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一种基于Simulink的Turbo码仿真实现

Hans Journal of Wireless Communications无线通信, 2014, 4, 57-62Published Online June 2014 in Hans. /journal/hjwc/10.12677/hjwc.2014.43010Implementation of Turbo Code SimulationBased on SimulinkDing WangHangzhou Dianzi University, HangzhouEmail: wd158********@Received: May 12th, 2014; revised: May 19th, 2014; accepted: May 26th, 2014Copyright © 2014 by author and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractThis paper describes the basic structure of Turbo code scheme, and presents a Simulink model ofa Turbo encoder and decoder. Turbo encoder concatenates two same sub-encoders in parallelthrough interleaver. The iteration decoder is based on APP (A Posteriori Probability) decoder block in Simulink, so the process of coding becomes convenient and vivid. Then, based on the si-mulation we made, some main factors (such as interleaver length, iteration times, decoding algo-rithm) which will affect the performance of Turbo codes are studied, and the corresponding emu-lation results and the analysis are given. It has some reference value to the actual system design.KeywordsTurbo Code, Simulink, A Posteriori Probability Decoder一种基于Simulink的Turbo码仿真实现王丁杭州电子科技大学，杭州Email: wd158********@收稿日期：2014年5月12日；修回日期：2014年5月19日；录用日期：2014年5月26日摘要介绍了Turbo码的编解码原理，并且提出了一种完全基于Simulink模块的Turbo码仿真模型。

视听阈下说服对消费行为的影响

Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2015, 5, 262-269Published Online April 2015 in Hans. /journal/ap/10.12677/ap.2015.54036The Influence of Visual-Auditory Subliminal Persuasion on Consumer BehaviorJinyu Tang, Yonglong Tang, Siyao ChenFaculty of Psychology, Southwest University, ChongqingEmail: tangjinyu@, tyl57525@Received: Apr. 1st, 2015; accepted: Apr. 22nd, 2015; published: Apr. 29th, 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractThe present study tried to explore the influence of visual-auditory subliminal persuasion on con-sumer behavior. A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment with 68 participants was conducted. Results:1) In the influence on brand attitude, main effect of auditory stimuli on “I believe Nike shoes are ofgood quality” was significant (F = 6.739, p = 0.012); interaction effect of visual and auditory stimuli on variable “my favorite sports brand” was also significant (F = 6.283, p = 0.016); 2) In the influ-ence on consumer demand, interaction effect of visual and auditory stimuli on “I hope to have more shoes” was significant (F = 4.672, p = 0.034). Thus, we concluded that visual-auditory subli-minal persuasion has an impact on brand attitude and consumer demand.KeywordsVisual-Auditory Modality, Subliminal Persuasion, Consumer Behavior视听阈下说服对消费行为的影响唐金玉，汤永隆，陈思瑶西南大学心理学部，重庆Email: tangjinyu@, tyl57525@收稿日期：2015年4月1日；录用日期：2015年4月22日；发布日期：2015年4月29日视听阈下说服对消费行为的影响摘要为探求视听通道的阈下说服对消费行为的影响，本研究采用2 × 2被试间设计对68名大学生进行了实验研究。

