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MIT Newey 课程讲义

GENERALIZED METHOD OF MOMENTSWhitney K. NeweyMITOctober 2007THE GMM ESTIMATOR: The idea is to choose estimates of the parameters by setting sample moments to be close to population counterparts. To describe the underlying moment model and the GMM estimator, let β denote a p ×1 parameter vector, w i a data observation with i =1,...,n, where n is the sample size. Let g i (β)= g (w i ,β) be a m × 1 vector of functions of the data and parameters. The GMM estimator is based on a model where, for the true parameter value β0 the moment conditionsE [g i (β0)] = 0are satis ﬁed.The estimator is formed by choosing β so that the sample average of g i (β)is close t o its zero population value. Let n def1 X g ˆ(β)= g i (β) n i =1 denote the sample average of g i (β). Let Aˆdenote an m ×m positive semi-de ﬁnite matrix. The GMM estimator is given byβˆ=arg m in g ˆ(β)0A ˆg ˆ(β). βThat is βˆis the parameter vector that minimizes the quadratic form ˆg (β)0A ˆg ˆ(β).The GMM estimator chooses βˆso t he sample average ˆg (β) is close to zero. To seethis let k g k ˆ= qAg ,which i s a w ell d e ﬁned norm as long as ˆg 0 A is positive de ﬁnite.AThen since taking the square root is a strictly monotonic transformation, and since the minimand of a function does not change after it is transformed, we also haveβˆ=arg m in k g ˆ(β) − 0k A ˆ. βThus,in a norm corresponding to Aˆthe estimatorβˆis being chosen so that the distancebetweenˆg(β)and0is as small a s p ossible.As w e d iscuss further b elow,w hen m=p,so there are the same number of parameters as moment functions,βˆwill be invariant to Aˆasymptotically.When m>p t he choice of Aˆwill aﬀectβˆ.The acronym GMM is an abreviation for”generalized method of moments,”refering to GMM being a generalization of the classical method moments.The method of moments is b ased on knowing t he form of up to p moments of a variable y as functions of the parameters,i.e.onE[y j]=h j(β0),(1≤j≤p).The method of moments estimatorβˆofβ0is obtained by replacing the population moments by sample moments and solving forβˆ,i.e.by solvingn1X(y i)j=h j(βˆ),(1≤j≤p).ni=1Alternatively,forg i(β)=(y i−h1(β),...,y i p−h p(β))0,method of moments solvesˆg(βˆ)=0.This also means thatβˆminimizesˆg(β)0Aˆgˆ(β)for any Aˆ,so that it is a GMM estimator.GMM is more general in allowing momentfunctions of diﬀerent form than y j−h j(β)and in allowing for more moment functionsithan parameters.One important setting where GMM applies is instrumental variables(IV)estimation. Here the model isy i=X i0β0+εi,E[Z iεi]=0,where Z i is an m×1vector of instrumental variables and X i a p×1vector of right-hand side variables.The condition E[Z iεi]=0is often called a population”orthogonality condition”or”moment condition.”Orthogonality”refers to the elements of Z i andεi being orthogonal in the expectation sense.The moment condition refers to the fact that the product of Z i and y i−X i0βhas expectation zero at the true parameter.This moment condition motivates a GMM estimator where the moment functions are the vector ofproducts of instrumental variables and residuals,as ing i(β)=Z i(y i−X i0β).The GMM estimator can then be obtained by minimizingˆg(β)0Aˆgˆ(β).Because the moment function is linear in parameters there is an explicit,closed form for the estimator.To describe it let Z=[Z1,...,Z n]0,X=[X1,...,X n]0,and y=(y1,...,y n)0.In this example the sample moments are given bynXgˆ(β)=Z i(y i−X i0β)/n=Z0(y−Xβ)/n.i=1Theﬁrst-order conditions for minimization ofˆg(β)0Aˆgˆ(β)can b e w ritten as0=X0AZ0β)=X0Zˆ0y−X0AZ0Zˆ(y−XˆAZ ZˆXβ.ˆThese assuming that X0ZˆAZ0X is nonsingular,this equation can be solved to obtainˆAZ X)−1X0Zˆβ=(X0Zˆ0AZ0y.This is sometimes referred to as a generalized IV estimator.It generalizes the usual two stage least squares estimator,where Aˆ=(Z0Z)−1.Another example is provided by the intertemporal CAPM.Let c i be consumption at time i,R i is asset return between i and i+1,α0is time discount factor,u(c,γ0) utility function,Z i observations on variables available at time i.First-order conditions for utility maximization imply that moment restrictions satisﬁed for·g i(β)=Z i{R i·αu c(c i+1,γ)/u c(c i,γ)−1}.Here GMM is nonlinear IV;residual is term in brackets.No autocorrelation because of one-step ahead decisions(c i+1and R i known at time i+1).Empirical Example:Hansen and Singleton(1982,Econometrica),u(c,γ)=cγ/γ(constant relative risk aversion), c i monthly,seasonally adjusted nondurables(or plus services),R i from stock returns. Instrumental variables are1,2,4,6lags of c i+1and R i.Findγnot signiﬁcantly diﬀerentthan one, marginal rejection from overidenti ﬁcation test. Stock and Wright (2001) ﬁnd weak identi ﬁcation.Another example is dynamic panel data. It is a simple model that is important starting point for microeconomic (e.g. ﬁrm investment) and macroeconomic (e.g. cross-country growth) applications isE ∗(y it |y i,t −1,y i,t −2,...,y i 0,αi )= β0y i,t −1 + αi ,where αi is unobserved individual e ﬀect and E ∗() denotes a population regression. Let ·ηit = y it − E ∗(y it |y i,t −1,...,y i 0,αi ). By orthogonality of residuals and regressors,E [y i,t −j ηit ]=0, (1 ≤ j ≤ t,t =1,...,T ),E [αi ηit ]=0, (t =1,...,T ).Let ∆ denote the ﬁrst di ﬀerence, i.e. ∆y it = y it −y i,t −1.Note that ∆y it = β0∆y i,t −1+∆ηit . Then, by orthogonality of lagged y with current η we haveE [y i,t −j (∆y it − β0∆y i,t −1)] = 0, (2 ≤ j ≤ t,t =1,...,T ).These are instrumental variable type moment conditions. Levels of y it lagged at least two period can be used as instruments for the di ﬀerences. Note that there are di ﬀerent instruments for di ﬀerent residuals. There are also additional moment conditions that come from orthogonality of αi and ηit .They areE [(y iT − β0y i,T −1)(∆y it − β0∆y i,t −1)] = 0, (t =2,...,T − 1).These are nonlinear. Both sets of moment conditions can be combined. To form big moment vector by ”stacking”. Let⎞⎛ y i 0 ⎜⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠ i t (β)= . . . y i,t −2(∆y it − β∆y i,t −1), (t =2,...,T ),g ⎛ ⎞g i α(β)= ⎜⎜⎝ ∆y i 2 − β∆y i 1 . . . ∆y i,T −1 − β∆y i,T −2 ⎟⎟⎠(y iT − βy i,T −1).These moment functions can be combined asg i (β)=(g i 2(β)0,...,g i T (β)0,g i α(β)0)0.Here there are T (T −1)/2+(T −2) moment restrictions. Ahn and Schmidt (1995, Journalof Econometrics) show that the addition of the nonlinear moment condition g iα(β)to the IV ones often gives substantial asymptotic e ﬃciency improvements.Hahn, Hausman, Kuersteiner approach: Long di ﬀerences⎞⎛ g i (β)= ⎜⎜⎜⎜⎝ y i 0 y i 2 − βy i 1 . . .y i,T −1 − βy i,T −2⎟⎟⎟⎟⎠[y iT − y i 1 − β(y i,T −1 − y i 0)] Has better small sample properties by getting most of the information with fewer moment conditions.IDENTIFICATION: Identi ﬁcation is essential for understanding any estimator. Unless parameters are identi ﬁed, no consistent estimator will exist. Here, since GMM estimators are based on moment conditions, we focus on identi ﬁcation based on the moment functions. The parameter value β0 will be identi ﬁed if there is a unique solution tog ¯(β)=0,g ¯(β)= E [g i (β)].If there is more than one solution to these moment conditions then the parameter is not identi ﬁed from the moment conditions.One important necessary order condition for identi ﬁcation is that m ≥ p .Whenm < p ,i .e. there are fewer equations to solve than parameters. there will typically be multiple solutions to the moment conditions, so that β0 is not identi ﬁed from the moment conditions. In the instrumental variables case, this is the well known order condition that there be more instrumental variables than right hand side variables.When the moments are linear in the parameters then there is a simple rank condition that is necessary and su ﬃcient for identi ﬁcation. Suppose that g i (β)is linear in β and let G i = ∂g i (β)/∂β (which does not depend on β by linearity in β). Note that by linearityg i(β)=g i(β0)+G i(β−β0).The moment condition is0=¯g(β)=G(β−β0),G=E[G i]The solution to this moment condtion occurs only atβ0if and only ifrank(G)=p.If rank(G)=p then the only solution to this equation isβ−β0=0,i.e.