全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
全国硕士研 究生统一考试
全国硕士研究生统一考试（Nationwide Master's Program Unified Admissions Examination，简称“考研”或“统考”）是指教育主管部门和招生机构为选拔研究生而组织的相关考试的总称，由国家考试主管部门和招生单位组织的初试和复试组成。
这是一项选拔性考试，所录取学历类型为普通高等教育。
普通高等教育统招硕士研究生招生按学位类型分为学术型硕士
和专业型硕士研究生两种；按学习形式分为全日制研究生、非全日制研究生两种，均采用相同考试科目和同等分数线选拔录取。
思想政治理论、外国语、大学数学等公共科目由全国统一命题，专业课主要由各招生单位自行命题（加入全国统考的学校全国统一命题）。
选拔要求因层次、地域、学科、专业的不同而有所区别。
考研国家线划定分为A、B类，其中一区实行A类线，二区实行B类线。
一区包括：北京、天津、河北、山西、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、重庆、四川、陕西。
二区包括：内蒙古、广西、海南、贵州、云南、西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。
2023年硕士研究生统一入学考试自命题试题4
35.水平肌链由口轮匝肌、颊肌和翼内肌构成（ ）
36.下颌边缘运动代表了下颌、颞下颌关节及其韧带和咀嚼肌旳功能潜能。（ ）
37.在ICP时, 下颌位置都居于正中, 不偏左不偏右（ ）
38.颈鞘位于颈交感干旳后方浅面（ ）
39.根管为位于牙根内旳大部分髓腔, 一般一种牙根内不一定只有一种根管（ ）
全国硕士硕士统一入学考试自命题试题
********************************************************************************************
学科与专业名称: 口腔基础医学 口腔临床医学 口腔医学（专业学位）
考试科目代码与名称: 352 口腔综合
二、判断题（你认为对旳, 用T表达, 错误旳用F表达。共50小题, 每题1分, 共50分）
1.根管长度电测量法旳原理是根据牙周膜与口腔黏膜简朴电阻恒定为, 设计出第一代旳根测仪牙周膜旳电阻值为40微安（ ）
2.弯曲根管旳器械制备原则是尽量将根管扩直（ ）
3.牙根尖形成术实际上是活髓疗法, 牙根尖成形术是对死髓旳年轻恒牙旳治疗（ ）
12.简述拔牙创骨组织修复重建过程？
13.试述颞下颌关节基本构成和形态特性？
14.请解释三个基本颌位及其三者旳关系？
15.描述上颌骨旳三大支柱以及支架构造？
16.何为面部旳危险三角区及其临床意义？
17.口腔黏膜旳非角质形成细胞有哪些？ 各有什么功能？
18.从病理学和生物学角度鉴别多形性腺瘤和腺淋巴瘤？
22.三角挺重要提供旳力是楔力（ ）
23.颞深间隙感染最轻易并发骨髓炎（ ）
24.临床创口分为无菌创口、污染创口、感染创口（ ）
全国硕士研究生统一入学考试
全国硕士研究生统一入学考试中国硕士研究生统一入学考试体系是一个重要的框架，旨在规范硕士研究生的招生过程，确保入学生的质量。
本文将讨论该体系的背景与意义，以及目前存在的问题和可能的改进措施。
一、全国硕士研究生统一入学考试背景和意义1978年，中国研究生招生考试由中国科学院、中国工程院和教育部联合发起，整合了当时多种不同类型的招生考试，其中包括特定学院考试，分层招生考试和全国统一考试。
1987年，教育部正式对所有高等学校的研究生招生考试进行了规范，确立了一套统一的招生考试程序，即全国硕士研究生统一入学考试。
全国硕士研究生统一入学考试的建立，以及其后的不断完善，旨在解决当时存在的招生考试分散、招生方式不平衡和质量不受控等诸多问题，解放了招生考试的思想，使研究生招生考试实现了从试题结构和考试形式、科目定位和资格审查到申请材料审核等多方面的系统化和规范化，从而加强了研究生招生的公平性，确保了研究生的质量。
二、全国硕士研究生统一入学考试存在的问题随着招生考试规范的加强，全国硕士研究生统一入学考试取得了较大成效，但也存在一些问题：①考试内容局限于学科知识，忽略了考生在专业领域外的能力与能力；②考试内容和命题方式往往偏向一定范围，考生容易受到贴近考试要求的培训后，获得较高分数；③考试成绩重视数量，对考生能力的考量较少。
