英文写作的用词
英文写作中的文章衔接技巧
英文写作中的文章衔接技巧在英文写作中，良好的文章衔接是非常重要的。
它能够帮助读者更好地理解和跟随文章的思路，使整篇文章更加连贯。
本文将介绍一些有助于提高文章衔接的技巧。
1. 使用过渡词语（Using transition words）过渡词语是连接句子和段落之间的桥梁，通过引导读者在不同的观点之间进行思维转换。
例如，使用"however"、"on the other hand"、"in addition"等过渡词语可以将不同的论点或观点串联起来，使文章更具连贯性。
2. 重复关键词（Repeating key words）在文章中，合理重复使用关键词可以帮助读者更好地理解和记忆文章中的信息。
当引入一个新的观点或概念时，可以在接下来的句子或段落中多次使用该关键词，以便强调其重要性并建立联系。
3. 使用代词（Using pronouns）代词是指代前一句或前一段的词语，通过使用代词，读者可以将前后句子或段落之间的联系更加清晰地理解。
例如，使用"it"来指代前面提到的某个概念或观点，以避免重复使用相同的词语。
4. 使用同义词和近义词（Using synonyms and near synonyms）在文章中，使用同义词或近义词可以为读者提供更多的词汇选择，使表达更加丰富。
同时，这也有助于避免使用相同的词语过多，增强文章的可读性。
5. 使用引导词（Using guiding words）引导词是用于引导读者思考文章逻辑结构的词语。
通过使用一些引导词，如"firstly"、"secondly"、"finally"等，可以帮助读者更好地理解文章的组织结构，并在阅读过程中更加清晰地跟随思路。
6. 使用概括性句子（Using summary sentences）在文章的关键转折点或段落结束处，使用一个概括性的句子可以帮助读者对前面的内容进行总结和回顾，并为接下来的内容铺垫。
英语写作过渡性词语大全
英语写作过渡性词语大全(1)表示增加的过渡词：also, and, and then, too, in addition, furthermore, moreover, again, on top of that, another, first/second/third等。
(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词：now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, soon, next,in a few days, gradually, suddenly, finally等。
(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词：near(to), far(from), in front of, behind, beside, beyond, above, below, tothe right/ left, around, outside等。
(4)表示比较的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as等。
(5)表示对照的过渡词：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of,even though等。
(6)表示结果和原因的过渡词：because, since, so, as a result, therefore, then, thus, otherwise等。
(7)表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that等。
(8)表示强调的过渡词：in fact, indeed, surely, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, torepeat, above all, most important等。
(9表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for actually等10)表示总结的过渡词：finally, at last, in conclusion, as I have shown, in other word, in brief, in short, in general, on the whole, as has been stated等。
英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇
英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。
这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。
毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。
形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders $g_1, g_2$ can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph $G_s$ emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter $g_α(\Delta)f$ entails applying the Laplacian $r$ times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in $O(rn)$ operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network$f_q$ implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where $b >0$ is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth $d$ and width $w$ of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic $f(x, y) = x^TWy$, set the batch size to $128$ and the learning rate to $10^{−4}$.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node $a$ node $b$ has $k$ neighboring nodes.。
【英文语法】 英文作文必备实用连接词大全
【英文语法】英文作文必备实用连接词大全连接词在写作上很有用，不管是任何语言，能善用连接词都能让文章内容前后呼应、脉络更清晰、条理更分明，读者能更容易阅读、更有效地得到文中想表达的讯息。
那么该如何使用各种连接词将句子及段落串连起来，使句子及整篇文章更顺畅呢？目录1. 转折 (1)2. 先后、层次（段落） (2)3. 层递（句子结构） (3)4. 并列 (3)5. 强调 (4)6. 因果 (5)7. 比较 (5)8. 对比 (6)9. 总结 (6)10. 举例 (7)1. 转折用途：前段或前句意思和后段不同，或有意义上的转折。
常用作连结两者，标示着有相反或相对的意思。
***小贴士：Although 和But 不能同时使用***2. 先后、层次（段落）用途：多散落并用于整篇文章之中，也可用于阐述论点。
使整篇文章有鲜明的结构，经常用于阐述数个论点，让读者知道文章架构，使他们易于阅读。
3. 层递（句子结构）用途：多用于阐述论点中、也可用于梳理整篇文章脉络。
用于说明两者或以上的事物，而每者皆有共通点。
通常以某种特定顺序排列说明，显现出层层递升或递降的表达方式、亦让读者了解到每者之间的既定关系。
4. 并列用途：用于说明两者或以上的事物，而每者皆有共通点。
每者没有先后次序之分，各个描述的事物的地位一样。
能让读者了解到各者的特点及共通点。
5. 强调用途：在句子及文章中强调部份内容，令论点更鲜明，突出要叙述的主体。
6. 因果用途：说明前者及后者的因果关系，指出两者当中的推演逻辑。
7. 比较用途：说明前者及后者的某种共通点，指出两者一致的地方，通常两者中有一个是主体，另一个则是比较对象，以比较对象突出主体的特别之处，用作描写或说明主体为主。
8. 对比用途：说明前者及后者的相异之处，指出两者当中的分别，通常两者中没有一个更突出，多为纯粹指出两者的差别，也用作反衬或突显主体。
***小贴士：部份对比的连接词也能表示转折的意思***9. 总结用途：标志着已完成之前的论点阐述，常用作归纳上文，并作出结论。
英文文章-论文写作常用词
为了：With a view to doing sth. (With a view to avoiding the inhomogeneous dispersion of rare-earth complexes within the silica matrix)with the aim of …(we have also investigated the preparation of cyclam-containing hybrid materials in the presence of a surfactant template with the aim of locating the cyclam moieties inside the framework.)In the goal to …（In the goal to extend the range of properties of these materials)In an effort to …(In an effort to produce new propene polymerisation catalyst systems which yield high molecular mass polypropylene with even greater specific isotacticities we have investigated the catalytic activity of mesoporous silicates with included chiral ansa-metallocenes.)首次：a original route to＋n. (a original route to Eu3+ containing hybrid materials.)