β=β0.If rank(G)<p t hen there is c=0s uch t hat G c=0,so that forβ=β0+c=β0,g¯(β)=G c=0.For IV G=−E[Z i X i0]so t hat r ank(G)=p is one form of the usual rank condition for identiﬁcation in the linear IV seeting,that the expected cross-product matrix of instrumental variables and right-hand side variables have rank equal to the number of right-hand side variables.In the general nonlinear case it is diﬃcult to specify conditions for uniqueness of the solution to¯g(β)=0.Global conditions for unique solutions to nonlinear equations are not well developed,although there has been some progress recently.Conditions for local identiﬁcation are more straightforward.In general let G=E[∂g i(β0)/∂β]. Then,assuming¯g(β)is continuously diﬀerentiable in a neighborhood ofβ0the condition rank(G)=p will be suﬃcient for local identiﬁcation.That is,rank(G)=p implies that there exists a neighborhood ofβ0such thatβ0is the unique solution to¯g(β)for a llβin that neighborhood.Exact identiﬁcation refers the case where there are exactly as many moment conditions as parameters,i.e.m=p.For IV there would be exactly as many instruments as right-hand side variables.Here the GMM estimator will satisfyˆg(βˆ)=0asymptotically. When there is the same number of equations as unknowns,one can generally solve the equations,so a solution toˆg(β)=0will exist asymptotically.The proof of this statement (due to McFadden)makes use of theﬁrst-order conditions for GMM,which areh i0=∂gˆ(βˆ)/∂β0Aˆgˆ(βˆ).The regularity conditions will require that both∂gˆ(βˆ)/∂βand Aˆare nonsingular with probability approaching one(w.p.a.1),so theﬁrst-order conditions implyˆg(βˆ)=0 w.p.a.1.This will be true whatever the weight matrix,so thatβˆwill be invariant to the form of A.ˆOveridentiﬁcation refers to the case where there are more moment conditions than parameters,i.e.m>p.For IV this will mean more instruments than right-hand side variables.Here a solution toˆg(β)=0generally will not exist,because this would solve more equations than parameters.Also,it can be shown that√ng(βˆ)has a nondegenerateasymptotically normal distribution,so that the probabability ofˆg(βˆ)=0g oes t o z ero. When m>p all that can be done is set sample moments close to zero.Here the choice of Aˆmatters for the estimator,aﬀecting its limiting distribution.TWO STEP OPTIMAL GMM ESTIMATOR:When m>p the GMM estimator will depend on the choice of weighting matrix Aˆ.An important question is how to choose Aˆoptimally,to minimize the asymptotic variance of the GMM estimator.It turnsˆˆpout that an optimal choice of A is any such that A−→Ω−1,whereΩis the asymptoticnvariance of√ngˆ(β0)=P i=1g i(β0)/√n Choosing Aˆ=Ωˆ−1to be the inverse of a consistent estimatorΩˆofΩwill minimize the asymptotic variance of the GMM estimator. This leads to a two-step optimal GMM estimator,where theﬁrst step is construction of Ωˆand the second step is GMM with Aˆ=Ωˆ−1.The optimal Aˆdepends on the form ofΩ.In general a central limit theorem will lead toΩ=lim E[ngˆ(β0)ˆg(β0)0],n−→∞when the limit exists.Throughout these notes we will focus on the stationary case where E[g i(β0)g i+ (β0)0]does not depend on i.We begin by assuming that E[g i(β0)g i+ (β0)0]=0 for all positive integers .ThenΩ=E[g i(β0)g i(β0)0].In this caseΩcan be estimated by replacing the expectation by a sample average andβ0by an estimator β˜, leading to n Ωˆ=1 X g i (β˜)g i (β˜)0. n i =1The β˜could be obtained by GMM estimator by using a choice of A ˆthat does not depend on parameter estimates. For example, for IV β˜could be the 2SLS estimator where Aˆ=(Z 0Z )−1 . In the IV setting this Ωˆhas a heteroskedasticity consistent form. Note that for ε˜i = y i − X i 0β˜, n 1 XΩˆ= Z i Z i 0ε˜2 i . n i =1 The optimal two step GMM (or generalized IV) estimator is thenβˆ=(X 0Z Ωˆ−1Z 0X )−1X 0Z Ωˆ−1Z 0y. Because the 2SLS corresponds to a non optimal weighting matrix this estimator will generally have smaller asymptotic variance than 2SLS (when m >p ). However, whenhomoskedasticity prevails, Ωˆ=ˆσε 2Z 0Z/n is a consistent estimator of Ω, and the 2SLSestimator will be optimal. The 2SLS estimator appears to have better small sample properties also, as shown by a number of Monte Carlo studies, which may occur becauseusing a heteroskedasticity consistent Ωˆadds noise to the estimator. When moment conditions are correlated across observations, an autocorrelation consistent variance estimator estmator can be used, as inX X Ωˆ= Λˆ0 + L w L (Λˆ + Λˆ0 ), Λˆ = n − g i (β˜)g i + (β˜)0/n. =1 i =1 where L is the number of lags that are included and the weights w L are used to ensure Ωˆis positive semi-de ﬁnite. A common example is Bartlett weights w L =1 − /(L +1), as in Newey and West (1987). It is beyond the scope of these notes to suggest choices of L .ˆA consistent estimator Vof the asymptotic variance of √n (βˆ− β0) is needed for asymptotic inference. For the optimal Aˆ= Ωˆ−1 a consistent estimator is given by Vˆ=(G ˆ0Ωˆ−1G ˆ)−1 ,G ˆ= ∂g ˆ(βˆ)/∂β.One could also update the Ωˆby using the two step optimal GMM estimator in place of β˜in its computation. The value of this updating is not clear. One could also update the Aˆin the GMM estimator and calculate a new GMM estimator based on the update. Thisiteration on Ωˆappears to not improve the properties of the GMM estimator very much. A related idea that is important is to simultaneously minimize over β in Ωˆand in the moment functions. This is called the continuously updated GMM estimator (CUE). Forn example, when there is no autocorrelation, for Ωˆ(β)= P i =1 g i (β)g i (β)0/n the CUE isβˆ=arg m in g ˆ(β)0Ωˆ(β)−1g ˆ(β). βThe asymptotic distribution of this estimator is the same as the two step optimal GMM estimator but it tends to have smaller bias in the IV setting, as will be discussed below. It is generally harder to compute than the two-step optimal GMM.ADDING MOMENT CONDITIONS: The optimality of the two step GMM estimator has interesting implications. One simple but useful implication is that adding moment conditions will also decrease (or at least not decrease) the asymptotic variance of the optimal GMM estimator. This occurs because the optimal weighting matrix for fewer moment conditions is not optimal for all the moment conditions. To explain further,suppose that g i (β)=(g i 1(β)0,g i 2(β)0)0. Then the optimal GMM estimator for just the ﬁrstset of moment conditions g i 1(β)is usesÃ!A ˆ= (Ωˆ1)−1 0 ,00 n 1where Ωˆ1 is a consistent estimator of the asymptotic variance of P i =1 g i (β0)/√n. This A ˆis not generally optimal for the entire moment function vector g i (β).For example, consider the linear regression modelE [y i |X i ]= X i 0β0. The least squares estimator is a GMM estimator with moment functions g i 1(β)= Xi (y i − X i 0β). The conditional moment restriction implies that E [εi |X i ]= 0 f or εi = y i − X i 0β0.We can add to these moment conditions by using nonlinear functions of X i as additional”instrumental variables.” Let g 2(β)= a (X i )(y i − X 0β)for s ome (m − p ) × 1vector ofi i functions of X i . Then the optimal two-step estimator based onÃ! g i (β)= a (X X ii )(y i − X i 0β)will be more e ﬃcient than least squares when there is heteroskedasticity. This estimator has the form of the generalized IV estimator described above where Z i =(X i 0,a (X i )0)0. It will provide no e ﬃciency gain when homoskedasticity prevails. Also, the asymptoticvariance estimator Vˆ=(G ˆ0Ωˆ−1G ˆ)−1 tends to provide a poor approximation to the variance of βˆ. See Cragg (1982, Econometrica). Interesting questions here are what and how many functions to include in a (X ) and how to improve the variance estimator. Some of these issues will be further discussed below.Another example is provided by missing data. Consider again the linear regression model, but now just assume that E [X i εi ] = 0, i.e. X i 0β0 may not be the conditional mean. Suppose that some of the variables are sometimes missing and W i denote the variables that are always observed. Let ∆i denote a complete data indicator, equal to 1 if (y i ,X i ) are observed and equal to 0 if only W i is observed. Suppose that the data is missingcompletely at random, so that ∆i is independent of W i .Then thereare two types of moment conditions available. One is E [∆i X i εi ] = 0, leading to a moment function of the formg i 1(β)= ∆i X i (y i − X i 0β). GMM for this moment condition is just least squares on the complete data. The other type of moment condition is based on Cov (∆i ,a (W i )) = 0 for any vector of functions a (W ), leading to a moment function of the formg i 2(η)=(∆i − η)a (W i ).One can form a GMM estimator by combining these two moment conditions. This will generally be asymptotically more e ﬃcient than least squares on the complete data when Y i is included in W i . Also, it turns out to be an approximately e ﬃcient estimator in thepresence of missing data. As in the previous example, the choice of a (W )is an interesting question.Although adding moment conditions often lowers the asymptotic variance it may not improve the small sample properties of estimators. When endogeneity is present adding moment conditions generally increases bias. Also, it can raise the small sample variance. Below we discuss criteria that can be used to evaluate these tradeo ﬀs.One setting where adding moment conditions does not lower asymptotic e ﬃciency i is when those the same number of additional parameters are also added. That is, ifthe second vector of moment functions takes the form g 2(β,γ)where γ has the same2dimension as g situation is analogous to that in the linear simultaneous equations model where adding exactly identi ﬁed equations does not improve e ﬃciency of IV estimates. Here addingexactly identi ﬁedm oment f unctions does not i mprove e ﬃciency of GMM. Another thing GMM can be used for is derive the variance of two step estimators.Consider a two step estimator βˆthat is formed by solving i (β,γ) then there will be no e ﬃciency gain for the estimator of β. This1 n X g n i =12 i (β,γˆ)=0, P 1 i n i i =1 g then ( β,ˆγˆ) is a (joint) GMM estimator for the triangular moment conditionsÃ! 1g where ˆγ is some ﬁrst step estimator. If ˆγ is a GMM estimator solving(γ)/n =0 (γ)g i (β,γ)= 2 .(β,γ) i g The asymptotic variance of √n (βˆ− β0) can be calculated by applying the general GMMformula to this triangular moment condition. = 0 the asymptotic variance of βˆwill not depend on estii When E [∂g 2 mation of γ, i.e. (β0,γ0)/∂γ] i 2will the same as for GMM based on g i (β)= g condition for this is that2 (β,γ0). A su ﬃcientE [g (β0,γ)] = 0i i for all γ in some neighborhood of γ0. Di ﬀerentiating this identity with respect to γ,andassuming that di ﬀerentiation inside the expectation is allowed, gives E [∂g 2(β0,γ0)/∂γ]=0. The interpretation of this is that if consistency of the ﬁrst step estimator does not a ﬀect consistency of the second step estimator, the second step asymptotic variance does not need to account for the ﬁrst step.ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR GMM: We mention precise results for the i.i.d. case and give intuition for the general case. We begin with a consistency result: If the data are i.i.d. and i) E [g i (β)] = 0 if and only if β = β0 (identi ﬁcation); ii) the GMM minimization takes place over a compact set B containing β0; iii) g i (β) iscontinuous at each β with probability one and E [sup β∈B k g i (β)k ] is ﬁnite; iv) Aˆp A → positive de ﬁnite; then βˆp β0.→ See Newey and McFadden (1994) for the proof. The idea is that, for g (β)= E [g i (β)], by the identi ﬁcation hypothesis and the continuity conditions g (β)0Ag (β) will be bounded away from zero outside any neighborhood N of β0. Then by the law of large numbersˆˆp and iv), so will ˆg (β)0A ˆg ˆ(β). But, ˆg (βˆ)0Ag ˆ(βˆ) ≤ g ˆ(β0)0Ag(β0) → 0from the d e ﬁnition of βˆand the law of large numbers, so βˆmust be inside N with probability approaching one. The compact parameter set is not needed if g i (β) is linear, like for IV.Next we give an asymptotic normality result:If the data are i.i.d., βˆp β0 and i) β0 is in the interior of the parameter set over→ which minimization occurs; ii) g i (β) is continuously di ﬀerentiable on a neighborhood Np of β0 iii) E [sup β∈N k ∂g i (β)/∂βk ] is ﬁnite; iv) A ˆ→ A and G 0AG is nonsingular, forG = E [∂g i (β0)/∂β];v) Ω = E [g i (β0)g i (β0)0] exists, thend √ n (βˆ− β0) −→ N (0,V ),V =(G 0AG )−1G 0A ΩAG (G 0AG )−1 .See Newey and McFadden (1994) for the proof. Here we give a derivation of theasymptotic variance that is correct even if the data are not i.i.d.. By consistency of βˆand β0 in the interior of the parameter set, with probability approaching (w.p.a.1) the ﬁrst order condition0= G ˆ0A ˆg ˆ(βˆ), is satis ﬁed, where G ˆ= ∂g ˆ(βˆ)/∂β. Expand ˆg (βˆ)around β0 to obtain0= G ˆ0A ˆg ˆ(β0)+ Gˆ0A ˆG ¯(βˆ− β0),where G ¯= ∂g ˆ(β¯)/∂β and β¯lies on the line joining βˆand β0, and actually di ﬀers from row to row of G¯. Under regularity conditions like those above G ˆ0A ˆG ¯will be nonsingular w.p.a.1. Then multiplying through by √ n and solving gives³´ √ n (βˆ− β0)= − G ˆ0A ˆG ¯−1 G ˆ0A ˆ√ ng ˆ(β0).d ˆp By an appropriate central limit theorem√ ng ˆ(β0) −→ N (0, Ω). Also we have A −→³´ ˆp ¯p ˆ−1 ˆp A, G −→ G, G −→ G, so by the continuous mapping theorem, G 0A ˆG ¯G0A ˆ−→ (G 0AG )−1 G 0A. Then by the Slutzky lemma, d √ n (βˆ− β0) −→ − (G 0AG )−1 G 0AN (0, Ω)= N (0,V ).The fact that A = Ω−1 minimizes the asymptotic varince follows from the Gauss Markov Theorem. Consider a linear model.E [Y ]= G δ,V ar (Y )= Ω.The asymptotic variance of the G MM estimator w ith A = Ω−1 is (G 0Ω−1G )−1.This is also the variance of generalized least squares (GLS) in this model. Consider an estmator δˆ=(G 0AG )−1G 0AY . It is linear and unbiased and has variance V . Then by the Gauss-Markov Theorem,V − (G 0Ω−1G )−1 is p.s.d..We can also derive a condition for A to be e ﬃcient. The Gauss-Markov theorem says that GLS is the the unique minimum variance estimator, so that A is e ﬃcient if and only if(G 0AG )−1G 0A =(G 0Ω−1G )−1G 0Ω−1 .Transposing and multiplying givesΩAG = GB,where B is a nonsingular matrix. This is the condition for A to be optimal.CONDITIONAL MOMENT RESTRICTIONS: Often times the moment restrictions on which GMM is based arise from conditional moment restrictions. Letρi(β)=ρ(w i,β)be a r×1residual vector.Suppose that there are some instruments z i such that the conditional moment restrictionsE[ρi(β0)|z i]=0are satisﬁed.Let F(z i)be an m×r matrix of instrumental variables that are functions of z i.Let g i(β)=F(z i)ρi(β).Then by iterated expectations,E[g i(β0)]=E[F(z i)E[ρi(β0)|zβi]]=0.Thus g i(β)satisﬁes the GMM moment restrictions,so that one can form a GMM estimator as described above.For moment functions of the form g i(β)=F(z i)ρi(β)we can think of GMM as a nonlinear instrumental variables estimator.The optimal choice of F(z)can b e d escribed as follows.Let D(z)=E[∂ρi(β0)/∂β|z i= z]andΣ(z)=E[ρi(β0)ρi(β0)0|z i=z].The optimal choice of instrumental variables F(z)isF∗(z)=D(z)0Σ(z)−1.This F∗(z)is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the asymptotic variance of a GMM estimator with moment functions g i(β)=F(z i)ρi(β)and a weighting matrix A.To show this optimality let F i=F(z i),F i∗=F∗(z i),andρi=ρi(β0).Then by iterated expectations,for a GMM estimator with moment conditions g i(β)=F(z i)ρi(β), G=E[F i∂ρi(β0)/∂β]=E[F i D(z i)]=E[F iΣ(z i)F i∗0]=E[F iρiρ0i F i∗0].Let h i=G0AF iρi and h∗i=F i∗ρi,so thatG0AG=G0AE[F iρi h∗i0]=E[h i h i∗0],G0AΩAG=E[h i h i0].Note that for F i=F i∗we have G=Ω=E[h∗i h∗i0].Then the diﬀerence of the asymptotic variance for g i(β)=F iρi(β)and s ome A and the asymptotic variance for g i(β)=F i∗ρi(β) is(G0AG)−1G0AΩAG(G0AG)−1−(E[h∗i h∗i0])−1=(E[h i h∗i0])−1{E[h i h0i]−E[h i h i∗0](E[h i∗h i∗0])−1E[h i∗h i0]}(E[h i∗h i0])−1.The matrix in brackets is the second moment matrix of the population least squares projection of h i on h∗i and is thus positive semideﬁnite,so the whole matrix is positive semi-deﬁnite.Some examples help explain the form of the optimal instruments.Consider the linear regression model E[y i|X i]=X i0β0and letρi(β)=y i−X i0β,εi=ρi(β0),andσi2=E[ε2i|X i]=Σ(z i).Here the instruments z i=X i.A GMM e stimator with moment conditions F(z i)ρi(β)=F(X i)(y i−X0β)is the estimator described above thatiwill be asymptotically more eﬃcient than least squares when F(X i)includes X i.Here ∂ρi(β)/∂β=−X i0,so that the optimal instruments areF i∗=−X2i.iHere the GMM estimator with the optimal instruments in the heteroskedasticity corrected generalized least