新马克译文通信译学与文本类型分类说明书

6th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (SSEHR 2017)Exploring Newmark’s Communicative Translation and Text TypologyWang ZhengXiamen University Tan Kah Kee CollegeKeywords: communicative; translation; text typologyAbstract. Translation, as an important means of communication, in all aspects of cross-culture communication, is playing a crucial role. Translation theory’s main concerns are to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts or text-categories. When a lot of pragmatic texts, science and technology texts appeared in the translation areas, the interrelation between the text type and transfer method began to arouse the interest of translation scholars. Many translation scholars presented the concept of standards for classifying the correlation between the text type and translation method. There are two famous theorists of Functionalism who made a major contribution to the theory of text typology: Katherina Reiss and Peter Newmark. Peter Newmark, a famous British translation theorist, who linked language function to translation in his theory and further bring the theory of text typology to translation practices. Communicative translation is an important part of Newmark's translation theories. In this thesis, the author will focus on the comparison of semantic translation and communicative translation, then further explore the framework of Newmark’s text typology.Peter Newmark and Communicative TranslationThe Definition of Communicative Translation. “Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original” (Newmark, 2006: 39). It is obvious that communicative translation focuses on producing an equivalent effect on the target readers. On the contrary, semantic translation remains within the original culture at the author’s linguistic level. Newmark’s one major contribution to translation is the communicative translation versus semantic translation.Difference Between Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation. In theory, there are only two methods of translation: communicative translation and semantic translation. There are wide differences between the two methods. Communicative translation addressed itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary. But even here the translator still has to respect and work on the form of the source language text as the only material basis for his work. Semantic translation remains within the original culture and assists the reader only in its connotations if they constitute the essential human (non-ethnic) message of the text.Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.The functionalism theory demonstrates the possible translation procedures and the various arguments for and against the use of one translation rather than another in a particular context. Translators should accordingly adopt respective appropriate translation strategies and relative approaches, either semantic translation or communicative translation according to different text types.Peter Newmark’s Text TypologyAccording to functionalist approaches, it is the intended purpose or function of the target text that determines the translation method. This means that the translator needs to determine the translation purpose first, and next whether the translation intended to show the different aspects of the source text or to achieve the same functions as the original text. Lastly, the translator must then decide the suitable translation strategies and methods. Text typology is a very useful tool to explore translation approaches for different types of text.Text type and genre are used to refer to a distinctive category of discourse of any type, spoken or written, with and without literary aspiration. Text type as an essential pattern of text embodies linguistic functions, thinking modes and cultural conventions. The study of text types in the text-oriented translation will help the translator to have a thorough understanding of the text and to obtain adequate equivalence in target language text from the source language text. Every text is characterized by one or several basic communication functions. Different text type should require different transfer methods (Reiss 1982:112) .The Classification of Text Type. Based on Karl Buhler’s theory of language function and Reiss’s text typology, Newmark (1981:21) classifies different texts into three categories: expressive text, informative text, vocative text.According to Newmark (1998:40), expressive texts include serious imaginative literature, authoritative statements, autobiographies, and personal correspondences; informative texts include textbooks, reports, papers, articles, memos, minutes, and legal documents, etc. with scientific, technological, commercial, industrial, and economic content; vocative texts include notices, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction.Text Type and Its Corresponding Translation Criteria and Method. Newmark holds that different texts require different translation criteria and methods. He proposes that semantic translation is used for expressive texts and communicative for informative and vocative texts. In translating expressive texts, the expressive components should be rendered closely. However, for informative and vocative texts, the translator should focus on the accuracy of message and the main force of the texts, trying to produce a pragmatically equivalent effect on readers. Badly and/or inaccurately written passages should be corrected in communicative translation (Newmark,1998: 47).Translation Methods for Different Text TypesTranslation Methods for Expressive Text. Newmark also points out that the core of expressive text is the author’s status in the process of translation. The core of expressive texts is the author’s ideology, which is sacred in the texts. The author’s personal components constitute the “expressive” elements of an expressive text and become the idiolect which displays the author’s personal language style. So, Newmark suggests adopting the approach of semantic translation when translating this type of text. That is, attempt to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original, in order to display the personal components of the text and make the translated text follow as close to the original as possible. The aim is to highlight the expressive function of the text. (Newmark, 1981).Translation Methods for Vocative Text. The core of vocative texts is the readership since the status of their authors is not important. Instead, what is important is the effect of information transmission and the readers’ affective response, which is to call upon the readers to act, to think, to feel, and to react in the way intended by the text (Newmark, 1998:41). Therefore, to attract readers and perform the vocative function of the text, and achieve the expected effect intended by the original, the translator must observe readers’ reading habits and feelings and try to use their familiar expressions. In the process of translating, the translator frequently prefers to adopt the approach of explanation rather than reproduction. The translator has the right to correct or improve the logic of the text, to replace clumsy syntactical structures with elegant ones, to discard any expressions of wayward, obscurities, ambiguity, and tautology, and to correct barriers of idiolect in the text. Hedoesn’t have to follow the form of the original. Instead, he can rearrange the sentence structures of the text, and make the translated text natural, fluent, and easily understood (Newmark, 1982:42).Translation Methods For Informative Text. The function of informative texts focuses on the external situation, the facts of a topic, and the reality outside of the language (Newmark, 1998:40), so the truth conveyed by the information is the core of this type of text. Meanwhile, the author’s status in the text is anonymous. The translation of this type calls for receptors’ understanding and response, that is, the effect of information transmission. Therefore, Newmark (1982:39) suggests adopting the approach of communicative translation, with the attempt to produce the effect to the target readers as close as possible to that obtained by the original readers, emphasizing the accuracy and truth of the process in information transmission. On this aspect, Newmark’s assertion is quite similar to the “functional equivalence” that Nida claims. The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive how the original reader of the text must have understood and appreciated it (Nida, 1993:118).Significance of Newmark’sThe text typology by Newmark is quite brief, definite, and easily utilized, which is not only a guide to literary translation, but more important, a feasible approach to pragmatic translation. According to the three types of texts he mentions above, Newmark (1998:47) further points out that, semantic translation is used for “expressive” texts, communicative for “informative” and “vocative” texts. The difference in the two translation approaches is that the former demands that the translated text should be as close to the original as possible in the form, structure, and word order; and the latter focuses on readers’ understanding and response, i.e., the effect of information transmission.Newmark (1998:42) also claims that, in translation practice, few texts are purely expressive, informative or vocative: most include all three functions, with an emphasis on one of the three. Therefore, the translator must first determine the primary function of a single text, or determine the language function of each part of the same text, and accordingly adopt respective appropriate translation strategies and relative approaches, either semantic translation or communicative translation.References[1] Reiss, K. Text types, translation types and translation assessment. In: Chesterman, A. (ed.) (1989). Readings in Translation Theory. Oy Finn Lectura Ab,1989.[2] Holz-Manttari, J. Theory and Method [M]. Helsinki: Rodopi, 1991.[3] Newmark, P. Approaches to Translation [M]. Oxford: Pergamon. 1981.[4] Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation [M]. New York: Prentice Hall International, 1988.[5] Newmark P. 1998. More Paragraphs on Translation [M]. Multilingual Matters Limited.1998.[6] Newmark, P. (2006). About Translation [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.[7] Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]. Leiden: The Netherlands, 1964.。

价值共创研究述评：内涵、演进与形成机制

Service Science and Management 服务科学和管理, 2016, 5(1), 1-10Published Online January 2016 in Hans. /journal/ssem/10.12677/ssem.2016.51001A Critical Review on Value Co-Creation:Connotations, Evolution and MechanismsYazhong Yuan, Guanjing Hu*School of Geography and Tourism, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou GuangdongReceived: Dec. 15th, 2015; accepted: Jan. 9th, 2016; published: Jan. 12th, 2016Copyright © 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractAs a new pattern of value creation, value co-creation has become one of the hot topics in the do-mestic and foreign academic circles in recent years, many researchers have been carrying on it from many perspectives. From the existing research literature, however, the concept of value co-creation is still vague, the research content is complex and the definition is not clear, its ante-cedents, consequences and formation mechanisms have not yet formed a general consensus. Based on the literature review, the connotation of value co-creation is explained first, and its status and function from three types of dominant logic are combed. Second, three types of research para-digms on value co-creation are analysed comparatively, and the formation mechanisms of value co-creation is presented. Finally, we propose the directions for future research by summarizing the shortcomings of the current research.KeywordsValue Co-Creation, Goods-Dominant Logic, Service-Dominant Logic, Customer-Dominant Logic,Formation Mechanisms价值共创研究述评：内涵、演进与形成机制袁亚忠，胡观景*广东财经大学地理与旅游学院，广东广州*通讯作者。

认知负荷理论综述

Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2015, 5, 50-55Published Online January 2015 in Hans. /journal/ap/10.12677/ap.2015.51007A Review of Cognitive Load TheoryQimei An,Hong WuCollege of Education Science, Guizhou Normal University, GuiyangEmail: 757101815@, 395336533@Received: Dec. 28th, 2014; accepted: Jan. 16th, 2015; published: Jan. 27th, 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractCognitive load theory is the eternal topic of cognitive psychology. It is the amount of mental activ-ity imposed on the individual cognitive system in a specific operation time (Sweller, 1988) and is to optimize and make full use of the relevant cognitive resources in complex task learning. The au- thor, through the analysis of related literature on cognitive load theory, describes the connotation, structure model, classification and features. Finally, by combining a comprehensive domestic and foreign research to this theory, this paper states the present situation and prospect of the study on the cognitive load theory, in order to bring further thinking and inspiration to the readers.KeywordsCognitive Load, Cognitive Load Theory, Working Memory, Schema认知负荷理论综述安其梅，吴红贵州师范大学教育科学学院，贵阳Email: 757101815@, 395336533@收稿日期：2014年12月28日；录用日期：2015年1月16日；发布日期：2015年1月27日摘要认知负荷理论是认知心理学经久不衰的话题，它是指在一个特定的作业时间内施加于个体认知系统的心认知负荷理论综述理活动总量(Sweller, 1988)，对有关复杂任务学习中认知资源的优化和充分利用的问题。