相应的：the corresponding materials副产物：byproduct场发射扫描电镜：field-emission scanning electron microscopy平均半径：mean diameter (with 100μm mean diameter)就…而言：with respect to… (The preparation of mesoporous silicas which exhibit good hydrothermal stability (in hot water and under steaming conditions) is one ofthe most important requirements with respect to their use.)除了…之外：in addition to… (another V(V) species in distorted octahedral coordination starts to appear in addition to V10O286- for high vanadium content of V/(V+ Si) ) 48%.)Aside from… (Aside from a thicker pore wall, the framework crosslinkingwas higher than for conventional MCM-41, as indicated by 29Si MASNMR.)除了…：Except for… (Except for a slight decrease in the d spacing, compaction at 185 MPa does not have any significant effect on the XRD pattern of AlMCM4.)except that… (The experimental procedures were exactly as described aboveexcept that during the secondary synthesis the heating at 150 °C was performedfor 96, 140 or 168 h.)save for… (Incorporation of organic functional groups (MPTMS) inside thestructures appeared to have little influence on the structure and morphology ofthe mesostructures, save for slight lattice and pore diameter contractions uponincreasing organosilane group loading.)定向生长：The phased growth产生…：gi ve rise to… (The latter method gives rise to MCM-41 materials of excellent quality, but seems to be less convenient, since the structure directing agentsrequired are not readily available and need to be synthesized.)生物活性分子：bioactive molecules范例：paradigm剧烈地：vigorously代替…：in place of… (by using n-butanol as co-surfactant in place of ethanol)本身的，固有的：intrinsic摩尔比：a liquid/solid ratio of 50; an olefin/TBHP molar ratio of 4好的结果：a positive effect on…有…的结构：with…architecture (Organically-modified mesoporous silica spheres with MCM-41 architecture)with… type of structure (A series of new mesoporous silica materials withMCM-41 type of structure containing a homogeneous layer of organicfunctional groups inside the pores was prepared using a co-condensationmethod under low surfactant concentration condition.)残留的：residual红外：Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),因素：factor数量级的：order-of–magnitude (order-of–magnitude enhancements)与…一致：In accord with…(In accord with the tetrahedral siting of aluminum, the Br¢nsted acidity of these steamstable mesostructures was verified throughcumene cracking experiments.)Consistent with… (Consistent with elemental analysis, an increase in the Alconcentration on the framework walls was observed by XPS analysis.)be identical to… (A 150 °C onset decomposition temperature is consistentlyobserved for externally adsorbed on MCM-41 and is identical to thatobserved for pure 1.)be consistent with… (This is consistent with the incorporation of increasingamounts tetrahedral Al into the framework and is in part due to the longerAl–O bond length compared to the Si–O bond.)be in line with…(This is in line with the notion that the acid-mademesoporous materials are, in general, less stable than those synthesized viathe alkaline route.)50% 的Si被官能化：50% organo-functionalization of the framework silicon sites部分地：in part (We attribute the unique hydrothermal stability of Al-MSU-S at least in part to the retention of a zeolite-like connectivity of AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedraupon assembling the zeolite seeds into a mesostructure.)在…的支持下：in support of…(in support of the importance of a zeolite-like connectivity)在…的基础上：On the basis of… (On the basis of the relationship between 27Al chemical shift and the mean bond angle in framework aluminosilicates, the meanAl-O-Si angle is substantially smaller (by~8°) in Al-MSU-S than inpreviously reported forms of Al-MCM-41.)比…好：be superior over…(the catalytic activities of the new materials are superior over conventional materials such as Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15.)outperform (In the alkylation and isomerization reactions, the hybrid catalystsignificantly outperformed some of the alternative solid resin catalystscurrently used, e.g., Nafion resin NR 50 and Amberlyst-15.)归因于…：be assigned that…(This phenomenon is also assigned that the preformed L nanoclusters are fixed in the wall of mesoporous aluminosilicates by theassembly of preformed zeolite L precursors with surfactant micelle.)be attributable to…(It is clear that the improved hydrothermal stability ofMSUG, like SBA-15, is attributable in large part to the thicker frameworkwalls (2.5 nm) in comparison to MCM-41, KIT-1, and SBA-3.)be attributed to… (The instability of these structures has been attributed inpart to the thinness and incomplete crosslinking of the pore walls)be due to…(It was concluded that the increased acidity of hydrothermallytreated CAH5 and CAP10 was due to an increase in the Al/Si ratio in theframework.)