squares.Another example is a homoskedastic linear structural equation.Here againρi(β)= y i−X i0βbut now z i is not X i and E[εi2|z i]=σ2is constant.Here D(z i)=−E[X i|z i]is the reduced form for the right-hand side variables.The optimal instruments in this example areF i∗=−D(z i).Here the reduced form may be linear in z i or nonlinear.For a given F(z)the GMM estimator with optimal A=Ω−1corresponds to an approximation to the optimal estimator.For simplicity we describe this interpretation for r=p=1.Note that for g i=F iρi it follows similarly to above that G=E[g i h i∗0],so thatG0Ω−1=E[h i∗g i0](E[g i g i0])−1.That is G0Ω−1are the coeﬃcients of the population projection of h∗i on g i.Thus we can interpret theﬁrst order conditions for GMMnX0=Gˆ0Ωˆ−1gˆ(βˆ)=Gˆ0Ωˆ−1F iρi(β)/n,i=1can be interpreted as an estimated mean square approximation to theﬁrst order conditions for the optimal estmatornX0=F i∗ρi(β)/n.i=1(This holds for GMM in other models too).One implication of this interpretation is that if the number and variety of the elements of F increases in such a way that linear combinations of F can approximate any function arbitrarily well then the asymptotic variance for GMM with optimal A will approach the optimal asymptotic variance.To show this,recall that m is the dimension of F i and let the notation F i m indicate dependence on m.Suppose that for any a(z)with E[Σ(z i)a(z i)2]ﬁnite there exists m×1vectorsπm such that as m−→∞E[Σ(z i){a(z i)−πm0F i m}2]−→0.For example,when z i is a scalar the nonnegative integer powers of a bounded monotonic transformation of z i will have this property.Then it follows that for h m i=ρi F i m0Ω−1G E[{h∗i i i−ρi F i m0i{F i∗−F i m−h m}2]≤E[{h∗πm}2]=E[ρ20πm}2]=E[Σ(z i){F i∗−F i m0πm}2]−→0.Since h i m converges in mean square to h i∗,E[h i m h i m0]−→E[h i∗h∗i0],and hence (G0Ω−1G)−1=(G0Ω−1E[g i g i0]Ω−1G)−1=(E[h i m h i m0])−1−→(E[h i∗h i∗0])−1.Because the asymptotic variance is minimzed at h∗i the asymptotic variance will a pproach the lower bound more rapidly as m grows than h m i approaches h∗i.In practice this may mean that it is possible to obtain quite low asymptotic variance with relatively few approximating functions in F i m.An important issue for practice is the choice of m.There has been some progress on this topic in the last few years,but it is beyond the scope of these notes.BIAS IN GMM:The basic idea of this discussion is to consider the expectation of the GMM objective function.This analysis is similar to that in Han and Phillips(2005).。

ICR-D2001-IR 2MP HD Dome 网络摄像头产品说明书

ICR-D2001-IR2MP HD Dome Network Camera●1/2.9” 2 Megapixel progressive CMOS ●H.264+ & H.264 dual-stream encoding ●25/30fps@1080P(1920×1080)●DWDR, Day/Night(ICR), 3DNR, AWB, AGC, BLC● 2.8 mm fixed lens●Max IR LEDs Length 30m ●IP67, PoESmart H.264+Delivering high quality video without straining the network, Smart H.264+ is the optimized implementation of H.264. The Smart H.264+ encoding platform includes a scene adaptive encoding strategy, dynamic GOP, dynamic ROI, flexible multi-frame reference structure and intelligent noise reduction, providing a savings of up to 70% of bandwidth and storage when compared with standard H.264.True Day/NightA day/night mechanical IR cut filter makes this camera ideal for applications with fluctuating lighting conditions, delivering color images during the day and automatically switching to monochrome as the scene darkens.Smart IRWith IR illumination, detailed images can be captured in low light or total darkness. The camera's Smart IR technology adjusts to the intensity of camera's infrared LEDs to compensate for the distance of an object. Smart IR technology prevents IR LEDS from whiting out images as they come closer to the camera. The camera's integrated infrared illumination provides high performance in extreme low-light environments up to 30m (98ft).Your favorite 'dome' style camera, now available in the EDGE lineup - the ICR-D2001-IR.The ICR-D4001-IR is a 2MP Day/Night camera with a 2.8mm fixed lens. The camera itself supports H264 and H264+compression, and True Day/Night viewing at up to 30 meters with 0 light. It's IP67 weather rated, IK10 impact proof as well as PoE.*All Edge series products come with a 3 year limited warrantySystem OverviewFunctionsEnvironmentalWith a temperature range of -30 °C to +60 °C (-22°F to +140 °F), the camera is designed for extreme temperature environments. The camera complies to an IK10 impact rating making it capable of withstanding the equivalent of 5 kg (11.02 lbs) of force. Subjected and certified to rigorous dust and water immersion tests, the IP67 rating makes it suitable for demanding outdoor applications. For environments with rain, sleet, snow and fog, an integrated wiper provides users with clear visibility at all times.ProtectionSupporting ±10% input voltage tolerance, this camera suits even the most unstable conditions for outdoor applications. Its 6KV lightning rating provides protection against the camera and its structure from the effects of lightning.InteroperabilityThe camera conforms to the ONVIF (Open Network VideoInterface Forum) specifications, ensuring interoperability between network video products regardless of manufacturer.Technical SpecificationImage Sensor 1/2.9” 2 Megapixel progressive CMOS Effective Pixels 1920(H) x 1080(V)RAM/ROM 256MB/16MB Scanning System ProgressiveElectronic Shutter Speed Auto/Manual, 1/3(4)~1/100000s Minimum Illumination`0.1Lux/F2.0(Color)0Lux/F2.0(IR on)S/N Ratio More than 50dBIR Distance Distance up to 30m(98ft)IR On/Off Control Auto/ Manual IR LEDs24Lens Type Fixed Mount Type Board-in Focal Length 2.8 mm Max. Aperture F2.0Angle of View H:110°, V:57°Optical Zoom N/A Focus Control Fixed Close Focus Distance N/A DORI DistanceLens Detect Observe Recognize Identify 2.8MM147ft59ft30ft16ftLensCameraPan/Tilt/Rotation RangePan:0° ~355° ;Tilt:0° ~65° ;Rotation:0° ~355°Pan/Tilt/RotationIVSN/A Advanced Intelligent FunctionsN/AIntelligenceCompression H.264+/H.264Streaming Capability 2 StreamsResolution1080P(1920×1080)/1.3M(1280×960)/720P(1280×720)/D1(704×576/704×480)/CIF(352×288/352×240)Frame RateMain Stream: 2M (1 ~ 25/30fps)Sub Stream: D1/CIF(1 ~ 25/30fps)N/ABit Rate Control CBR/VBRBit Rate H264:24K ~ 8192Kbps Day/Night Auto(ICR) / Color / B/W BLC Mode BLC / HLC / DWDRWhite Balance Auto/Natural/Street Lamp/Outdoor/Manual Gain Control Auto / Manual Noise Reduction 3D DNRMotion Detection Off / On (4 Zone, Rectangle)Region of InterestOff / On (4 Zone)VideoElectronic Image Stabilization (EIS)Support Smart IR Support Defog N/A Digital Zoom 16xFlip 0° / 90° / 180° / 270°MirrorOff / OnPrivacy MaskingOff / On (4 Area, Rectangle)CompressionN/AAudioEthernet RJ-45 (10/100Base-T)Protocol HTTP;HTTPs;TCP;ARP;RTSP;RTP;UDP;SMTP;FTP;DHCP;DNS;DDNS;PPPOE;IPv4/v6;QoS;UPnP;NTP ;Bonjour;802.1x;Multicast;ICMP;IGMP InteroperabilityONVIF, PSIA, CGI Streaming Method Unicast / Multicast Max. User Access 10 Users/20 UsersEdge Storage NAS(Network Attached Storage)Local PC for instant recording Web ViewerIE, Chrome, Firefox, Safari Management Software SmartICRSS, DSS Smart PhoneIOS, AndroidNetworkCertificationsCE (EN 60950:2000);UL:UL60950-1;FCC: FCC Part 15 Subpart BCertificationsVideo InterfaceN/A Audio Interface N/A RS485N/A AlarmN/AInterfacePower SupplyDC12V, PoE (802.3af)(Class 0)Power Consumption<3.7WElectricalOperating Conditions -30° C ~ +60° C (-22° F ~ +140° F) / Less than 95% RH Storage Conditions -30° C ~ +60° C (-22° F ~ +140° F) / Less than 95% RH Ingress Protection IP67Vandal ResistanceN/AEnvironmentalCasing MetalDimensions Φ109.9mm × 81mm (4.33" x 3.19")Net Weight 0.34Kg (0.75lb)Gross Weight0.47Kg (1.04lb)ConstructionAccessories Dimensions (mm/in)。

Eaton Moeller Rapid Link 速度调节器 198801 产品说明说明书