高分辨率手机镜头的光学设计与性能仿真外文翻译原文

Open Access Library JournalDesign of a 16.5 Megapixel Camera Lens fora Mobile PhoneYuke Ma, V. N. BorovytskyDepartment of Optical and Optoelectronic Devices, National Technical University of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineEmail: sherry_rain@Received 15 February 2015; accepted 2 March 2015; published 6 March 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and OALib.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractA 16.5 megapixel camera lens for a mobile phone is designed. The lens consists of 3 plastic as-pheric lenses, one glass spheric lens and an infrared glass filter. CMOS OV16850 with a pixel size of1.12 micrometers from Omni Vision is used as an image sensor. The lens has an effective focal lengthof 4.483 mm, a F-number of 2.50, a field-of-view (FOV) of 76.2 degree, and a total length of 5.873 mm.The maximum distortion of the lens is less than 2.0%. The minimum value of all field relative il-lumination is over 39.8%.KeywordsMobile Phone Camera Lens, 16.5 Megapixel Sensor, ZemaxSubject Areas: Mobile Computing Systems, Optical Communications1. IntroductionOn 7 October 2014, Omni Vision Technologies Inc. (NASDAQ:OVTI) announced a 16.5 megapixel digital im-age sensor OV16850 [1]. To design a 16-megapixel camera lens in a compact size is not a trivial task [2]. In the published papers, Song et al. (2010) [3] studied a 5 megapixel camera lens for mobile phone by a structure of 4 pieces of plastic aspheric lens. Recently, Peng (2013) [4] investigated a 8 megapixel camera lens for cell phone by using 1 glass and 3 pieces of plastic aspheric lens (1G3P) to complete the optical system. Yin et al. (2014) [5] investigated a 13 megapixel camera lens for mobile phone by choosing a 5 pieces of plastic aspheric lens (5P) structure configuration.This paper presents a detailed design of a 16.5 megapixel camera lens by a 1P1G2P lens configuration for the first time to our knowledge.Sensor OV16850 has the following specifications: pixel size of 1.12 micrometers, resolution of 5408 pixel × 3044 pixel, diagonal length of 6.95 mm or the image height, and the chief ray angle (CRA) of 33.4 degree. Ny-quist sampling frequency of the sensor can be calculated via 1000/(2 × 1.12) = 446 lp/mm. So the limited reso-Y. K. Ma, V. N. Borovytsky lution of the camera lens should be better than 446 lp/mm. An image height of 6.95 mm and a FOV of 76.2 de-gree of lens determine a focal length of 4.432 mm. We set the effective focal length (EFFL) of the lens to be less than 4.5 mm, so the total optical length (TOL) of a camera lens for a mobile phone can be confined to 5.90 mm. The specification parameters for a 16.5 M pixel mobile phone camera lens are summarized in Table 1.2. Design Method2.1. Optical MaterialsOptical resin E48R from Zeonex [6] is used in this design. The optical resin offers high transparency, low fluo-rescence, low birefringence, low water absorption, low cost, high heat resistance, and easy molding for massive production. Since the lens has a large FOV, and its high order optical aberrations such as high order spherical aberration, astigmatism, coma, high order chromatic aberrations, etc., is rather large, in order to have a more steady and clear picture, one element of the lens is set to be an aspheric glass lens, the material of the 2nd ele-ment is SF56A with a optical refractive index of 1.785 and a dispersion coefficient of 26.08, the first, the third and the fourth element of the lens are chosen to be E48R, whose optical refractive index is 1.531 and the cor-respondent dispersion coefficient is 56.0, the fifth element is an infrared filter (IR), and the last is a cover glass BK9.2.2. Design ProceduresZemax [7] is used to simulate the lens optical system. Considering low price and massive production, an initial configuration 1P1G2P of the lens is chosen for the design by trial and error process. There are 6 elements in this lens, the first to the fourth element is the aspheric lens respectively, the fifth element is an IR filter and the sixth is a glass cover of the sensor. All the surfaces of the element 1 to 4 are set to even aspheric profiles, the fifth and the sixth elements are plane. Radius, thickness of each surface from 1 to 8 is set to be variable, all surface conic constants as well as aspheric coefficients are set to be variable either.2.3. Optimization ProceduresThe optimization procedure includes three steps.Step 1 1) Using operand EFFL to define the effective focal length of the lens, using operand TOTR to confine the total optical length of the lens system, using operand RAID to confine the CRA, using operand REAY to de-fine the image height; 2) The merit function also consisted of operands MNCA, MXCA and MNEA to define the air thickness and air boundary constrains, meanwhile operands MNCG, MXCG and MNEG are used to glass case either; 3) Initially, operand LONA is used to control the spherical aberration, LACL is used to control the lateral color for this focal system. TRAY and SUMM are used to control the coma, and operand DIMX is used to control the distortion of each field of view; 4) Using operand TRAY, DIFF, RAGC, ACOS and TANG to control tangential curvature; 5) Using operand TRAY, DIFF, RAGC, ACOS, TANG, CONS and PROD to con-trol sagittal curvature; 6) Operand TRAC is used to control the spot size of each field of view for the whole wa-velength.Step 2 After the initial optimization, high order controlling operands are added in the merit function, i.e., 1) Using operand TRAY, RAGC, ACOS, TANG, DIVI and DIFF to control the axial and longitudinal chromatic aberrations; 2) Using operand TRAY, RAGC, ACOS, TANG, DIVI, CONS, PROD and DIFF to control the high order spherical aberration; 3) Using TRAY, DIVI and DIFF to control the high order chromatic spherical aber-ration; 4) Using FCGT, FCGS, DIFF and SUMM to control the astigmatism.Step 3 Siedel coefficients are observed after each optimization completed, the layout is watched to show a reasonable configuration. At last, 1) Both MTFS, MTFT is added to the merit function to improve the lens reso-lution; 2) Meanwhile TRAC is replaced by operand OPDX; 3) Weight in merit function is always ready to change to optimize some heavy contribution items in order to get a reasonable lens configuration.Table 1.The specification parameters for a mobile phone camera lens of 16.5 megapixels.EFFL TOL FOV F-number Image height CRA Relativeillumination distortionBack focal length<4.5 mm <5.9 mm 76.2 degree 2.50 >6.95 mm <33.4 degree >35% <2% >0.2 mmY. K. Ma, V. N. Borovytsky3. ResultsThe optimized lens configuration is shown in Figure 