在…之中：Of the three forms of polypropene, the highly ordered, high molecular mass isotactic form is the most important.研究热点：active area of research (The application of acid zeolites for the production of fine chemicals is currently an active area of research)所有的样品：all of the samples控温装置：temperature controller压力表：pressure gauge更具体的说：More specifically ( The TDS process consists of a direct displacement of quaternary alkylammonium surfactant cation by desired silyl group, whichin fact is the replacement of electrostatic interactions at theorganic-inorganic interface by covalent bonds. More specifically, theinteracting pairs ≡Si-O-∙∙∙S+ (≡Si-O- is a unit of silicate oligomer and S+ isthe surfactant cation) are replaced by covalent bonds ≡Si-O-SiR`2R.)差异：discrepancy (However, a large discrepancy observed for the model with hydrolyzed side groups led us to the conclusion that alkoxy groups did not hydrolyze during the TDS process.)与…相关：correlate with…(The aforementioned changes correlate with the silane’s size.)be associated with…(In the published progress, several reasons areassociated with the enhanced hydrothermal stability of mesoporous silica.)be linked to…(We show that the amount of gold incorporated within thematerials is linked to the amount of mercapto functions and varies from 1.05to 16.1 wt %.)经验方法：empirical fashions. (However, because zeolite nucleation and growth is not well understood at a molecular level, most of the zeolite syntheses haveevolved according to empirical fashions.)倾向…：be inclined toward…(On the other hand, the product after 2 days of aging was inclined toward various distribution of Al in the framework, resulting in highSi/Al ratio.)不是…而是…：be not…but rather be… (Energy minimizations show that Na cations in site I are not at the centers of hexagonal prisms, but rather are in one oftwo symmetric SI sites displaced by about 0.6 Å along the [111]direction.)be not…but …(However, in contrast to zeolitic materials, thetemplates are not single organic molecules but liquidcrystallineself-assembled surfactant molecules. )受制于…：be subjected to…(nomeric bonded phases are subject to serious effects arising primarily from an unsatisfactory hydrolytic stability of the Si-O-Si-Clinkage, particularly under moderately acidic or slightly alkaline elutionconditions, and to a lesser extent from a relatively limited organic coverage.) 原则上：In principle (In principle, this method should provide not only a closer attachment and a denser coverage of organic functionalities but also a morehydrolytically stable bonded phase than that obtained by the correspondingSi-O-Si-C linkage)由…组成：be comprised of… (The purpose of our work is to explore the possibility of synthesizing zeolites that are comprised of intergrowths of cubic andhexagonal stackings of faujasite sheets and vary in the ratio ofcubic/hexagonal content.)突破：breakthrough (A recent breakthrough in improving both the hydrothermal stability and acidity of mesoporous aluminosilicates has been made through the use of nanoclustered zeolite seeds as frameworkprecursors)相当地：comparatively (It was concluded that the enhanced reactivity was a result of a comparatively short pore length and the more facile access of the reagents tothe acidic sites on the framework walls.)不大可能：It is unlikely that… (It is unlikely that the framework wall of MCM-41 can be transformed to a crystalline zeolite phase while still maintaining thehexagonal MCM-41 mesostructure.)如上所述：As stated above (As stated above, this band arises from the five-membered ring of vibrations of pentasil zeolite building subunits.)不同的时间：different periods of time (Structural changes caused by heating in water at 373 K for different periods of time(from 3 hours to 32 days) and bycalcination at 973-1273 K were investigated in order to assess thehydrothermal and thermal stability of FDU-1.)更重要的是…：What is more important is… (What is more important is that within themesoscale pore walls, micropore arrays with more or less periodicityare found (especially in those areas marked with circles or rectangles inFigures 7 and 8).More importantly (More importantly, there are significant structuraldifferences between MCM-41 and HMS silicas.)是合理的：it is logical to do… (Based on these observations it is logical to conclude that the small particles are (nonframework) amorphous silica which is removedduring refluxing (by dissolution), leaving the Al-grafted MCM-41framework (i.e., the large particle aggregates) intact.)