三、改进措施为了解决上述问题，可以采取以下措施：①从研究生招生考试体系的整体定位上，考虑研究生能力考核，使考生在科研能力和专业知识方面得到充分发挥；②改进考试内容和命题方式，避免偏向一定范围；③引入平行课程考试，除考察学科知识外，还可考察学生的综合专业能力和创新能力等。
综上所述，全国硕士研究生统一入学考试体系是一个重要的框架，自1987年以来已取得了不少成效，但仍需要做出一些改进和完善，以更好地实现研究生招生的公平性和质量的确保。
全国硕士研究生统考科目考试大纲
全国硕士研究生统考科目考试大纲全国硕士研究生统一入学考试（National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree）的科目考试大纲是由国家教育部制定的，旨在对考生的专业知识和能力进行评估。
目前，全国硕士研究生统一入学考试的科目主要包括两个部分：公共基础课和专业课。
其中，公共基础课包括外语、政治理论、数学和英语；专业课则根据不同的专业设置不同的考试科目。
首先，公共基础课的考试内容主要包括以下几个方面：1.外语：外语是硕士研究生必考科目之一，根据考生的选择，考试内容可能包括英语、法语、德语等。
考试内容主要包括阅读理解、词汇和语法等方面的考查。
2.政治理论：政治理论考试内容主要涉及马克思主义哲学原理、中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国现代化进程中的重要理论问题等。
考试形式主要为选择题和简答题。
3.数学：数学考试主要涉及数论、代数、几何、概率统计等方面的知识。
考试形式主要为选择题和解答题。
4.英语：英语考试内容主要包括听力、阅读、写作等方面的考查。
考试形式主要为选择题和写作。
除了公共基础课之外，专业课的考试科目根据考生所报考的专业来决定。
具体的考试科目和内容可能因专业而异。
例如，计算机科学与技术专业的考试科目可能包括计算机网络、数据库、操作系统等；经济学专业的考试科目可能包括宏观经济学、微观经济学等。
专业课的考试形式主要为选择题、解答题和论文写作。
总的来说，全国硕士研究生统一入学考试的科目考试大纲涵盖了公共基础课和专业课两个方面，主要对考生的专业知识和能力进行评估。
考生在备考过程中应该重点掌握每个科目的考试要点和重点内容，进行有针对性的复习和准备，才能在考试中取得好成绩。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试分为初试和复试
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试分为初试和复试。
1、学术型研究生招生初试科目一般为四个单元，即思想政治理论、外国语、业务课一和业务课二。
教育学、心理学、历史学、西医、中医设置三个单元考试科目，即思想政治理论、外国语、业务课一。
2、专业学位研究生招生初试科目一般为四个单元，即思想政治理论、外国语、业务课一和业务课二。
体育硕士、应用心理硕士、文物与博物馆硕士、药学硕士、中药学硕士、临床医学硕士、口腔医学硕士、公共卫生硕士、护理硕士初试科目设三个单元，即思想政治理论、外国语、专业基础课。
会计硕士、图书情报硕士、工商管理硕士、公共管理硕士、旅游管理硕士、工程管理硕士和审计硕士初试科目设两个单元，即外国语、管理类联考综合能力。
金融硕士、应用统计硕士、税务硕士、国际商务硕士、保险硕士、资产评估硕士初试增设经济类综合能力科目，供试点学校选考。
3、硕士研究生招生全国统考、联考科目全国统考科目为思想政治理论、英语一、英语二、俄语、日语、数学一、数学二、数学三、教育学专业基础综合、心理学专业基础综合、历史学基础、西医综合、中医综合。
全国联考科目为数学（农）、化学（农）、植物生理学与生物化学、动物生理学与生物化学、计算机学科专业基础综合、管理类联考综合能力、法硕联考专业基础（非法学）、法硕联考综合（非法学）、法硕联考专业基础（法学）、法硕联考综合（法学）（其中的教育学专业基础综合、教育学专业基础综合、心理学专业基础综合、历史学基础、数学（农）、化学（农）、植物生理学与生物化学、动物生理学与生物化学、计算机学科专业基础综合试题由招生单位自主选择使用）。
全国统考和全国联考科目的命题工作由教育部考试中心统一组织；全国统考科目的考试大纲由教育部考试中心统一编制，全国联考科目的考试大纲由教育部考试中心或教育部指定相关机构组织编制。
备注：自2013年起，统考的八个专业中的教育学、心理学、计算机、农学和历史学，部分院校不参加专业课统考，所以虽为统考科目，但院校可以不采用统考试卷，自行出卷子。
全国研究生入学统一考试