1, the correspondent lens data are listed in Table 2 and Table 3. The lens has a total track of 5.873 mm, with an effective focal length of 4.483 mm, and of a back focal length 0.207 mm. The lens has a FOV of 76.2 degree, the image height is 6.97 mm which is a little larger than the CMOS sensor size and implies an easy installation of the CMOS sensor to the lens module. The CRA is less than 33.4 degree; a good coupling between the optics and the COMS is expected.The Spot Diagram, MTF, curvature and distortion, lateral color, chromatic focal shift, and relative illumina-tion can be used to evaluate the lens design. The RMS radius of spot size shall be less than three times of the pixel size (Yu [8]), to this design, it is 3.36 micrometer. The RMS spots of all fields are shown in Figure 2. The RMS spot radius of fields 1 - 6 (FOV 0.000 to FOV 0.787) is 2.545 μm, 2.761μm, 2.662μm, 2.856 μm, 2.337 μm, and 2.091μm respectively, much less than the imaging needs of the CMOS sensor, meanwhile the radius of spot size of field 7 (FOV 0.92) is 5.641 μm and that of field 8 (FOV 1.0) is 4.985μm, very close to this need, that is to say that the whole FOV can image very clearly.Table 2. Lens configuration data.Surf: type Radius Thickness Glass Semi-diameter Conic OBJ Standard Infinity Infinity Infinity 0.000STO Even asphere 3.134 1.413 E48R 1.077 4.1312 Even asphere −3.115 0.021 1.233 1.6043 Spheric −2.252 0.445 SF56A 1.219 0.0004 Spheric −9.057 0.512 1.346 0.0005 Even asphere −4.306 1.378 E48R 1.409 4.8686 Even asphere −2.443 0.938 1.823 −1.2047 Even asphere −2.310 0.354 E48R 2.167 −8.7898 Even asphere −5.332 0.300 3.174 1.6419 Standard Infinity 0.313 BK7 3.222 0.00010 Standard Infinity 0.200 3.344 0.000IMA Standard Infinity 3.485 0.000 Table 3. Aspheric coefficients of each correspondent surface. Aspheric coefs A B C D E F G HSTO Evenasphere 0.050 −0.015 −5.30E-003 −3.136E-003 −3.048E-003 0.000 0.000 0.0002 Evenasphere −0.043 −0.015 −0.012 3.559E-003 −2.045E-003 0.000 0.000 0.0003 Evenasphere 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0004 Evenasphere 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0005 Evenasphere 0.093 −0.033 −1.072E-003 −3.462E-003 −4.413E-004 0.000 0.000 0.0006 Evenasphere −0.060 9.480E-003 −2.006E-003 −9.711E-004 −1.576E-004 1.665E-003 0.000 0.0007 Evenasphere −0.101 −6.280E-003 1.653E-003 −1.796E-003 3.519E-004 4.051E-005 −9.441E-006 0.0008 Evenasphere 0.196 −0.012 1.030E-003 3.686E-007 −1.956E-006 −4.296E-007 5.719E-008 −3.874E-010Y. K. Ma, V. N. BorovytskyFigure 1. 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens layout.Figure 2. 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens spot diagram.Y. K. Ma, V. N. Borovytsky MTF is a comprehensive standard to evaluate the imaging nature of a lens. In this design, the MTF value of central field at 223 lp/mm is 53.4% and 21.4% at 446 lp/mm. For FOV 0.8 zone, MTF value at 223 lp/mm is more than 37.6% in sagittal plane and more than 32.6% in tangential plane, at 446 lp/mm, MTF value is more than 14% in sagittal plane and more than 2% in tangential plane. The MTF curve is shown in Figure 3.The curvature and distortion of the lens is shown in Figure 4; it is shown in Figure 4 that the lens has a low field curvature; it is within 0.05, much less than the imaging need 0.1, and the distortion is less than 2%. It meets the design need.Figure 3.16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens MTF curve.Figure 4. Field curvature and distortion of a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens.Y. K. Ma, V. N. Borovytsky Both the lateral color and chromatic focal shift of the lens revealed a nearly diffraction limited design of this 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens. They are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively. In Figure 5, the lateral color of the maximum field is within the Airy disk which implies a diffraction limited design.It is also indicated in Figure 6that the chromatic focal shift of the lens is within diffraction limited. Relative illumination of the lens should be checked; it is shown Figure 7. It can be found in Figure 7that the minimum of the relative illumination value is 40%. Both an auto gain controlling circuit and an auto balance controlling circuit can keep a uniform brightness of the image. It is concluded that this design of a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens can meet the design needs.Figure 5.The lateral color of a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens.Figure 6.Chromatic focal shift of a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens.Y. K. Ma, V. N. BorovytskyFigure 7.Relative illumination of a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens.At last, a tolerance analysis was made and the results show that a 5 μm deviation in radius, thickness, a 10μm deviation in decenter, and a 0.2 degree in tilt are permitted. It is also shown in Table 2 that the smallest thick-ness of the plastic piece is 0.354 mm which means that a precision injection molding for massive production of the plastic lens elements can be expected. The glass element for this design is set to be a standard spheric surface for an easy production consideration.In conclusion, this 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens is a practical design.4. ConclusionBy using Zemax, a 16.5 M pixels mobile phone camera lens is designed. The lens consists of 3 plastic aspheric lenses, one glass spheric lens and an infrared glass filter. OV16850 whose pixel size of 1.12 micrometer from Omnivision is used as a image sensor. The lens has an effective focal length of 4.483 mm, a F-number of 2.50, a field-of-view (FOV) of 76.2 degree, and a total length of 5.873 mm. This is a practical design for a 16.5 M pix-els mobile phone camera lens.References[1]Geary, J.M. (2002) Introduction to Lens Design with Practical Zemax Example. Willmann-Bell Inc., Richmond.[2]Zhang, P., et al. (2009) Design of a 5 Megapixel Mobile Phone Camera Lens. Journal of Applied Optics, 30, 934-938.[3]Song, D.F., et al. (2010) Design of Lens for 5 Mega-Pixel Mobile Phone Cameras. Journal of Applied Optics, 31, 34-38.[4]Peng, X.F. Design of High Pixel Mobile Phone Camera Lens. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering andTechnology, 6, 1160-1165.[5]Yin, Z.D., et al. (2014) Optical Design of a 13 Megapixel Mobile Phone Camera Lens. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress,51, 163-168.Y. K. Ma, V. N. Borovytsky[6]World’s Foremost Optical Polymer for Precision-Molded Optics. /optics.aspx[7][8]Yu, D.Y. (1999) Engineering Optics. China Mechanical Press, Beijing.。