最令人感兴趣的是：Of particular interest are (were) …(Of particular interest areAl-containing materials which may be used as solid acid catalysts.) 以…为代价：be at the expense of… (The increase in wall thickness is at the expense of pore diameter which reduces from 31.6 Å for PSMCM to 25.8 Å forAlMCM5.)对…敏感：be sensitive to … (It was also observed that the course of the hydrothermal restructuring was very sensitive to the experimental conditions, such astemperature.)为了比较：For comparison purposes (For comparison purposes we prepared Al-grafted amorphous silica using an ACH solution of Al concentration 0.24 mol/l andalso subjected PSMCM to alumination by 0.24 mol/l solutions of aluminiumchloride or sodium aluminate. )由于：Owing to… (Owing to the weak hydrogen bonding interactions, more than 90% of the neutral template can be recovered by a simple extraction procedure using ethanol as extracting solvent.)注意到…：be aware of… (We are aware of only two reports that provide some insight into the thermal stability of OMSs with cage-like pores at temperatures up to1123 K, and two reports on the hydrothermal stability of these materials,including the aforementioned work on FDU-1.)keep in mind that (However, we must keep in mind that the reaction itselfwill be very efficient if each absorbed photon can lead to the the formation ofa product molecule.)与…成正比：be proportional to… (Based on the pore size distribution shown in Figure 3, the amount of these structural defects formed is proportional to the amountof Al substituted in the sample.)与…成反比：be inversely proportional to… (The quantum yield for an ideal system, Φ, is proportional to the rate of the charge transfer processes and inverselyproportional to the sum of the charge transfer rate and the electron holerecombination rate)在…中占主导：be prevailing in… (Such a structure is prevailing in HCM, as can be found from the TEM images at lower magnification.)在图的右下角：in the bottom right corner of the image对…有害：be detrimental to…(Too high an ssembly temperature, however, is detrimental to mesostructure ormation through S0I0 assembly pathways.)对…有益：be conducive to… (The extremely high specific surface areas are conducive to high catalytic activity.)参看下文：vide infra参看上文：vide supra与…不同：be different from (The formation mechanism, composition, and properties are different from those of MCM-41 materials synthesized under alkalineconditions.)受到关注：be of concern (However, the stability of these materials in aqueous solutions is of concern.)一开始：at [in] the outset (It should be noted at the outset that a clean, uncoated silica surface is perfectly wetting, such that the contact angle of water on a fullyhydroxylated silica surface is zero.)有益于…：be conducive to… (Moreover, the large diameter and wormhole nature of the pore channels in these oxides are conducive to the formation of functionalmaterials in which the reactive species are highly dispersed within theframework and quantitatively accessible for reaction with adsorbatemolecules.)受…启发：be inspired by… (Our procedure was inspired by that described by Prouzet et al. leading to MSU silica by using tergitol as structure-directing agent.)不管…：regardless of whether… (Both titaniasupported catalysts exhibited higher activity for CO oxidation than the silica, supported ones, regardless of whetherthey were pre-treated in H2 or not.)irrespective of… (Platinum-free, white AMM-Ti exhibited only a very weakactivity, irrespective of excitation in the UV or visible spectral region.)这样就…：in such a way as…(However, the ligand-assisted templating technique provided a shielding effect by the inorganic components on the amphiphilehead groups in such a way as to favor selfassembly versus solubilization ofthe templating agents.)在其他条件相同时：Under otherwise the same conditions (Under otherwise the same conditions, a HMS-SO3H prepared via co-condensation gave 52%yield within 10 h, presumably because of its more open structure.) 被…影响，顺序是…：The light-conversion efficiency of the valence isomerization ofquadricyclene to its ring-opened isomer norbornadiene isinfluenced by the identity of the photocatalyst (TiO2, CdS, orZnO) and the solvent (CH2Cl2, CH3CN, or THF) used, with thechemical yield of ring-closed product decreasing in thefollowing order CdS > TiO2>ZnO and CH2Cl2> CH3CN >THF.大多：in most cases (The selective photofluorination of olefins, phosphines, andphosphites on illuminated TiO2in the presence of AgF inacetonitrile produces, in most cases, a single fluorinatedproduct.)