Eaton 198801Eaton Moeller® series Rapid Link - Speed controllers, 5.6 A, 2.2 kW, Sensor input 4, 180/207 V DC, AS-Interface®, S-7.4 for 31 modules, HAN Q4/2General specificationsEaton Moeller® series Rapid Link Speed controller1988014015081968596157 mm 270 mm 220 mm 3.41 kg IEC/EN 61800-5-1 RoHS UL approval CE UL 61800-5-1Product NameCatalog NumberEANProduct Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Certifications Catalog Notes can be switched over from U/f to (vector) speed control Connection of supply voltage via adapter cable on round or flexible busbar junction Diagnostics and reset on device and via AS-Interface Four fixed speeds integrated PTC thermistorParameterization: FieldbusDiagnostics and reset on device and via AS-Interface Parameterization: drivesConnectParameterization: drivesConnect mobile (App) Parameterization: KeypadFour fixed speedsPC connectionIGBT inverterKey switch position AUTOSelector switch (Positions: REV - OFF - FWD)Key switch position HANDPTC thermistor monitoringThermo-click with safe isolationControl unitTwo sensor inputs through M12 sockets (max. 150 mA) for quick stop and interlocked manual operationInternal DC linkKey switch position OFF/RESETFor actuation of motors with mechanical brake IP65NEMA 121st and 2nd environments (according to EN 61800-3)IIISpeed controllerASIAS-Interface profile cable: S-7.4 for 31 modulesC2, C3: depending on the motor cable length, the connected load, and ambient conditions. External radio interference suppression filters (optional) may be necessary.C1: for conducted emissions only2000 VCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)AC voltagePhase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.Vertical15 g, Mechanical, According to IEC/EN 60068-2-27, 11 ms, Half-sinusoidal shock 11 ms, 1000 shocks per shaftResistance: 6 Hz, Amplitude 0.15 mmResistance: 57 Hz, Amplitude transition frequency on accelerationResistance: 10 - 150 Hz, Oscillation frequencyResistance: According to IEC/EN 60068-2-6Above 1000 m with 1 % performance reduction per 100 m Max. 2000 m-10 °C40 °C-40 °C70 °CFeatures Fitted with:Functions Degree of protectionElectromagnetic compatibility Overvoltage categoryProduct categoryProtocolRadio interference classRated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp) System configuration typeMounting position Shock resistance Vibration AltitudeAmbient operating temperature - min Ambient operating temperature - max Ambient storage temperature - min Ambient storage temperature - max< 95 %, no condensation In accordance with IEC/EN 50178Adjustable, motor, main circuit 0.5 - 5.6 A, motor, main circuit < 10 ms, On-delay < 10 ms, Off-delay 98 % (η)5.3 A3.5 mA120 %Maximum of one time every 60 seconds 380 V480 V380 - 480 V (-10 %/+10 %, at 50/60 Hz)PM and LSPM motors BLDC motors U/f controlSensorless vector control (SLV) Synchronous reluctance motors 0 Hz500 HzFor 60 s every 600 s At 40 °C8.4 AClimatic proofingCurrent limitationDelay timeEfficiency Input current ILN at 150% overload Leakage current at ground IPE - max Mains current distortion Mains switch-on frequencyMains voltage - min Mains voltage - max Mains voltage toleranceOperating mode Output frequency - min Output frequency - max Overload current Overload current IL at 150% overload45 Hz66 Hz2.2 kW400 V AC, 3-phase480 V AC, 3-phase0.1 Hz (Frequency resolution, setpoint value)200 %, IH, max. starting current (High Overload), For 2 seconds every 20 seconds, Power section50/60 Hz8 kHz, 4 - 32 kHz adjustable, fPWM, Power section, Main circuitCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)AC voltagePhase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.3 HP≤ 0.6 A (max. 6 A for 120 ms), Actuator for external motor brakeAdjustable to 100 % (I/Ie), DC - Main circuit≤ 30 % (I/Ie)280/207 V DC -15 % / +10 %, Actuator for external motor brake10 kAType 1 coordination via the power bus' feeder unit, Main circuit180/207 V DC (external brake 50/60 Hz)24 V DC (-15 %/+20 %, external via AS-Interface® plug)AS-InterfacePlug type: HAN Q4/2Max. total power consumption from AS-Interface® power supply unit (30 V): 190 mANumber of slave addresses: 31 (AS-Interface®) Specification: S-7.4 (AS-Interface®)C3 ≤ 25 m, maximum motor cable length C1 ≤ 1 m, maximum motor cable length C2 ≤ 5 m, maximum motor cable lengthMeets the product standard's requirements.Rated frequency - minRated frequency - maxRated operational power at 380/400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase Rated operational voltageResolutionStarting current - maxSupply frequencySwitching frequencySystem configuration type Assigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase Braking currentBraking torqueBraking voltageRated conditional short-circuit current (Iq)Short-circuit protection (external output circuits) Rated control voltage (Uc)Communication interfaceConnectionInterfacesCable length10.2.2 Corrosion resistanceMeets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Rapid Link 5 - brochureDA-SW-USB Driver PC Cable DX-CBL-PC-1M5DA-SW-drivesConnect - installation helpDA-SW-Driver DX-CBL-PC-3M0DA-SW-drivesConnect - InstallationshilfeDA-SW-USB Driver DX-COM-STICK3-KITDA-SW-drivesConnectMaterial handling applications - airports, warehouses and intra-logisticseaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-004.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-003.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-002.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions.epsETN.RASP5-5401A31-4120000S1.edzIL034085ZUramo5_v23.dwgrasp5_v23.stpGeneration Change RA-SP to RASP5Generation change RAMO4 to RAMO5Generation change from RA-MO to RAMO 4.0Generation change from RA-SP to RASP 4.0Generation Change RASP4 to RASP5Configuration to Rockwell PLC for Rapid LinkDA-DC-00004508.pdfDA-DC-00003964.pdfDA-DC-00004184.pdfDA-DC-00004514.pdf10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosures10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heat10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effects10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiation10.2.5 Lifting10.2.6 Mechanical impact10.2.7 Inscriptions10.3 Degree of protection of assemblies10.4 Clearances and creepage distances10.5 Protection against electric shock10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connections10.8 Connections for external conductors10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strength10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltage10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating material BrochureDisegnieCAD modelIstruzioni di installazione mCAD modelNote per l'applicazione Report di certificazioneEaton Corporation plc Eaton House30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland © 2023 Eaton. Tutti i diritti riservati. Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks areproperty of their respectiveowners./socialmediaThe panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.The device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.10.10 Temperature rise10.11 Short-circuit rating10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility10.13 Mechanical function。

东风军用汽车《培训讲义》.doc

目录A- 2 -B- 11 -C- 20 -D- 30 -E- 40 -F- 45 -G- 53 -H- 57 -I- 62 -J- 64 -K- 64 -L- 65 -M- 66 -N- 70 -O- 71 -P- 72 -Q- 76 -R- 76 -S- 78 -T- 95 -U- 105 -V- 106 -W- 111 -X- 115 -Y- 116 -Z- 116 -Aa-grain 高铝颗粒A.S.T.M. specification A.S.T.M. 的规范abbe number or abbe value 阿贝值abbe refractometer 阿贝折射计abbertite 黑沥青ablation 耗损ablative shielding 剥落，散热性屏蔽(太空) abnormal setting 异常凝结abnormal steel 异常钢abradant 摩擦剂Abram's law 亚伯姆定律Abrams method of proportioning 阿不伦氏配合方法abrasion 磨耗abrasion cutting 磨切abrasion resistance 耐磨抗力abrasion test 磨耗试验abrasive 研磨剂，磨料abrasive belt 研磨带abrasive brick 研磨砖abrasive cloth 研磨布，砂布abrasive disc 金刚砂研磨盘abrasive grain 研磨粒abrasive grains 研磨粒abrasive hardness 耐磨硬度abrasive paper 砂纸abrasive paper 磨擦纸abrasive stone 磨石abrasive tool 磨具abrasive wheel 砂轮，磨轮abros 阿伯罗期1-一种抗腐蚀合金88%Ni；10%Cr；2%Mn)absolute temperature 绝对温度absorber1 中子吸收材料2 动能吸收材料(如铅，金属，蜂巢，塑胶泡沫等)absorption 吸着absorption band 吸收带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption edge 吸收限absorption limit 吸收限absorption test 吸收率试验absorption-type inhibitor (inhibiter)吸着型(腐蚀)抑制剂Abyssinian gold 阿比西尼亚金88%Cu,11.5%Zn,0.5%Au AC parametric test/AC testAC 参数试验/交流测试AC test 交流测试accelerated aging 加速老化(橡胶)accelerated cement 速凝水泥accelerated gum 速成胶acceleration 自旋马达之加速度特性acceleration factor 加速因数acceleration tube 加速管acceleration voltage 加速电压accelerator 催速剂；加速器acceptable wafer size 适用晶圆尺寸acceptor 受素；受体acceptor impurity 受素不纯物acceptor level1 受素能阶2 受者能阶accessory mineral 附生矿物accommodation kink 缓和节accumulate/accumulation 累积加算accumulator