水利水电专业英语

Profession ：Hydraulic And Hydroelectric Engineering Class & Grade ： 091 Student Name ： Zhang Xu Student Number ： 200916056123

Architecture and Engineering Department

目录

CONTENTS

1. Definition (1)

2. History and recent devel- opments (1)

3. Availability (4)

4. Use (5)

5. Storage (5)

6. Water Balance (6)

7. Water balance and climate change (6)

Water resources in Mexico

1. Definition

Water resources in many parts of Mexico are under stress, especially in the arid northwest and central regions where most of the population lives and most of the economic activities are located. The country has put in place a system of water resources management that includes both central (federal) and decentralized (basin and local) institutions.

Despite many achievements, the water resources sector in Mexico still faces some challenges, including: (i) increasing water scarcity, (ii) deteriorating water quality, (iii) lack of financial sustainability of the water sector, (iv) modernizing water supply and sanitation services, (v) improve competitiveness and efficiency of irrigation, (vi) strengthen water institutions, (vii) adapt to climate change impacts, especially droughts and floods.

2. History and recent devel- opments 1. 定义

在墨西哥许多地方都存在水资源匮乏的压力，特别是在干旱的西北地区和居住着大量人口且经济活动尤为重要的中部地区。该国已实施水资源管理体制，其中包括两个中央（联邦）和地方（流域和当地）机构。

尽管已做出许多成就，但墨西哥水资源部门仍面临一些挑战，包括：（一）水源日益稀缺，（二）水质不断恶化，（三）当地水务部门的财政可持续性，（四）现代化的供水和卫生服务，（五），提高有竞争力和有效率的灌溉，（六）加强水利机构，（七）适应气候变化的影响，特别是干旱和洪涝。

2. 历史及近态发展

Mexico has a long and well established tradition on water resources management (WRM) which started in the 1930s when the country began investing heavily in water storage facilities and groundwater development to expand irrigation and supply water to the rapidly expanding population.

The 1934 Código Agrario, promulgated during the Cárdenas administration (1934-1940), granted the federal government sweeping powers to define the “public interest” to which water could be harnessed. By virtue of such legislation, between the 1930s and 1970s, the ejido sector and rural communities were subject to direct federal control over water. Private landowners, on the other hand, enjoyed the benefits of federally subsidized irrigation infrastructure and guaranteed market prices. Over time, large landowners became highly capitalized, while small farmers, by the 1970s, were suffering from the effects of water monopolies.

In the 1970s, the Mexican government entered into a tripartite agreement with the Wold Bank, and the United Nations Development Program to prepare the 1975 National Water Plan (NWP) which identified the need to enact a National Water Law (NWL) and a National Water Authority as well as decentralize responsibilities and promote water user participation in operational and maintenance (O&M).

墨西哥有一个长期和完善的规定用于水资源管理（简称WRM）方面，即在20世纪30年代开始，国家开始投入大量资金于蓄水设施、开发地下水用于扩大灌溉以及为迅速扩大的人口供水。

1943版土地法1，颁布于卡德纳斯政府（1934年至1940年）期间，此法授予联邦政府广泛的权力来界定“公共利益”用来说明哪些水可以利用。凭借这样的立法，20世纪30年代和70年代之间，合作农场2部门和农村社区遭受直属联邦对水的控制。另一方面，私人土地所有者，享受联邦政府资助的灌溉基础设施，并被保证只收取较低的市场价格。随着时间的推移，大地主变得更加资本化，而小农户，由20世纪70年代，则一直遭受着水垄断的影响。

在20世纪70年代，墨西哥政府签订了一个与世界银行的三方协议，以及联合国发展计划，为了准备1975年国家水计划（NWP），此计划的确定需要制定国家水法（NWL）和国家水管理局并且要责任下放，促进用水的用户参与运营和维护（O＆M）。

1土地法：Código Agrario为西班牙语，意为土地法。

2合作农场：Ejido专指墨西哥的合作农场。合作农场指农业生产者或家庭农场联合起来形成的规模较大，商品化、专业化、社会化程度较高的农