全国研究生入学统一考试全国研究生入学统一考试（National Postgraduate Entrance Examination）是中国教育部主管、各高等学校研究生招生委员会组织的一种标准化考试，旨在选拔优秀的本科毕业生进入中国各高校攻读研究生学位。
本文将就全国研究生入学统一考试的历史、考试科目和对考生的影响进行探讨。
一、历史全国研究生入学统一考试起源于1987年，当时被称为全国硕士研究生招生考试（National Examination for Masters/Postgraduates）。
起初，该考试仅限于硕士研究生的招生，后来又逐步扩展到博士研究生招生。
1994年，考试改名为“全国研究生入学统一考试”，并进行了一系列的改革。
二、考试科目全国研究生入学统一考试包括两个部分：公共科目考试和学科专项考试。
公共科目考试主要包括政治理论、外语和数学三个科目，旨在测试考生的综合素质和基本学科知识。
学科专项考试依据考生所报考的专业领域而定，分为自然科学、工程技术、农业科学、医学科学、哲学、经济学、教育学、文学、法学、历史学、管理学、艺术学等不同方向。
三、对考生的影响全国研究生入学统一考试在很大程度上影响着中国研究生教育的选拔和录取机制。
首先，通过该考试，高校能够在全国范围内公平、公正地选拔优秀的学子。
其次，考试结果也成为评价学生综合素质和学科水平的重要依据。
最后，全国研究生入学统一考试为考生提供了公平竞争的平台，使得不同院校之间的录取标准更加客观、统一。
然而，全国研究生入学统一考试也面临着一些争议和挑战。
一方面，考试内容是否能够真实反映考生的能力和潜力存在争议，一些人认为注重应试技巧和知识的记忆，而忽视创新能力和实践能力。
另一方面，备战全国研究生入学统一考试需要投入大量的时间和精力，对于考生而言可能增加了压力和负担。
总结全国研究生入学统一考试是中国研究生教育的重要组成部分，经过几十年的发展与改进，已经成为选拔优秀研究生的重要途径。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题考研英语一
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
全国硕士研究生招生统一考试
全国硕士研究生招生统一考试，简称“全国硕士研究生招生考试”，是指教育部主管部门组织的，用于全国硕士研究生招生的选拔性考试。
该考试通常包括初试和复试两个阶段，其中初试一般在每年的12月底或1月初进行，复试则在次年的3月至5月进行。
全国硕士研究生招生统一考试的主要目的是评估考生的学术能力和专业素质，选拔出具有较高学术水平和专业能力的优秀考生，为各高校和科研机构提供优质的研究生生源。
考试内容主要涵盖了政治、英语、数学、专业课等多个学科领域，考试形式主要有笔试和面试两种。
全国硕士研究生招生统一考试对于考生来说是一次重要的考试机会，也是他们实现研究生梦想的关键一步。
因此，考生需要充分备考，提高自己的综合素质和应试能力，以获得更好的考试成绩和录取机会。
同时，对于高校和科研机构来说，全国硕士研究生招生统一考试也是选拔优秀研究生的重要途径，需要认真组织和管理，确保考试的公正性和公平性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试• 2•• 3•• 4•C.异步通信方式中，非互锁协议的可靠性最差D.同步通信方式中，同步时钟信号可由各设备提供E.半同步通信方式中，握手信号的采样由同步时钟控制1.若磁盘转速为7200转/分，平均寻道时间为8ms，每个磁道包含1000个扇区，贝■问一个扇区的平均存取时间大约是 ______ 0A. 8.1msB. 12.2msC. 16.3msD. 20.5ms2.在采用中断I/O方式控制打印输出的情况下，CPU和打印控制接口中的I/O端口之间交换的信息不可能是____ 。
A.打印字符B.主存地址C.设备状态D.控制命令3.内部异常(内中断)可分为故障(fault)、陷阱(trap)和终止(abort)三类。
下列有关内部异常的叙述中，错误的是 ______ 。
A.内部异常的产生与当前执行指令相关B.内部异常的检测由CPU内部逻辑实现C.内部异常的响应发生在指令执行过程中D.内部异常处理后返回到发生异常的指令继续执行4.处理外部中断时，应该由操作系统保存的是____ 。
A.程序计数器(PC)的内容B.通用寄存器的内容C.块表(TLB)中的内容D. Cache中的内容5.假定下列指令已装入指令寄存器。
则执行时不可能导致CPU从用户态变为内核态(系统态)的是_______ 。