metal 蓄电合金(90%Pb, 9.2%Sn, 0.8%Sb)accuracy 精度accuracy test 精度试验acetone 丙酮acetylene 乙炔acetylene tetrabromide 四溴化乙炔Acheson furnace 艾其逊炉(制碳化矽用电弧炉) Acheson process 艾其逊法(用电弧炉制碳化矽) acicular cast iron 针状铸体acicular powder 针状粉末acicular structure 针状组织acid Bessemer converter 酸性柏思麦转炉acid Bessemer process 酸性柏思麦法acid Bessemer steel 柏思麦钢acid brick 酸性砖acid brittleness 酸洗脆性acid bronze 耐酸青铜acid dip 酸浸acid earth 酸性土acid electric arc furnace 酸性电弧炉acid electric furnace 酸性电炉acid embossing 酸刻acid etching 酸蚀acid flux 酸性溶剂acid frosting 酸霜法（玻）acid hearth 酸性炉膛(床)acid lining1 酸性衬里2 酸性炉衬acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平炉acid open-hearth process 酸性平炉法acid pickling 酸洗acid pig iron 酸性生铁acid polishing 酸磨光acid proof alloy 耐酸合金acid proof cast iron 耐酸铸铁acid refractories 酸性耐火材料acid refractory material 酸性耐火材料acid resisting cast iron 耐酸铸铁acid resisting enamel 抗酸搪瓷acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid slag 酸性渣acid steel 酸性钢acid-core solder 酸心软焊条acid-proof brick 耐酸砖acid-proof cement 耐酸水泥acidic component 酸性成分acidic oxide 酸性氧化物acidic rock 酸性岩acidity 酸度acierage 电镀铁(钢)acieration 加碳於铁(钢)包括渗碳表面硬化表面渗覆acoustic fatigue 音波疲劳(亦称sonic fatigue 为由噪音或乱气流所产生之疲劳acoustic mill 音控磨acrolite1 陨石2 爱尔兰合金(12%Cu, 2%Mn 之活塞用铝合金)actinolite 阳起石activated absorption 活性吸着activated alumina 活性铝氧activated atom 活化原子activated carbon 活性碳activated charcoal 活性炭activated species 活性种activation 活性化activation analysis 活性分析activation energy 活性化能activation polarization 活性极化activator 活化剂active carbon 活性碳active clay 活性黏土active damper 有源阻尼器active load 有能源负载，主动负载active material 放射[性]材料active region 活性区active-passive metal 活性-钝态金属active-passive transition 活性-钝态转变activity1 活[性]度2 活[性]量activity coefficient 活性系数activity index 活性指数actual wafer thickness 晶圆实际厚度adapter brick 楔砖（陶）adaptive controller/automatic thickness controller 自适控制器/自动厚度控制器adaptive Z functionZ 轴上承载压自动调整功能adaptor 接头addition agent 添日剂additive 添加剂address multiplex function 位址多工功能address scramble function 位址打散功能adherence test 黏着试验adhesion force 附着力adhesion promoter coat/vapor primer 黏着力促进膜涂敷/汽相底层adhesion strength 附着强度adhesives 黏合剂adiabatic change 绝热变化adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic curve 绝热曲线adiabatic deformation 绝热变形adiabatic demagnetization 绝热去磁adiabatic elasticity 绝热弹性adiabatic equation 绝热方程式adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀adiabatic gradient 绝热梯度adiabatic invariance 绝热不变性adiabatic invariant 绝热不变量adiabatic potential 绝热电位adiabatic principle 绝热原理adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic system 绝热系统adjustable die 可调模具adjustable gauge 可调量规adjustable mandrel 可调心轴admiralty brass 海将炮铜admiralty metal 海将金属admixture 搀和物Adnic alloy 艾德立克合金(冷凝器管用之铜镍合金，70% Cu,29%Ni,1%Sn)adobe admixture 土砖；晒乾砖adsorbed film 吸附膜adsorbed layer 吸附层adsorption 吸附[作用]adsorption energy 吸附能adularia 冰长石advance 艾德凡司(含40%-44%Ni 之铜合金热电偶用)advanced global alignment 进步型全晶圆调准AEC, Atomic Energy commission 原子能委员会aegirite 纯钠辉石aerated concrete 充气混凝土aeration 充气法aeration 充气（水泥）aeration cell 充气电池aerator 松砂机aerobic bacteria 嗜氧细菌aeroclay 风簸黏土aerograph 喷雾器aerolite1 陨石2 爱罗耐合金(12%Cu, 2%Mn 其余为Al 制活塞用)aerospace corrosion 太空腐蚀aerospace material 太空材料aerugo 铜绿after blow1 後期吹炼2 後期吹风after contraction 再热收缩after cure/post cure 二次熟化/二次硬化after glow Microwave plasma enhanced CVD system 隔离行微波等离子体增强型CVD 系统after-corrosion 後端腐蚀after-treatment 後处理agalmatolite 寿山石agalmatolite brick 蜡石砖agate 玛瑙age 材龄age hardening 时效硬化agglomerated structure 聚结组织agglomerating 黏聚（从化工）agglomeration1 凝聚2聚结aggregate 骨材；聚集体aggregate-cement ratio 骨材水泥比aging 时效aging crack 时效裂纹(痕)aging range 时效温度范围aging test 时效试验agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器agricultural steel 农具钢(0.25%-0.5% C)aguite 普通辉石air analysis 风析air analyzer 风析器air automatic welding 气体自动[电弧]焊接air belt1 风带2 风箱air bending 空中弯折air blast 鼓风air blast quenching 强风淬火air blasting 鼓风air box 风箱air breakdown 空气绝缘破坏air brick 通风砖air burner 喷灯air carbon-arc cutting 空气炭弧切割air chamber 气室air channel 开路air chuck 气动夹头air classification 空气分级air compressor 空气压缩机air content test 空气含量试验air cooling[ 空]气冷[却]air craft quality steel 航空级用钢air deposited clay 风积黏土air dried strength 风乾强度air driven hammer 气动鎚air dry 兆乾air dry fiber 风乾纤维air dust 导气管air entraining admixture 输气搀加物air entraining agent 输气剂air entraining cement 拌沬水泥air entraining Portland cement 输气波特兰水泥air entrainment 输气air floated powder 风簸粉air flue 空气道air furnace 空气炉air gap 空气隙air gas furnace 煤气炉air gauge (quauanatic micrometer)空气量规air gun 气枪air hammer 空气鎚air hardening 风硬air hardening steel 风硬钢air hole 气孔air leakage test 漏气试验air lift 气升air melting 大开熔解air meter 气量计air nozzle 空气喷嘴air patenting 空气勒化air permeability 透气性air port 通气口air pressure 气压air pressure type 气压式air quenching cooler 风激泠却机（泥）air rammer 气动撞鎚air seal 气封air seal type clean draft chamber 密封式洁净通风室air seasoning 辈乾法air separator 风析机air set process 风硬[造模]法air setting[ 常温]空气自硬法air shrinkage 风乾收缩air sieve 风析air slaked lime 风化石灰air slide conveyor 滑运机air tension 空气张力air toughening 空气勒化[法]air uptake 空气喉道air vent 透气孔air weight control 风量控制air-acetylene 空气-乙炔air-annealing 空气退火air-borne sealing 吸粉封补air-entrained concrete 伴沫混凝土air-lift gravity drop hammer 气提自落鎚air-setting refractory mortar 风凝耐火泥air-slaked lime 风化石灰airless blast cleaner 离心喷砂机airless blast cleaning 离心喷光法airless spraying 压力喷涂AISIA (American Iron & Steel Institute)美国钢铁协会Aitch metal 爱蒂金属(含60%Cu,40%Zn,1-2þ, 有良好铸造性与强度)Ajax alloy 亚杰斯合金(－系一轴承，铸造用合金)Ajax-Northrup furnace 亚杰诺斯电炉Ajax-Scomet induction furnace 亚杰斯可美感应电炉Ajax-Wyatt furnace 亚杰卫特电炉Akrit 亚克里特(切割工具尖端硬材料含38%Co,30%Cr,16%W,10%Ni,4þ,2%C)al-fin process 铝翅法(以铝镀覆钢面之热浸法) alabaster 雪花石膏，纯白生石膏alabaster glass 雪花玻璃alabaster ware 雪花[骨灰] 瓷Alader 亚兰德合金(法国用名=Alpax alloys)Alar alloys 亚拉合金(一系列铝矽铸造合金，4.5-6%Si 或10-13%Si，其余为铝，有时少许Cu 和Zn)albany glaze 阿邦尼釉albata 洋银，德[国]银，铜镍合金Albatra alloy 亚伯他合金(家庭器血用，今60%Cu, 20%Zn, 有时加1-2%Pb)alberti furnace 阿伯蒂炉Albion metal 亚宾夹片金属(镀锡铝箔，作装饰品及玩具用) albite 钠长石albumen albumin 蛋白质(水溶性)ALCAN 加拿大铝业公司alchemy 链丹术alclad 铝夹板Alcoa 美国铝业公司alcogel 醇凝胶alcomax 亚可墨磁体合金(一系列硬脆永久磁性材料，含10%Al,15%Ni,20-25%Co, 其余为Fe, 另加少许F alcove 流槽Alcumite 亚克美拟金合金(金色铝青铜，8%Al,0-2þ,1%Ni, 其余为铜)Alcunic 亚克力合金(铝铜合金，16-27%Zn,2%Al,1%Ni, 其余为铜及1%以下Sn)aldip process 浸铝法(铝的热浸法)Aldural 亚杜拉铝夹板(杜拉铝两面包以商业用97.7%纯铝)aldurbra 亚杜保(一种铝黄铜，含2%Al,22%Zn, 其余为铜)alfenide 亚分镍黄铜(含(60%Cu,29%Zn,10%Ni,1þ)Alfenol 亚分铝铁合金(含14-18%Al, 其余为Fe, 具高导磁率，低磁滞，优良耐氧化性)alfer 亚福铝铁合金(含12%Al, 其余为Fe)alger metal 亚尔加合金(白色铸造合金，为廉价珠宝用，含90%Sn,10%Sb 与argentine metal 相若)algorithm controller 演算法控制器algorithmic pattern generator 演算法图案产生器aligner for large liquid crystal display substrate 大型液晶显示基板对准曝光器alignment 定向alignment accuracy 位置对准精确度alignment mark 对准标记alignment offset 对准偏移alignment scope 对准用双眼显微镜alignment stage 调准夹片台alite 矽酸三钙alitieren 渗铝法(铝粉渗透法) alkali 硷alkali (high) cement 高硷水泥alkali cleaning 硷洗alkali embrittlement 硷脆性alkali metals 硷金属alkali-aggregate expansion inhibitor 硷性-骨材膨胀抑制剂alkali-aggregate reaction 硷性骨材反应alkaline cleaning 硷洗alkaline earth metal 硷土金属alkaline glaze 硷性釉alkalinity 硷度alkalinity（PH4.8）含硷量（PH4.8）all-base furnace 全硷性炉all-mine pig-iron 原矿生铁allan metal 亚兰合金(一种轴承合金50%Cu,50%Pb, 有时加至5%Sn)alligator effect 鳄皮状效应(晶体之塑性变形而产生表面粗糙之金属片)alligator shears 鳄口形剪alligator skin 鳄皮状表面allomeric 同晶异晶allomorphous 同质异晶allophane 铝英石（从矿）allotriomorphic crystal 不整形晶体allotrope 同素异形体allotropic transformation 同素变态allotropy 同素异形allowable stress 许用应力allowance 裕度allowance for shrinkage 收缩裕度allowed band 容许带alloxite (alundum)刚铝石alloy 合金alloy carbide 合金碳化物alloy cast iron 合金铸铁alloy element 合金元素alloy pig iron 合金生铁Alloy plating 合金电镀alloy powder 铝金粉末alloy steel 合金钢alloy steel casting 合金钢铸件alloy strip 合金钢带alloy tool steel 合金工具钢alluvial clay 冲积黏土alluvial deposits 慢水流沉积物almandine 铁铝（石）榴子石alnico 亚力可(铝镍钴磁铁)alnico alloy 亚力可合金aloxite (同alundum)刚铝石alpax alloy 亚伯斯合金(铝矽合金)alpha brassα- 黄铜alpha bronzeα- 青铜alpha-beta titanium alloyα-β 钛合金alpha-ironα- 铁alpha-particleα- 粒子alplate process 覆铝法alsifer 铝矽铁(一种40þ,40%Si,20%Al 之合金) alteration 交变（从物）alternate firing 交互烧制alternate wet and dry test 交替乾湿试验alternating bend test 反覆弯曲试验alternating stress 交替应力aludip 铝浸钢片(以热浸法镀铝之钢片)alum 明矾alumel 亚铝美(热电偶用98%Ni, 2%Al)alumel-chromel thermocouple 亚铝美-克铬美热电偶alumilite cement 高铝水泥alumilite process 铝阳极氧化法alumina 铝氧，氧化铝alumina brick 氧化铝砖，铝氧砖alumina cement 矾土水泥alumina porcelain 高铝瓷alumina whiteware 高铝白瓷器alumina-silica refractory 矽铝耐火物aluminizing (calorizing)渗铝法alumino