大豆巢式关联作图(NAM)群体构建及花色和种皮色遗传分析

作物学报ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2024, 50(3): 556 575 / ISSN 0496-3490; CN 11-1809/S; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail:***************DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34094大豆巢式关联作图(NAM)群体构建及花色和种皮色遗传分析宋健1,6,**熊亚俊1,6,**陈伊洁1,6,**徐瑞新2,**刘康林1郭庆元1洪慧龙2高华伟2谷勇哲2张丽娟2郭勇2阎哲2刘章雄2关荣霞2李英慧2王晓波3郭兵福4孙如建5闫龙7王好让8姬月梅9常汝镇2王俊1,6,*邱丽娟2,*1 长江大学, 湖北荆州 434025;2 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农作物基因资源与遗传改良国家重大科学工程 / 农业农村部北京大豆生物学重点实验室, 北京 100081; 3 安徽农业大学农学院, 安徽合肥 230036; 4 江西省农业科学院作物研究所, 江西南昌330200; 5 呼伦贝尔市农业科学研究所, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔 162650; 6 农业农村部长江中游作物绿色高效生产重点实验室(部省共建) /长江大学农学院, 湖北荆州 434025; 7 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所, 河北石家庄 050035; 8 江苏徐怀地区徐州农业科学研究所,江苏徐州 210031; 9 宁夏农林科学院作物研究所, 宁夏银川 750021摘要: 巢式关联作图(Nested Association Mapping, NAM)群体在作物学遗传与育种研究中具有广泛的应用。

本研究在前期大豆种质资源评价基础上, 利用35份不同地区来源的代表性种质与中豆41 (公共母本)杂交, 构建了一套大豆NAM群体。

PCA和聚类分析发现, 不同亲本组合的RIL群体基本聚在一起, 显示出清晰的遗传结构。

利用该NAM群体亲本间花色和种皮色具有显著差异的RIL群体进行全基因组关联分析, 定位到1个主要位点qFC13-1与花色显著关联, 该位点与W1位点重合; 定位到12个位点与种皮色显著相关, 其中9个位点为3种以上方法共定位, 3个位点为2种方法共定位, 包括4个已知位点和8个新位点。

硼替佐米治疗多发性骨髓瘤致神经性耳聋1_例并文献复习

2024, 44(1) J Clin Pathol Res临床与病理杂志硼替佐米治疗多发性骨髓瘤致神经性耳聋1例并文献复习周小代1，付建珠2，刘培3，丁月玲1，赵亚玲1，张金金2，成志勇2(1. 定州市人民医院血液内科，河北定州 073000；2. 保定市第一医院血液内科，河北保定 071000；3. 保定市第一医院药剂科，河北保定 071000)[摘要] 硼替佐米是一种蛋白酶体抑制剂，临床用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤和部分淋巴瘤，其主要不良反应包括感觉神经病变、肝功能损伤、血小板减少、感染及疲劳等。

目前国内外关于硼替佐米对听神经影响的报道较为罕见。

现报告1例长期应用硼替佐米后伴发周围神经病变的同时出现双侧听力严重受损、重度神经性耳聋的多发性骨髓瘤患者。

患者，男，61岁，因骨痛2个月余于2019年8月10日入保定市第一医院治疗，诊断为多发性骨髓瘤。

给予标准剂量VRD(硼替佐米、来那度胺、地塞米松)方案进行化学治疗(以下简称“化疗”)，应用4个疗程VRD 化疗后患者自觉听力下降，但仍完成9个疗程化疗。

采用VD(硼替佐米、地塞米松)方案维持治疗5个疗程后出现听力进行性下降明显，双耳均达到重度神经性耳聋。

后加用维生素B1及甲钴胺治疗4个月，患者自觉听力较前明显改善。

[关键词] 多发性骨髓瘤；硼替佐米；不良反应；神经性耳聋；周围神经病变Nerve deafness associated with the use of bortezomib in multiple myeloma: A case report and literature reviewZHOU Xiaodai 1, FU Jianzhu 2, LIU Pei 3, DING Yueling 1, ZHAO Yaling 1,ZHANG Jinjin 2, CHENG Zhiyong 2(1. Department of Hematology, Dingzhou People ’s Hospital, Dingzhou Hebei 073000; 2. Department of Hematology, Baoding No. 1 Hospital, Baoding Hebei 071000; 3. Department of Pharmacy, Baoding No. 1Hospital, Baoding Hebei 071000, China)ABSTRACT Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor clinically used to treat multiple myeloma and somelymphomas. Its main adverse reactions include sensory neuropathy, liver function damage, thrombocytopenia, infection, and fatigue. Currently, there are few reports on the impact of bortezomib on the auditory nerve domestically and abroad. A case of multiple myeloma patient who developed peripheral neuropathy, bilateral severe hearing loss, and severeDOI ：10.11817/j.issn.2095-6959.2024.230105收稿日期(Date of reception)：2023-05-31第一作者(First author)：周小代，Email:*************************,ORCID:0009-0009-4728-1480通信作者(Corresponding author)：成志勇，Email:*************,ORCID:0000-0003-0206-5468基金项目(Foundation item)：河北省重点研发计划(223777105D)。