A.DIV R0,R1 ; (R0) / (Rl)^ROB.INT n ;产生软中断C.NOT RO ;寄存器RO的内容取非D.MOV R0,addr ;把地址addr处的内存数据放入寄存器R0中6.下列选项中，会导致进程从执行态变为就绪态的事件是A.执行P(wait)操作B.申请内存失败C.启动I/O设备D.被高优先级进程抢占7.若系统S1采用死锁避免方法，S2采用死锁检测方法。
下列叙述中，正确的是 _____ oI. S1会限制用户申请资源的顺序，而S2不会n. S1需要进程运行所需资源总量信息，而S2不需要in.si不会给可能导致死锁的进程分配资源，而S2会A•仅I、I I B.仅II、ni c•仅I、m D. I、n、m8.系统为某进程分配了4个页框，该进程已访问的页号序列为2,0,2,9,3,4,2,8,2,4,8,4,5。
若进程要访问的下一页的页号为7,依据LRU算法，应淘汰页的页号是 _______ 。
A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 89.在系统内存中设置磁盘缓冲区的主要目的是____ 。
A.减少磁盘I/O次数B.减少平均寻道时间C.提高磁盘麵可靠性D.实现设备无关性10.在文件的索引节点中存放直接索引指针10个,一级和二级索引指针各1个。
磁盘块大小为1KB，每个索引指针占4个字节。
若某文件的索引节点已在内存中，则把该文件偏移量(按字节编址)为1234 和• 5•307400处所在的磁盘块读入内存，需访问的磁盘块个数分别是_______ oA. 1,2B. 1,3C. 2,3D. 2,411.在请求分页系统中，页面分配策略与页面置换策略不能组合使用的是 ____ 。
A.可变分配，全局置换B.艘分配，局部置换C.固定分配，全局置换D.固定分配，局部置换12.文件系统用位图法表示磁盘空间的分配情况，位图存于磁盘的32〜127号块中，每个盘块占1024个字节，盘块和块内字节均从0开始编号。
假设要释放的織号为409612,贝涖图中要修改的位所在的盘块号和块内字节序号分别是_________ 。
A. 81、 1B. 81、 2C. 82、 1D. 82、 213.某硬盘有200个磁道（最外侧磁道号为0），磁道访问请求序列为：130,42,180,15,199,当前磁头位于第58号磁道并从外侧向内侧移动。
按照SCAN调度方法处理完上述请求后，磁头移过的磁道数是________ oA. 208B. 287C. 325D. 38214.通过POP3协议接收邮件时，使用的传输层服务类型是 _____ 。
A.无连接不可靠的数据传输服务B.无连接可靠的数据传输服务C.有连接不可靠的数据传输服务D.有链接可靠的数据传输服务15.使用两种编码方案对比特流01100111进行编码的结果如下图所示，编码1和编码2分别是_比特流编码1编码2A. NRZ和曼彻斯特编码B. NRZ和差分曼彻斯特编码C. NRZI和曼彻斯特编码D. NRZI和差分曼彻斯特编码16.主机甲通过128kbps卫星链路，采用滑动窗口协议向主机乙发送数据，链路单向传播延迟为250ms,帧长为1000字节。
不考虑确认帧的开销，为使链路利用率不小于80%,桢序号的比特数至少是。
A. 3B. 4C. 7D. 817.下列关于CSMA/CD协议的叙述中，错误的是____ 。
A.边发送麵帧，边检测是否发生冲突B.适用于无线网络，以实现无线链路共享C.需要根据网络跨距和数据传输速率限定最小帧长D.当信号传播延迟趋近0时，信道利用率趋近100%18.下列关于交换机的叙述中，正确的是 ______ oA.以太网交换机本质上是一种多端口网桥B.通过交换机互连的一组工作站构成一个冲突域C.交换机每个端口臟网络构成一个独立的广播域D.以太网交换机可实现采用不同网络层协议的网络互联19.某路由器的路由表如下表所示：• 6•• 7 •若路由器收到一个目的地址^ 169.96.40.5的IP 分组，则转发该IP 分组的接口是 _______ 。
A. SIB. S2C. S3D. S420. 主机甲和主机乙新建一个TCP 连接，甲的拥塞控制初始阈值为32KB ，甲向乙始终以MSS=1KB 大小的段发送数据，并一直有数据发送；乙为该连接分配16KB 接收缓存，并对每个数据段进行确认， 忽略段传输延迟。
若乙收到的数据全部存入缓存，不被取走，则甲从连接建立成功时刻起，未发送超时 的情况下，经过4个RTT 后，甲的发送窗口是 _______ 。