服从于…：be amenable to (Toxic phosphorus-containing substrates are amenable tophotocatalyzed decomposition, ultimately to completelymineralized products, over illuminated semiconductorsuspensions.)因为：in the sense that (The excitation of a weak transition will not effectively induce aphotochemical reaction in the sense that few of the deliveredphotons will actually be absorbed.)与…竞争：In competition with…(In competition with charge transfer to adsorbedspecies is electron and hole recombination.)与…对照：in total contrast to… (Complete mineralization has been achieved in the caseof lanthanide oxide doped TiO2 photocatalysts in totalcontrast to the formation of intermediates in case ofnonmodified TiO2.)是…倍：be…times (The equilibrium dark adsorption of salicylic acid and t-cinnamic acidis ca.three times and two times higher, respectively, on thelanthanide oxide modified catalysts as compared to the nonmodifiedTiO2 catalyst.)不是这样：that was not the case (When an electrode coated with 1 was irradiated at different wavelengths in a standard photoelectrochemical cell, a photocurrentwas observed also in the visible region; that was not the case whenunmodified titania was employed.)不足：drawback（A serious drawback in such systems, however, is that the surfactants）研究目的：main objectives失重（热重分析）：weight-loss。
高考英文写作中常用的逻辑词
高考英文写作中常用的逻辑词、句1. 并列关系 and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example 2. 转折关系 although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite 3. 顺序关系 first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next 4. 因果关系 as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系 as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word 几个用得比较多的句子: As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, … This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and… As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句 下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换. 开头: When it comes to ..., some think ... There is a public debate today that ... A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus. 提出观点: Now there is a growing awareness that... It is time we explore the truth of ... Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible. 进一步提出观点: ... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ... A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are... 提出假想例子的方式: Suppose that... Just imagine what would be like if... It is reasonable to expect... It is not surprising that... 举普通例子: For example(instance),... ... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is... A particular example for this is... 引用: One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. 讲故事 (先说故事主体),this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance. 提出原因: There are many reasons for ... Why .... , for one thing,... The answer to this problem involves many factors. Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen. Most people would agree that... Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that... Part of the explanation is ... 进行对比: The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ... Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned. A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that... 承上启下: To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear 让步: Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... I do not deny that A has its own merits. 结尾: >From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short... 在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
英文写作过渡词大全
Signal / Transitional Words and Phrases过渡词大全（信号词）Addition:表：此外；还有；加之；and, also, too, either, 也 as well, 同样not only……but also,not only……but，besides，in addition，另外as well as;除…以外moreover 此外，而且Sequence: 顺序词: Time order; space order; logical orderin the first place, 首先first of all, 首先to begin with, 首先firstly, 首先at first 开始时=at the beginningfor a start, 首先then, and then 然后again, next, 再者；其次；afterward, subsequently，随后besides, in addition, 此外additionally,加之moreover, what's more,furthermore, 此外，而且one more thing,此外a further, 此外for one thing,首先for another,另外previously, 之前meanwhile, 以此同时simultaneously, 同时concurrently,同时in the middle/processof=duringlastly, 最后 finally,in the end；eventually最后last but not least,最后Time sequence words & expressions:时间顺序词1.now, nowadays, at present…;现在，现阶段2.when, before, after, as, while, during…;3.the moment…正当…4.as soon as…一…就….5.hardly….when…. 一…就….6.scarcely…when…一…就….7.no sooner…than…. 