自我对话的文献综述

Advances in Psychology 心理学进展, 2015, 5, 415-422Published Online June 2015 in Hans. /journal/ap/10.12677/ap.2015.56054A Review of the Self-Talk LiteratureGuoxiu Ma1,2,3, Jing Cao1,2, Zhuohong Zhu1,2*1Key Laboratory of Psychology Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijng2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing3College of Humanities and Social Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin HeilongjiangEmail: *zhuzh@Received: Jun. 5th, 2015; accepted: Jun. 27th, 2015; published: Jun. 30th, 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractSelf-talk should be defined as verbalizations or statements addressed to the self. It is multidi-mensional in the structure and is somewhat dynamic in the contents. Self-talk is also an im-portant part of psychological interventions and plays a huge role in the aspects of cognition, emotion and behavior. The following from the concept of self-talk, measurement and structure introduces what is self-talk; through empirical study, we reveal the importance of self-talk in the aspects of psychological intervention. Finally, we pointed out the lack of domestic research and hope domestic peers to pay more attention to promote the development of self-talk tech-nology.KeywordsSelf-Talk, Psychological Intervention, Self-Consciousness, Self-Motivation, Self-Cognition自我对话的文献综述马国秀1,2,3，曹静1,2，祝卓宏1,2*1中国科学院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室，北京2中国科学院大学，北京3哈尔滨工程大学人文社会科学学院，黑龙江哈尔滨Email: *zhuzh@收稿日期：2015年6月5日；录用日期：2015年6月27日；发布日期：2015年6月30日*通讯作者。

卧床病人更换床单双人操作法的应用体会

Nursing Science 护理学, 2015, 4, 47-51Published Online July 2015 in Hans. /journal/ns/10.12677/ns.2015.43009The Apply of Change the Sheets of DoubleAction for Keep the Bed PatientHua Li*, Wenjing Zhang, Ruiping Gu, Yingying XiaoGuangdong General Hospital,Guangzhou GuangdongEmail: *lihuajk@Received: Jun. 23rd, 2015; accepted: Jul. 10th, 2015; published: Jul. 13th, 2015Copyright © 2015 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)./licenses/by/4.0/AbstractAt present, the method of change patient sheet in the vocational college textbook was a single op-eration method in our country. The method of single operation was time-consuming and laborious for nurses, which cannot observe the condition of patient. At the same time, it was unsafe and wasted too much time for patient. How to save time and effort for nurses, and insure patient safety and comfort is the aim of this paper. In four years, our hospital practiced double sheet operation for more than 22,000 bedridden patients, and it turned out that the method of double sheet oper-ation for bedridden patients could reduce unnecessary patients’ turn, guarantee all kinds of pipe-line unobstructed and fixed, keep comfort and safety to patients, decrease the time of nurses and be labor-saving. It is considered that the method of double sheet operation for bedridden patients is much more labor saving and time-saving, less time interfering with the patient’s, more com-fortable and safe, comparing with single operation. It is worth to apply in practice for bedridden patients about changing the sheets.KeywordsKeep the Bed Patient, Change the Sheets, Double Action卧床病人更换床单双人操作法的应用体会李华*，张文静，古瑞平，肖莹莹广东省人民医院，广东广州*通讯作者。

