｉtａrｙtypeｓ－peoplｅ arｅｄescribed ｗiｔｈ such terｍs.

People hａvｅａlways ｔｒied to “ｔyｐe” eacｈ oｔher. Actoｒs in ｅa ｒly Gｒeｅk draｍa wｏre maｓks to show tｈｅauｄiｅｎce whetｈer theｙ pl ayed the vｉllａｉｎ’s(坏人）ｏｒ tｈe ｈerｏ’ｓrole. Iｎｆact, tｈe w oｒds “person” and“ｐｅrｓonaliｔｙ” come fｒｏm ｔｈe Lａtin persona， m eaniｎｇ“maｓk”.Todaｙ, ｍoｓｔ televｉsｉｏn and movie actorｓ do not w ear mａｓkｓ. Ｂuｔ we can easiｌy tｅll the “goｏd ｇuys”ｆrom the “bad guys” beｃause thｅtwo typｅs diffｅr ｉn ａppearaｎce ａs weｌl as in ａc tｉons． (１99６年６月四级真题）

70. Which of ｔhe ｆｏlloｗｉng iｓｔhｅ majｏr ｐoint ｏf ｔhe passaｇe?

A) Why ｉt is ｎecｅsｓary to iｄenｔify ｐｅople’ｓ peｒsｏnａlｉｔy B） Whｙ it is ｐoｓｓiblｅ tｏｄesｃribe ｐｅople

C） Hoｗ to ｇet tｏknow peoplｅ

D）Hｏw besｔ to rｅcｏgnizｅ peoｐlｅ

本文讲述的是我们可以通过面部特征、行为方式和语言方式等来描述人或识别人。其中，首段谈到了面部特征在描述或识别一个人的过程当中的重要性；第二段紧接着谈到了行为方式在这方面的作用;第三段和第四段分别谈到了用语言方式来对一个人进行描述；最后一段说人们总是根据一个人的面部特征和行为方式将人划分为不同的类型。

划线部分就是需要阅读的句子，黑体字部分是重点标志性词汇。其中，第一段的两句话根据标点符号,采用了跳读。其余各段中举例等细节部分信息也跳过不读。

通过阅读主题信息,我们发现,这篇文章的每一段都谈到了描述或识别人的一个方面，全文的主旨需要把各段的主题综合起来，经过总结概括而形成。这种结构模式我们称之为综合型结构。这样,考查各段主题，我们可以得出正确答案应该是 B。

2、开门见山型

Most episｏdｅs ｏf abｓent-mindedness—forｇetｔiｎg ｗhere yoｕ left ｓｏmｅthｉng ｏr ｗonderｉng ｗhy ｙｏu jusｔｅnｔered ａ rｏom-are ｃausｅd ｂｙ a simple lack of ａｔteｎtｉon, saｙs Schaｃter.“Yｏｕ’re suppｏsｅd ｔo ｒemembｅr soｍethiｎg, bｕt you ｈaｖｅｎ’t encｏdeｄit deeply．”Encoding，

Schactｅr eｘｐlaｉns，is a special wａy oｆ paying attentｉon to an e vｅnt tｈａt ｈａs a mａｊor impaｃt oｎｒecalliｎｇit later. Ｆailｕｒe to encｏde ｐroperly caｎ creatｅ annoyｉng sitｕaｔioｎｓ. If ｙoｕｐut yoｕｒ moｂｉle pｈone in a poｃｋeｔ, for exaｍpｌe, ａnd ｄoｎ’t pay ａtteｎtiｏｎto ｗhat yｏu dｉd becａuse you’re ｉnｖｏlveｄ iｎ a conversatiｏn，ｙou’ll ｐrobａbly fｏrget thａt the phoｎｅｉs in the jａcket nｏw ｈanｇｉng in ｙoｕr waｒdｒobｅ（衣柜). “Yoｕr meｍoｒｙitself isn’t failiｎg ｙou．” saｙs Scｈaｃter. “Ratｈer，ｙou diｄn’t gｉve yｏur meｍｏｒｙsｙｓtem ｔhe iｎｆormation iｔｎeedｅd．”Lacｋ oｆ interｅst caｎ aｌso leａｄ to absｅnt-mｉndｅｄnｅsｓ．“A man wｈｏｃan recitｅｓportｓ sｔatｉstｉc s frｏm 30 yｅarｓago.” saｙs Zeｌinski, “may notｒｅｍeｍbeｒｔo dro p ａ letter ｉn the maｉlbｏx.” Woｍeｎ haｖe sliｇｈtly bｅｔter memｏrｉeｓｔhan ｍeｎ, possiｂｌy ｂeｃause tｈey pay more ａｔtention to ｔheir eｎｖiｒoｎｍeｎt, anｄｍemory ｒeｌies on jusｔ that.Viｓｕal ｃｕeｓｃan he lp prevent ａbsent-miｎdedneｓs sａys Schacteｒ.“Ｂut bｅ sure the cue is c leaｒａnｄavaｉlable．” he cautions. Iｆyｏu ｗａｎt ｔo remeｍbeｒ to taｋe a ｍedication (药物） wiｔｈlunch, ｐuｔ the pill bｏttlｅｏｎ tｈｅkitchen ｔａblｅ—ｄon’t lｅａｖe it iｎ the ｍeｄｉｃine chest and write ｙourselｆ a ｎote that ｙoｕ keep in a ｐoｃket.Anothｅr cｏmｍon epｉsode oｆ absｅnt-minｄｅｄｎｅss：ｗａlｋｉng into a room and wondering why yｏｕ’rｅ thｅrｅ. Mｏst lｉkｅly， yoｕｗｅre thinkiｎｇaｂout ｓoｍｅthiｎg else. “Eｖeryone dｏeｓ thｉs ｆｒｏm tiｍe ｔo time.” sayｓ Zeｌiｎsｋi．Thｅｂest ｔhiｎｇ to do is to reｔurn ｔo wｈerｅyoｕwere beｆore ente ring the room，and you’ll likely remember. (２002年6月四级真题) 30．Ｗhat is ｔhe passage mａiｎly aｂout？Ａ) Ｔｈe ｐroceｓs of gr adｕaｌ memory loｓs. Ｂ) Tｈe cauｓes oｆ abｓeｎt-mｉｎdeｄneｓs．Ｃ) Ｔh e ｉｍpact oｆ tｈe enviｒoｎment ｏｎｍemory．Ｄ) A waｙｏf eｎcodin g and ｒｅcaｌｌｉng.

本文讲述的是心不在焉这种心理现象形成的原因——缺乏注意力。首段即提出了这个主题,其余四段分别从几个具体的方面来印证这个主题：第二段谈的是没有给记忆系统提供其所需的信息而导致心不在焉；第三段谈到了缺乏兴趣也可以导致心不在焉；第三段说视觉提示也可以防止心不在焉;最后一段通过一个具体的例子来说明，如果将注意力集中到一个方面，便会忽略其它方面。划线部分即为要读的主题信息,一些标点符号处、举例论证处、引用论证处等都跳过不读。

我们看到,这篇文章开篇即提出这篇文章的主旨,后面几段是对这个主旨的分述,全文

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