A. 1KBB. 8KBC. 16KBD. 32KB21. 某浏览器发出的HTTP 请求报文如下: ______CTT /index.html HTTP/1.1Host: Connection: CloseCookie: 123456 ___________ 下列叙述中，错误的是 _____ 。
A.该浏览器请求浏览indexJitml B ■IndexJitml 存放在 _hC. 该浏览器请求使用持续连接A. 该浏览器曾经浏览过二、综合应用题：第41〜47小题，共70分。
22. （15分）用单链表保存m 个整数，结点的结构为：[data][link],且Idatal 彡n （n 为正整数）。
现 要求设计一个时间复杂度尽可能高效的算法，对于链表中data 的绝对值相等的结点，仅保留第一次出 现的结点而删除其余绝对值相等的结点。
例如，若给定的单链表head 如下：HEADI--- 21 ------- -- ^15 - --15 —|~- -7 ---------- -- 15 A贝咖！1除结点后的head 为：要求：1） 给出算法的基本设计思想。
2） 使用C 或C++语言，给出单链表结点的数据类型定义。
3） 根据设计思想，采用C 或C++语言描述算法，关键之处给出注释。
4） 说明你所设计算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度。
23. （8分）已知含有5个顶点的图G 如下图所示。
HEAD—-121 -15 ----------7• 8 •请回答下列问题：1) 写出图G 的邻接矩阵A (行、列下标从0开始)。
2) 求A 2,矩阵A 2中位于0行3列元素值的含义是什么？3) 若已知具有n (n^2)个顶点的图的邻接矩阵为B ，则浐(2^m^n)中4曝元素的含义是什 么？24. (13分)某16位计龍的主存按字节编码，存取单位为16位；采用16位定长指令字格式； CPU 采用单总线结构，主要部分如下图所示。
图中R0〜R3为通用寄存器；T 为暂存器；SR 为移位寄 存器，可实现直送(mov)、左移一位(left)和右移一位(right) 3种操作，控制信号为SRop ，SR 的 输出由信号SRout 控制；ALU 可实现直送A (mova)、A 加B (add)、A 减B (sub)、A 与B (and)、 A 或B (or)、非A (not)、A 加1 (inc) 7种操作，控制信号为ALUop 。
请回答下列问题。
1) 图中哪些寄存器是程序员可见的？为何要设置暂存器T?2) 控制信号ALUop 和SRop 的位数至少各是多少？3) 控制信号SRout 所控制部件的名称或作用是什么？4) 端点①〜⑨中，哪些端点须连接到控制部件的输出端？5) 为完善单总线数据通路，需要在端点①〜⑨中相应的端点之间添加必要的连线。
写出连线 的起点和终点，以正确表示数据的流动方向。
6) 为什么二路选擁MUX 的一僧入端是2?25. (10分)题43中描述的计籠，其部分指令执行过程的控制信号如下图所示。
•007*三舰指令:满操作欺1 O P 源操•;缆2 - g 的操作数地址v 二地赴指令(末3叵均为0.;: O P 源搡作数1 -目的操々数地组y 单远S 指令 <'末6钇均为0):O P 目的澡馆数—自的操诈数垲咖 题图b 指令格式题图a 部分指令控制信号该机指令格式如下图所示，支持寄存器直接和寄存器间接两种寻址方式，寻址方式位分别为0和1, 通用寄存器R0〜R3的编号分别为0、1、2和3。
请回答下列问題。
1) 娜的指令系统最多可定义多少条指令？2) 假定inc 、shl 和sub 指令的操作码分别为01H 、02H 和03H ，贝！J 以下指令对应的机器代码 絨什么？① inc Rl ; R1 + 1->R1② shl R2^1 ; (R1)«1^R2③ sub R3,(R1)^2 ; ((R1))-(R2)^R33) 假设寄存器X 的输入和输出控制信号分别为Xin 和Xout ，其值为1表示有效，为0表示 无效(例如，PCout=l 表示PC 内容送总线)；存储器控制信号为MEMop ，用于控制存储器的读 (read)和写(write)操作。
写出题图a 中标号①〜®处的控制信号或控制信号的取值4) 指令“subRlJ^O^)”和“incRl”的执行阶段至少各需要多少个时钟周期？26. (9分)有A 、B 两人通过信箱进行辩论，每个人都从自己的信箱中取得对方的问题。
将答案和 向对方提出的新问題组成一个邮件放入对方的邮箱中-假设A 的信箱最多放M 个邮件，B 的信箱最多 放N 个邮件。
初始时A 的信箱中有x 个邮件(0<x<M), B 的信箱中有y 个((Xy<N)。
辩论者每取出 一个邮件，邮讎减1。