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Available online athttp://www.ges2007.deThis document is under the terms of theCC-BY-NC-ND Creative Commons AttributionLicensing the Use of Grid ServicesKay Dörnemann1,2and Bernd Freisleben21Information Systems Institute,University of Siegen,Hölderlinstr.3,D-57076Siegen,Germany2Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,University of Marburg,Hans-Meerwein-Str.3,D-35037Marburg,Germanyemail:{doernemk,freisleb}@informatik.uni-marburg.deAbstractIn this paper,aﬂexible approach to license the use of WSRF-compliant Grid ser-vices as implemented in the Globus Toolkit4is presented.A license deﬁnitionand recombination language which allows to create new licenses on demand inaﬁne-grained and user dependent manner is introduced.Implementation issuesfor some components of the proposed licensing system are described.1IntroductionTo prevent software piracy in service-oriented Grid computing environments,the deployment and use of Grid services must be protected.There are several possibilities to achieve this goal:•Grid services based on the Web Service Resource Framework(WSRF)standard and ordinary web services are accessed through a standardized interface and hosted by a service provider in a service container.It is possible to limit the access to such a container throughﬁrewalls and other transport layer techniques, but in general the granularity provided by this solutions is too coarse.•Application layer protocol authentication mechanisms,SOAP-Header extensions or WS-Security can be used to authenticate a user and forbid access to a service.With these solutions,it is not possible to specify precise access rules or to account for the use of a service.Access can only be prohibited for users,machines(i.e.by IP addresses)or networks.In this paper,an approach to license the use of Grid services in aﬁne-grained man-ner is presented.It is based on WSRF Grid services as implemented in the Globus Toolkit4.D’Andrea et al.[1]have already pointed out the importance of developing appropriate licensing schemes for web services.Since Grid service operations often have a higher time exposure,consume more CPU cycles,memory and bandwidth than web services,licensing their use is even more important,particularly if service-oriented Grid computing should make its way out of the scientiﬁc laboratories into the business world.Both service providers and service developers can beneﬁt from our proposal.For example,service developers can use third party license systems likeﬂexLM to protect their services.Such solutions require that the source code is available to insert the license protection code.Normally,the source code is not available for service providers.2K.Dörnemann,B.FreislebenThis makes it hard to protect their services in such systems.The approach we are presenting enables license protection for all deployed services without any needs to change the service code.Our prototype implementation is an extension of Apache Axis and the Globus Toolkit4.1.The paper is organized as follows.Section2presents the proposed approach to licensing the use of Grid services.Section3introduces the proposed license speciﬁca-tion language.Section4describes implementation details.Section5discusses related work.Section6concludes the paper and outlines areas for future work.2Licensing Grid Service UseAn overview of the proposed system for licensing the use of Grid services is pre-sented inﬁgure1.The main components are the gatekeepers on the client-and server-side,the manager service with several related components and one or more optional services.The tasks of the server-side gatekeeper is to manage and monitor the con-nections to the different services.The client-side gatekeeper is an optional component that can be used to authenticate clients which do not use web service authentication mechanisms.Both gatekeepers perform their duties transparently to the established connections to the services.Thus,it is not necessary to urge the client or service code to enable protection.The third main component is the manager service.This service provides a Grid service interface to obtain and manage licenses for users and admin-istrators.The other components shown inﬁgure1are part of the deployment of the manager service.They are designed as standalone components and can therefore be used by other service implementations.A typical applicationﬂow using the presented licensing system could be as follows. The administrator chooses a license and links it to a service using the administration client.This information is stored in the Web Service Registry.Let us assume that the administrator has selected a time based license that allows access for users from his/her network during day time and access for all users at night.Now suppose that during the day a user from the administrator’s network connects to the Grid service using the client that belongs to it.The server-side gatekeeper fetches the license information for this service from the Web Service Registry.The access is now granted because the client’s IP address stems from the network that is allowed to connect at daytime.The client can now use the service without taking notice of the licensing system.An user from another network who tries to connect to the administrators network at daytime gets an exception,telling that the service is not available at this moment.As shown inﬁgure2,the license manager service is split into several components, interfacing with the server-side gatekeeper.The manager in thisﬁgure actually is the web service interface described above.The scheduler keeps track of limited(by time or other limitations)licenses and triggers the server-side gatekeeper when a license expires or a license starts.The second component is the Web Service(WS)Registry. It stores information about which type of license is needed to use a service,resource, container or a method.Another component is the"In Use Licenses Registry"which keeps track of all licenses and services currently in use.The monitoring unit observes the connections for accounting and billing purposes but also for further analysis andGES2007Licensing the Use of Grid Services3Figure1:Overview of the system for licensing the use of Grid servicesFigure2:License Manager Servicesurveillance.It cooperates with the Accounting and Billing Connector which provides an interface for accounting and billing software.The License Models component is a database connector that provides interfaces to create,edit and store licenses for general or service-related licensing.There are three main kinds of licenses:basic licenses provided by our system,li-4K.Dörnemann,B.Freislebencenses provided by developers and licenses based on third party license management systems(likeﬂexLM from Macrovision).By providing a range of basic licenses and a license recombination and description language,our system allows to createﬁne gran-ular licenses as described in section3.This language allows the user to recombine and deﬁne new licenses.Third party license systems are represented by optional Grid services or plug-ins,each with a speciﬁc interface.These interfaces allow to gather information about licenses and to obtain a license.The MDS Connector is an optional component that registers information about licenses in the Globus Toolkit4.1MDS4. All components use a relational database for persistent storage of information.The system comes with a manager and an administration client.Theﬁrst one en-ables the user to order and manage obtained licenses,and the second one is the admin-istration client.Its purpose is administration and server-side management of licenses, such as creating licenses,removing licenses,reconﬁguring licenses and binding licenses to methods,resources,services or containers.Both clients provide a graphical user in-terface and an application programing interface that can be used to integrate the clients into other applications.The graphical user interface of the administration client allows to drag and drop licenses and edit their properties to create or recombine licenses.Both clients can be used as a standalone application or as an Eclipse plug-in.Both clients provide collaborative functions to get remote help from an expert.In the case of the managing client,this expert could be the administrator or the service provider.In the other case,a developer or software distributer could be the expert.3License Recombination and Description Language The atomic elements of the license recombination and description language are basic licenses provided by the system,deﬁned by developers,or third party licenses. These licenses are internally described by XML documents for storage,transmission and handling purposes.Licenses provided by developers must implement a handling interface that enables the gatekeeper to use this license.If the license uses other compo-nents,it is inevitable that interfaces for these components are provided.Those licenses must be described by XML documents.We use a model driven architecture approach to model the licenses and derive an XML document from that model to store,trans-mit and handle licenses.The third party licenses are represented by Grid services or plug-ins that provide an interface to gather information about licenses(i.e.free/used licenses)and obtain one or more licenses.This interface must be able to derive an XML document describing the license.The basic licenses provided by the system are: node/organization/network locked,date/time-based(such as the service can be used until day x,the service can be used x times or the service can be used x minutes/hours/-days),user-based and based on special parameters like CPU cycles,memory-usage and data transfered.The license recombination and description language allows to recom-bine basic licenses to form complex licenses and to form recombined complex licenses. There are three main constructs for recombination:negation,fork and chain.Each complex license contains one or more negations,forks,chains,recombined or basic li-censes.The chain allows to deﬁne a sequence of conditions that must be fulﬁlled.The fork operation can be used if only one of two or more conditions must be satisﬁed.TheGES2007Licensing