thermic process 铝热法alumino-nickle 铝镍合金alumino-silicate 铝矽砖aluminous cement 高铝水泥aluminum (aluminium)铝aluminum alloy 铝合金aluminum alloy casting 铝合金铸件aluminum brass 铝黄铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum cast iron 铝铸铁aluminum deoxidation 加铝脱氧aluminum foil 铝箔aluminum ink 铝墨汁aluminum ion 铝离子aluminum oxide tool 氧化铝刀具aluminum removal 除铝剂aluminum soap 铝皂aluminum solder 铝焊料aluminum soldering 铝软焊aluminum-tin bearings 铝锡轴承(一种轻轴承金属10%Sn,0.5%P,0.25%Pb, 其余为铝)alumna 亚铝锰(含15%Mn 之铝合金有良好防锈及深冲性)alundum 刚铝石alundum (同aloxite)刚铝石alunite 明矾石alzak process 亚砂克法(用於铝合金反射器及装饰品之一种专利电解研磨法)amalgam 汞齐amalgamate 汞齐化amalgamation 汞齐法amber 琥珀amber blanket 琥珀色胶泡amber glass 琥珀色玻璃amblygonite 鏻铝石ambrac AA 式安培克合金(一种铜镍锌合金)ambraloy 安培乐合金(一种铝青铜)ambrose alloys 安布洛白铜(含65-75%Cu,20-30%Ni,5%Zn,0.5%Mn 类似於nickel-silver)American Concrete Institute (A.C.I)美国混凝土学会American gold 美国金币合金(90%Au,10%Cu)American Society for Testing Materials (A.S.T.M)美国材料试验学会amethyst 紫水晶ammonia carburizing 氨渗碳ammonia leaching1 氨水浸滤2 氨水浸洗amorphous 非晶[形]的amorphous cement hypothesis 非晶质填充说amorphous graphite 非晶质石墨amorphous material1 非晶态材料2 非晶质材料amorphous state 非晶质状态amorphous theory 非晶质学说amount of finish 加工量amount of oxygen precipitation 析出氧气量ampco metal 安柯金属amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric refractory (neutral refractory)中性耐火材料ampoule 安亨(密封管)ampoule tube 密闭瓶管AMS (Aerospace Material Specification)[美国]太空材料规格AMU (Atomic Mass Unit)原子质量单位anaerobic bacteria 厌氧细菌analog test system 类比测试系统analog-digital mixed mode simulator 类比/数位混合型模拟器analyzer1 分析仪2 析光镜analyzing chamber 分析管〈腔〉analyzing magnet 分析磁铁anatase 锐钛矿(TiO2)anatomical alloys 骨外科合金(钴，银，vitallium) anchor post 撑柱andalusite 红柱石andesine 中性长石(从矿)andesite 安山石(从矿)andrades law of transient creep 安瑞德过渡潜变定律andradite 钙铁石榴石anelastic creep 滞弹性潜变anelastic strain 滞弹性应变anelasticity 滞弹性angle 角形料angle bar 角铁angle of aperture 孔衡角(显微镜)angle of bite 咬角(轧辊)angle of nip 挟角angle steel 角钢angle, dihedral 二面角angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy 角度分解奥格电子光谱学anglesite 铅矾anhedralization 常界anhedrall 失界面anhydrite 无水石膏anion 阴离子anisothermal diagram 非恒温变态图anisothermal transformation 非恒温变态anisotropic etching 各向异性蚀刻，非等向性蚀刻anisotropic substance 异向性物质anisotropy 界向性anka 安克不锈钢(一种18-8不锈钢)anneal 退火处理anneal, annealing 退火annealed condition 退火状态annealed material 退火材料annealed structure 退火组织annealing 徐冷(玻)annealing box 退火箱annealing chamber 退火处理室annealing embrittlement 退火脆性annealing furnace 退火炉annealing point 退火点；钝化点；annealing pot 退火罐annealing temperature 退火温度annealing texture 退火织构annealing twin 退火双晶annealing uniformity 退火处理之均质性annealing-point temperature 韕化点温度annular kiln 环窑anode 阳极anode copper 阳极铜anode corrosion efficiency 阳极腐蚀效率anode coupling 阳极耦合anode dissolution 阳极分解anode effect 阳极效应anode efficiency 阳极效率anode material 阳极材料anode mud (同anode slime)阳极泥anode pickling 阳极浸渍(法)anode slime 阳极泥(同anode mud)anodic coating 阳极护膜anodic control 阳极控制anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic protection 阳极防蚀anodic reaction 阳极反应anodizing1 阳极处理2 阳极氧化anodizing treatment 阳极处理anolyte 阳极电解液anorthite 钙斜长石anorthoclase 钠微斜长石(从矿)antenna ratio 天线比anthracite 无烟煤anti reflection coating 防反射涂膜anti-carburizer 渗炭防止剂anti-corrosion 耐蚀anti-corrosion alloy 耐蚀合金anti-corrosion paint 防锈漆anti-ferromagnetism 反磁铁性anti-fouling compound 防?附化合物(船底油漆用) anti-friction metal 耐磨金属anti-oxidant 抗氧化剂anti-oxidation 抗氧化anti-oxidation additives 抗氧化添加剂anti-piping compound 冒口保温剂anti-rusting grease 防锈脂anti-static tile 反静电砖anti-sweat insulation 防湿绝缘anticorodal aluminum 耐蚀铝(一系族可热处理耐腐蚀的铝合金)antiferroelectric 反强电介体的antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性(从物)antimonial lead 含锑铅antimony yellow 锑黄antimony (SB,51)锑antiphase domain 逆相区antique glass 仿古玻璃anvil 砧anylyzing magnet 分析磁铁apatite 磷灰石API (American Petroleum Institute)美国石油学会aplite 半花冈岩apparent density 视密度apparent hardness 视硬度apparent modulus 视模数apparent porosity 视孔率apparent solid density 视固体密度apparent solid volume 视固体体积apparent specific gravity 视比重application box 操做箱application specific IC（ASIC）特殊应用IC application specific standard produce 特殊应用标准产品aqua regia 王水aquadag 胶体石墨aragonite 文石，霰石aragonite 文石arbor 心轴arborescent powder 树枝状粉未arc brick 拱砖arc chamber 电弧室，电弧腔arc cutting 电弧切割arc furmace 电弧炉arc furnace 电弧炉arc lamp annealer 弧光灯退火处理机arc melting, vacuum 真空电弧泰炼arc spraying 电弧喷敷法arc welding 电弧焊接arch brick 拱砖arch-frame press 拱架压机architectural bronze 建筑青铜archless continuous kiln 无拱连续窑archless kiln 无拱窑area defect test 面积缺陷试验arenaceous limestone 矽质灰石argent Francais 亚琴法兰西合金(含(35-60%Cu,20-40%Ag,3-30%Ni)argentine metal 阿根近金属(含85%Sn,15%Sb 为廉价首饰用白色铸造合金与alger metal 相若)argillaceous limestone 黏土质灰石argillaceous materials 黏土质材料argon arc welding 氩气，电弧焊接argon purifier 氩纯化器argon (Ar,18)氩argonaut welding 氩伴自动[电弧]焊接armco iron 亚姆克铁(工业用纯铁)armor plate 装甲板Armouring 装甲arrest point 停留点arrhenius equation 阿瑞尼氏方程式Arrhenius graph/Arrhenius plot 阿列尼厄图表arris 锋口arsenic (As,22)砷arsenical copper 含砷铜art marbles 艺术大理石artic bronze 北极青铜(硬模铸造含铅青铜) artificial abrasive 人造磨消料artificial age-hardening 人工时效硬化artificial aging 人工时效artificial graphite 人造石墨artificial graphite 人造石墨artificial magnet 人造磁体artificial meteor 人造流星artificial nuclear 人造核artificial puzzolana cement 人造火山灰水泥artwork 工艺图as cast [condition] 铸造状态as ingot [condition] 铸锭状态as quenched [condition] 淬火状态as received [condition] 原有状挚as rolled [condition] 巴制状态as-cut wafer 原切割晶圆ASARCO shaft furnace 亚萨柯直井炉asbestine 石棉质asbestos 石棉asbestos pulp 石棉浆asbolite 钴土(从矿)ascending kiln 阶级窑；目字窑ash 灰ASIC micro computer 微电脑aspect ratio 纵横尺寸比asperity 平坦表面之突点asphalt1 沥青2柏油asphalt block 柏油砖，沥青砖asphalt cement 沥青胶泥asphalt coal 沥青煤asphalt cutback 涂料沥青asphalt felt 油毛毡asphalt flux 沥青溶剂asphalt paper 沥青纸asphaltene 沥青质asphaltic base 沥青基asphaltic fitumen 沥青系asphaltization 沥青化asphaltum 沥青，柏油(同asphalt)试金assayijng 试金astatine? (At,85)asterism 星芒(模糊星状绕射点)aston process 艾士通[熟铁制造]法asynchronous design 非同步设计AT speed test 时间延迟测试athermal transformation 非热变态atlas alloy 亚特拉斯合金(一种含9%Al,1þ的铝青铜)Atmosphere 蒙气Atmosphere corrosion 大气腐蚀atmosphere pressure method 大气压法atmospheric pressure CVD system 大气压CVD 系统atmospheric pressure vapor phase epitaxial growth system 大气压汽相磊晶生长系统atmospheric presure vapor phase epitaxial growth system 大气压汽相磊晶生长系统atmospheric thermal oxidation furnace 大气压热氧化炉Atom 原子Atom size1 原子粒度2原子大小Atomalloy treatment 超硬渗透处理Atomic chain reaction 原子连销反应Atomic coordinate 原子配位Atomic disintegration 原子蜕变Atomic energy 原子能atomic force microscope 原子间力显微镜Atomic form factor 原子构型因素Atomic heat 原子热atomic layer epitaxial growth system 原子层磊晶生长系统Atomic mass 原子质量Atomic number 原子序Atomization 雾化Atomized metal powder 雾化金属粉Atomizing 雾化ATR alloyA.T.R 合金(含0.5%Cu,0.5%Mo之Zr合金用於以CO2冷?之反应物)Attack 侵蚀Attraction force 吸引力Attrition 擦耗attrition mill 磨粉机audio signal measurement 声频信号测试Audiolloy 音响用合金(一种导磁性极高之铁镍合金) auger 螺钻Auger electron appearance spectroscopy 奥格电子出现电位光谱学Auger electron spectrometer 奥谐电子分光仪Auger electron spectroscopy 奥格电子光谱学Ausaging 沃斯时效Ausforming 沃斯成形法Austempering 沃斯回火Austenite1 沃斯田铁2沃斯田体Austenite grain size 沃斯田体晶粒大小Austenitic alloy steel 沃斯田合金钢Austenitic cast iron 沃斯田铸铁Austenitic chrome nickel steel 沃斯田镍铬钢Austenitic manganese steel 沃斯田锰钢Austenitic stainless steel 沃斯田不锈钢Austenitic structure 沃斯田铁组织Austenitizing (austenitising)沃斯田铁化Austenitizing temperature 沃斯田铁化温度Australian gold 澳大利亚金(8.33%Ag,其余为Au) Auto frettage 自紧法auto placement and routing 自动配置与配线Autoclave1 热压釜2 均压釜3蒸煮釜Autoclave test 热压膨胀试验Autoclaved light weight concrete 热压养护轻质混凝土autocombustion system 自动燃烧系统Autogenous welding 自熔熔接autohandler 自动程序处理机autolysis 自消化Automatic batching equipment 自动配料设备automatic calibration function 自动校正功能automatic chemical diluting and mixing equipment 药品自动稀释混合设备Automatic control system 自动控制系统automatic damper/exhaust for coater 自动风门/涂料器排气automatic diameter control system 自动直径控制器automatic exhaust air mechanism 自动排热机构automatic fire extinguisher 自动灭火机automatic flatness controller 自动平面度控制器Automatic gauge controlAGC 自动仪表控制automatic melt level control system 自动融液面控制器automatic pressure contol 自动压力控制automatic probe to pad alignment function 自动探针对准衬垫功能automatic single wafer polishing machine 自动单晶圆抛光机automatic sizing device 自动定尺寸装置automatic temperature controller 自动温度控制器automatic test equipment 自动测试装置automatic test pattern generation 自动产生测试图案automatic test program generator 自动测试程式产生器automatically cutter set 自动切割机设定automatically set-up 自动调定Autoradiography1 