一…就….8.be about to…正要9.once …一旦10.between…and….;11.in…(year), . in 1997; in 2000st ……; yesterday morning;13. on Friday, on Friday morning,14. in July, in winter15.on the eve of the Spring Festival…除夕之夜16.on the Mid-Autumn Day;中秋夜17.on the evening of the Mid-autumn Day18.on the National Day19.during the 8-day holiday20.over the last 10 years/decade21.in the day(day-time), at night,22.in the morning/evening/afternoon;23.at daybreak, at sunrise, at sunset,24.at noon, at midnight,25.at the end of this/last month/year;26.by the end of this/last year； by the time…27.at that time, then, just then,28.since…; from then on29.recently,( in) those days,( in) these dayster, afterwards, earlier, formerly, ….later, later on.31.at the turn of century32.in the first half of the century33.in the 1990s, etc.34.in the future, in recent future, in 2015,35.at birth, in childhood, in infancy （年少时）,36. in adolescence（青春期）；37.when I was young, when I was a little boy/girl,38.in my teens, when I was a teenager,39.in my early/middle/late 20s40.as an adult, in adult-hood, in old ages在晚年,41.at death.42.Simultaneously, simultaneous with, at the same time, in the meantime, as, meanwhile43. the former, the latter, previous, previously, prior to,44.Ex-president, ex-girlfriend45.first, second, third,…finally.46.Firstly, secondly, thirdly……..47.In the first place, in the second place, etc.48.To begin with, next, then, subsequently=afterwards, in the next place;49.In conclusion, finally, lastly, in the end, eventually,.50.Until， till now，so far;51.Before long= soon,不久52.long before很久以前53.at this time tomorrow;54.by the time when…ter on 后来56.For the time being 到目前为止；暂时57.In two weeks’ time 两周后58.In two weeks from today 离今天两周的时间内59.Sometime next week 下周的某个时候60.This time next week 下个星期的这个时候61.Time and time again 再三62.From time to time. I see him from time to time 我不时地去看他63.Ok, time`s out. let’s come back to this later. 好，时间到了。
英文万能单词作文模板
英文万能单词作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
The English language is a vast and complex tapestry of words, each with its own unique meaning and usage. However, there are a handful of words that stand out as true workhorses, capable of expressing a wide range of ideas and emotions. These words, often referred to as "万能单词" or "all-purpose words," are essential tools in the arsenal of any proficient English speaker.The Versatility of All-Purpose Words。
All-purpose words are characterized by theirversatility and adaptability. They can be used in a variety of contexts, from formal writing to casual conversation. Their meanings are often fluid, shifting depending on the surrounding words and tone of voice. This flexibility makesthem invaluable for expressing complex ideas with precision and nuance.Common All-Purpose Words。
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英文写作的用词
1.词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。
在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用冥思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。
有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。
这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2.词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。
这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。
当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.
3.词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。
当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1）择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.
美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。
”（The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug.）
为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。
例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.
The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.
Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.
反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”（denotation）和"引申意义"（connotation）。
前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。
如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。
抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。
试比较：
A）Honest labor creates wealth for the society.
B）In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.
上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2）择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。
然而，鲜明与简练相关。
英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。
我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for（不用perform，accomplish），用end／finish a letter （不用terminate，conclude）。
B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid（to each other）（mutual）aid to each other，（an entirely）complete confidence，repeat the question（again），return（back） from abroad，etc.
3）择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感（gracefulness），它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽（flowery）而内容空洞的文风，这是应当避免的。
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