the Use of Grid Services5 negation operation allows to negate any other license element.All these licenses can be assigned to the container,to services and moreﬁne granular to methods,and in case of Grid services to service resources.4Implementation IssuesCurrently,we have a prototype implementation of the license manager and the li-cense recombination and description language.In listing1,an example basic license is shown.Listing2shows a more complex license which is a recombination of basic licenses using fork and chain rules.The language is still under development and may change over the time.Both gatekeepers are Axis handlers plugged into the request handling chain.This handlers intercept SOAP messages.On the client-side,this handler extends the mes-sages with additional information to identify the caller,the called service and additional parameters.The handler at the service-side extracts this information and hands it over to the license manager.This component requests the licenses linked to the called service from the service registry and loads them from the license models component.The li-cense manager interprets the license and checks if access is allowed.If so,it invokes the used license component and the monitoring unit and hands the necessary information over.The monitoring unit gets also invoked if access is not allowed.1<License>2<basic name="Date-Range"3id="1"4start="2007-01-01"5end="2007-31-12"/>6</License>Listing1:Basic license example:Date Range based license1<License>2<chain>3<fork>4<basic name="IP-Range"5id="2"6start="192.168.0.1"7end="192.168.0.10"8subnetmask=""/>9<basic name="IP-Range"10id="3"11start="192.168.1.1"12end=""13subnetmask="255.255.255.0"/>14</fork>15</basic ref="1"/>16</chain>17</License>Listing2:License example:IP Range based recombined license To integrate a third party license system into our license management system,we have developed a Grid service that periodically gathers information from a localﬂexLM6K.Dörnemann,B.Freislebenserver.This information is stored in an internal data structure and registered to the local Globus toolkit4monitoring and discovery system.Registering this information to the MDS has a great advantage:access to the information is standardized,and by regis-tering the local MDS to a another"higher-level"MDS(MDS in a grid are normally hierarchically ordered as a tree)the information is spread over the Grid and Grid-wide accessable at one point.A Grid-wide working(meta-)scheduler or other Grid compo-nents could use this information for scheduling and other concerns.This periodically updated information includes available and used third party licenses.An example is given in listing3.This example is an extraction of the output of the following wsrf-query:$GLOBUS_LOCATION/bin/wsrf-query-s http://localhost:8080/ wsrf/services/DefaultIndexService"/*"1[...]2<ns11:AggregatorData>3<ns1:Licenses xmlns:ns1="http://grid.fb05.de/wsrf/flexLM/FlexLMService">4[...]5<item xmlns="">6<expires>31-dec-0</expires>7<inUse>2</inUse>8<issued>2</issued>9<name>pgcpp-linux86-64</name>10<server>rubens.hrz.uni-siegen.de</server>11<users>12<item>13<address>rubens.hrz.uni-siegen.de</address>14<licenseType>floating license</licenseType>15<startTime>Thu1/1911:03</startTime>16<username>doernemk</username>17<version>v5.1</version>18</item>19[...]20</users>21<vendor>pgroupdA</vendor>22<version>5.100</version>23</item>24[...]Listing3:Extract from a mds wsrf-query showing one of the registeredﬂexLM licensesOur licensing system uses the gathered information to detect whether a third party license is available because this license could be part of one of our licenses or necessary for a service or other software.We are currently implementing methods to reserve a ﬂexLM license through this service to use it as basic license in our system.Furthermore, at this moment we have not implemented the end-user clients,the accounting and billing connector and the scheduler.GES2007Licensing the Use of Grid Services7 5Related WorkAs already mentioned D’Andrea et al.have pointed out the importance of develop-ing appropriate licensing schemes for web services[1].The paper explicates the basic motivation of licensing web services and characteristics that distinct services from soft-ware.This work is only an analysis of the problem and general suggestions to solve it.We agree with the authors with respect to the importance of licensing web services and think that licensing is even more important for Grid services to protect the interests of service providers and developers.In contrast to this more conceptual work,we are providing a prototypical implementation.Jena et al.[2]focus on identifying a collection of services that are aimed at automat-ing the digital licensing of agent-based services.This digital licensing and the agents are implemented as web services.This work also points out the importance of licens-ing web services.The authors suggest a digital rights management service that uses Open Digital Rights Language(ODRL)[3]to express the digital rights for the agent system.ODRL provides one variant of the Rights Expression Language(REL)which is machine-readable and uses terms to express rights and permissions from a Rights Data Dictionary.This REL can be expressed in XML.The speciﬁcation of ODLR describes itself as follows:"The Open Digital Rights Language(ODRL)is a proposed language for the Digital Rights Management(DRM)community for the standardization of expressing rights information over content.The ODRL is intended to provideﬂex-ible and interoperable mechanisms to support transparent and innovative use of digital resources in publishing,distributing and consuming of electronic publications,digital images,audio and movies,learning objects,computer software and other creations in digital form.".The intention of our language is quite similar to ODRL but we focus on the demands of Grid services.This focus make it easier to read,understand and handle documents.ODRL is intended to cover a wide range of content and because of that it is a really complex language.Xiaoshe et al.[4]have designed and implemented aﬂoating license related soft-ware sharing system(Floating License Sharing System)for Grid environments.The main goal of this solution is the dynamic Grid-wide binding of existing proprietary software licenses(like FlexLM,iFOR/LS and LSF License Scheduler)and hardware at runtime.In general,ﬂoating license protected software authorizes its execution by connection to a license server in the local area network.The Floating License Sharing Systems allow to authorize across the Internet.In contrast to our solution,Xiaoshe et al.deal only withﬂoating license protected software,those licenses are normally used to protect the interests of software developers.The protection code is added in the development process and the license is needed to execute the compiled program.The Floating License Sharing System is aﬁne solution to execute proprietary binary code everywhere in the Grid,but not to protect the interests of software providers.Our solu-tion focuses on the execution of or access to Grid services and the interests of software providers and developers.Our licenses are conﬁgured on demand by the administrator using our License Recombination and Description Language.The access conditions speciﬁed by the license can vary from user to user.Guofu et al.[5]propose an approach for organizing and managingﬂoating software licenses combined with a software sharing system in Grid environments.Their license8K.Dörnemann,B.Freislebenmanager is independent of speciﬁc local license management systems.This work com-bines a reservation mechanism with a backﬁlling algorithm to enable their software sharing system and license manager to get licenses efﬁciently.This paper is based upon the work of Xiaoshe et al.[4]and uses the Floating License Sharing System.6ConclusionsWe have presented an approach to license the use of Grid services,with a proto-typical implementation for the Globus toolkit4.Our solution includes a language for describing and recombining licenses.The architecture of the licensing system and im-plementation issues were presented.There are several areas for future work.Currently,our solution is a prototypical implementation that should be completed and extended by additional functionality.In particular,the connection to Grid authentication and authorization systems is one of the planned next steps.Furthermore,a detailed evaluation of the Open Digital Rights Language(ODRL)should be made to decide whether we can integrate it into our lan-guage as a new basic license type or whether ORDL should be extended to handle Grid licensing issues.Since we are currently focusing on a Grid service container but usu-ally there is more than one container in a Grid,we plan to provide a Grid-wide service usage licensing system that enables to manage licenses for all Grid nodes of a virtual organization.This solution will be extended by a market place where users and service providers can trade licenses.Finally,the relationship between licensing the use of Grid service and theﬁeld of service level agreement should be investigated. AcknowledgementsThis work isﬁnancially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)(D-Grid Initiative,InGrid Project).References1.Vincenzo D’Andrea and G.R.Gangadharan.Licensing web services:The rising.In AICT-ICIW’06:Proceedings of the Advanced Int’l Conference on Telecommunications and Int’l Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services,page142,Washington,DC, USA,2006.IEEE Computer Society.2.Rishikesh Jena and Craig Thompson.Digital licensing service for agents and web services.In IEEE International Conference on Integration of Knowledge Intensive Multi-Agent Sys-tems(KIMAS-05),pages418–421,2005.3.Open Digital Rights Language Initiative..4.Dong Xiaoshe,Wang Yinfeng,Zhengfang Guohua,Yang Shuncheng,and Wu Weiguo.Floating license sharing system in grid environment.Proceedings of First International Conference on Semantics,Knowledge and Grid,0:96,2005.5.Feng Guofu,Wang Yinfeng,Guo Hua,and Dong Xiaoshe.Research on software licensemanager and sharing system in grid.In Proceedings of Grid and Cooperative Computing Workshop,0:35–38,2006.。