辐射热自记法；2放射线自记法Auxiliary anode 辅助阳极availability 利用度，利用率available lime 有效石灰aventurine glaze 金星釉Avialfe 艾维夫铜(一种铝青铜)Avogadro's number 亚佛加德罗[常]数axial ratio 轴率axinite 斧石Azurite 蓝铜矿(2CuCoo3、Cu(OH02)BB-H curveB-H 曲线(同磁滞曲线)B.N.F. jet testB.N.F 喷射试验(测量电镀层厚度) babbitt metal１巴比合金２巴氏合金back and design 後端设计back annotation 背面注解back rack 背後接线架back roll 背压轧辊back sand 背砂back side damage 背侧损伤back side reference method 背侧基准法back spattering 反电泼(离子蚀刻)back stamp 背款back surface luster 背面光泽度back-reflection focusing came 背面反射聚焦照像机back-reflection pinhole camera 背面反射针孔照像机back-reflection x-ray exami 背面反射X 光检验backing 背里backing pad 衬垫backing plate 支撑板backlash 齿隙backside rinse 背面冲洗backspill 逆溢料backstop tongs 後挡钳backstreaming 回流backwall 後墙backward extrusion 逆向挤制backward spinning 逆向旋弯成型backward welding 後退熔接bacterial corrosion 细菌腐蚀bacterial oxidation 细菌氧化baddeleyite 二氧化锆矿badging 落款；标记baffle 挡板baffle mark 挡板痕Bag filter 袋滤器bag wall 盾墙bagging cement 袋装水泥bahnmetal 道金属(含0.7%Ca,0/6%Na,0.2%Al 0.05%Si, Li 或Ni 之铅基轴承合金)bainite chin 弯勒铁颚baked permeability 烘乾透气性baked strength 烘乾强度bakelite 电木baking core 烘乾砂心baking furnace 烘焙炉baking temperature uniformity 烘烤温度均质性baking unit oven 烘烤炉balance 天平；秤；均衡balanced blast cupola 均衡鼓风化铁炉balanced steel 平衡钢(一种半静钢)Balbach electrolytic process 巴巴赫电解法Balbach-Thum cell 巴森电解槽ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball bearing stee 滚珠轴承钢ball bonding 球形接合，球形压接ball clay 球[状][黏]土ball grid array 球状栅极阵列封装体ball mill１粉机２球磨机ball shape 球形，球状ball shear strength 球部抗切强度ball shear tester 球状压接端切变强度测试机ball size 球头尺寸，球形大小ballast 道碴balling 球状化bamboo leaves pattern 竹叶状(铁水)花纹band blade 条带刀片band saw 带锯band steel 钢带band theory 能带论band-run gravel 河岸砾石banded structure 带状组织banding 描边；边圈bank controller 触排控制器bank kiln 坡窑bank sand 河砂Banka tin 彭克锡(印尼彭克岛生产纯度99.7%之锡) banks 斜床bannering 修边Banox process 斑诺克斯法(以磷酸处理钢线，使拉制时产生润滑作用)bar１棒２杆３条bar drawing 条杆拉制bar iron 铁条bar mill 棒料轧机bar solder 软焊条Barba's law 巴巴定律bare electrode 裸熔接条bare metal 裸金属barffing 发黑处理(形成黑色磁铁层之蒸汽处理)barite 重晶石barium (Ba, 56)钡barium ferrite 钡铁氧磁体barium titanate 钛酸钡Bark Hausen effect 巴好生效应(磁化)Bark Hausen jumps 巴好生跳跃(磁化时之一种现象)barn (1barn=10-24 cm2)邦(原子核截面积单位)Barr-Bardgett creep test 巴尔-巴德格潜变试验barrel asher 圆筒型灰化机barrel finishing 打磨barrel type plasma etching system 圆筒型等离子体蚀刻系统barreling 装桶Barret effect 巴瑞德效应(材料磁化体积膨胀现象) barrier 障壁Barronia 巴隆尼尔(防锈黄铜，用於冷凝管,82-85%Cu, 4%Sn, 1%Fe, 其余为Zn)basal plane 基面basalt 玄武岩basalt ware 玄武陶base bullion 含银粗铅base coat 底涂base exchange 硷交换base line 基线base metal１卑金属２母材base metal thermocouple 卑金属热电偶base permeability 原砂透气性base-centered monoclinic 底心单斜Base-centered orthor hombic 底心斜方basic Bessemer converter 硷性柏思麦转炉basic Bessemer process 硷性柏思麦法basic Bessemer steel 硷性柏思麦钢basic brick 硷性砖basic electric arc furnace 硷性电弧炉basic electric furnace 硷性电炉basic lining１硷性衬里２硷性炉衬basic material 硷性材料basic open hearth furnace 硷性平炉basic open-hearth furnace 硷性平炉basic oxygen converter 硷性氧气转炉basic oxygen process 硷性氧气炼钢法basic pig iron 硷性生铁basic refractory 硷性耐火材料basic slag 硷性渣basic steel 硷性钢basic water content 基本含水量basicity 硷度basin 槽，池，盆basis metal 心材(包层产品之中心金属)basket ware 蓝纹陶bat 垫饼；泥饼；半截砖batch 批[料]batch meter 批量计batch processing 分批处理batch wafer retrieval 晶圆片回批取出batch weights 批重batch [type] furnace 批式炉batch-to-batch dose uniformity 批次间之注入均质性batch-type annealing furnace 批式退火炉batch-type mixer 批拌机batch-type mixer 分批混合机batching equipment 配料设备batching plant 配料工厂bath 浴bath metal 脆铜(廉价装饰用具，其成份为55%Cu, 其余为Zn)bath stabilizer 镀浴安定剂bath to bath transport time 槽间输送时间bath with filter for circulation solution 循环过滤洗条槽battering tool 鎚击工具batterium alloy 含镍铝青铜(9%Al, 1%Ni, 其余为Cu) batting out machine 平椪机Baume hydrometer 波美比重计Baume's scale 波美度(比重单位)bauschinger effect 鲍辛格效应bauxite 水矾土，铝矾土bauxite brick 矾土砖bauxite cement 铝矾土水泥Bayer process 拜耳法bead１熔珠；焊珠２珠bead weld 联珠泰接beaded rolls 起脊辊子beading 起脊beading enamel 逸缘釉beam 梁beam current 波束电流beam diameter 光束直径beam energy 波束能量beam filter 波束滤波器beam focusing system 波束聚焦系统beam positioner 光束定位器beam positioning accuracy 光束定位精确度beam stability 波束安定性beam, HH 型梁beam, II 型梁beam, wide-flange 宽缘梁bearing bronze 轴承青铜bearing corrosion 轴承腐蚀bearing metals 轴承金属Beck aluminium recovery process 贝克铝品收法bed 床面bed cok 底焦bedding 垫底bedding system 层集系统bedding, stratification 层理beehive coke 蜂巢炉焦炭beehive oven 蜂房炼焦炉behavioral description language 性能记述语言behavioral schematic editor 性能简图编辑器behavioral simulator 性能模拟器behavioral synthesis/behavioral synthesizer 性能合成/性能合成器beidellite 贝德石(从矿)Beilby layer 比耳拜层(金属研磨样品表面形成之30-50%A 厚之非晶体层)belite 矽酸二钙bell and hoppe 钟斗形盖\(鼓风炉)bell bronze 钟青铜，响铜bell damper 钟形风门bell metal 钟用合金bell-type furnace 钟式炉belljar 钟罩型反应器bellows pump 风箱泵belly 炉腹belt conveyor 带运机belt drop hammer 皮带落鎚belt grinding[ 连续]带研磨belt hammer 皮带鎚belt kiln 带式窑beltless transfer system 无带式输送系统bench mold 台制砂模bench molde 台制砂模工bend test 弯曲试验bendability 弯曲性bender１弯曲机２弯曲模bender, free-flow 开放式弯曲模bender, trapped-stock 关闭式弯曲模bending 弯曲bending roll 卷板机bending, air 空中弯曲bending, compression 压缩弯曲bending, roll 辊筒弯曲bending, stretch 拉伸弯曲benedict metal 班耐迪克金属(10%Ni, 20%Zn, 10%Pb, 2%Sn，其余为铜)benefaction 初选(矿)beneficiation 提选Bengough-Stuart process 班哥-可徙尔法(轻金属在3%铬酸中之阳极处理法)bentonite１膨土２土般土３火山黏土Berkelium (Bk, 97)(金北)berlin porcelain 柏林瓷Bernoulli chuck 伯努利吸盘Berrelius process 柏里法beryl 绿宝石beryllia 敛气(气化铍)berylliosis 铍毒效应beryllium (Be, 4)铍beryllium bronze 铍青铜beryllium-copper alloy 铍铜合金Bessemer cast steel 柏思麦铸钢Bessemer converter 柏思麦转炉Bessemer iron 柏思麦生铁Bessemer ore 柏思麦铁矿Bessemer pig iron 柏思麦生铁Bessemer process 柏思麦法Bessemer steel 柏思麦钢best fit plan reference 最妥适平面基准best fit plane reference 最妥适平面基准beta particleβ 粒子beta structureβ 组织beta treatmentβ 处理beta (β)brassβ 黄铜beta (β)graphiteβ 石墨beta (β)ironβ 铁Betts electrolytic lead process 柏兹电解铅法Betts electrolytic process 柏兹电解法bevel 斜角；截成斜角bevel brick 斜砖bevel cut 斜角切割bias 偏压bias sputtering system 偏压溅镀系统biaxial stress 双轴应力biaxiality 双轴应力比billet 小[纲]坯billet mill 小坯轧机bimetallic corrosion 双金属腐蚀bimetals 双金属bin 测试结果之分门类别bin-dicator 料面指示器binary alloy 二元合金binary decision diagram 双择判定图binary scale pattern recognition 二值标度图案识别binary scan 二进扫描binary search 二次搜索binary system 二元系binder 黏结剂binding material 结合剂binding, draw 拉延弯曲biological corrosion 生物腐蚀biotite 黑云母biquartz 双石英片birefringent 双折射Birmabright 柏玛勃莱合金(含1-7%Mg 之一组铝合金) Birmetal 柏尔合金(含0-4.5%Cu, 5-6%Zn, 0.5-3%Mg, 0.3%Cr 之铝合金)Birmingham platinum (或platima)伯明罕白金(20-45%Cu, 其余为Zn)biscuit 素烧坯biscuit firing 素烧biscuit ware 无釉器；素烧呣Bismanol 铋化锰(一种磁性材料)bismuth (Bi, 83)铋bismuth luster 铋光料bismuth telluride 石帝化铋(一种热电材料) bisque 素烧坯bit defect test 点缺陷试验bitstone 碎矽石Bitter pattern 毕德氏磁区图bituminous cement 沥青胶泥bituminous coal 烟煤bituminous coating 沥青涂面black annealing 黑色退火black ash 黑灰black body 黑体black edging 黑边black heart malleable cast ir 黑心可锻铸铁，黑心展性铸铁black iron plate 黑铁板black lead 石墨black lignite 黑褐煤black oxide finish 黑色氧化处理black sand 旧砂black sheet iron 黑铁皮black skin 黑皮，毛坯面black speck 黑斑black wash 砂模黑浆blacking 碳质材料(如石墨等)blacking holes 黑洞(铸疵)blade 刀片blade breakage detection device 刀片破损检测装置blade deflection 刀片偏差blade deflection sensor 刀片挠曲敢测器blade exposure 刀刃曝露量blade height calibration 刀片高度校准blade retension 刀片再加张力blade tension 刀片张力blade tensioning frame 刀片张力框架blade wear compensation 刀片摩损补偿blaes 布拉土岩(从矿)blank 坯料blank carburizing 空白渗碳blank holder１压料板２坯料夹blank nitriding 空白氮化blanket feed 毡式加料blanking 切坯blast 鼓风blast cleaning 喷砂处理。

独立主控MCTRL4K用户手册英文版

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Statement
Welcome to use the product from Xi’an NovaStar Tech Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Novastar”). It is our great pleasure to offer this manual to help you understand and use the product. We have striven for precision and reliability during the compilation of this manual, and the contents of this manual are subject to change at any time without further notice. If you have any problem during use or you have any suggestion, please feel free to contact us according to the contact information provided in this manual. We will do our utmost to satisfy your needs. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to your suggestions and make assessment for adoption as soon as possible.

安踏 M-1 移动烟雾机用户手册说明书

User Manual for the Antari M-1 Mobile Fog MachineSave and read these instructionsBitte lesen Sie und sichern Sie diese AnweisungenLisez et Gardez ces instructionsM-1 Mobile FoggerThank you for choosing Antari’s M-1 Mobile Fogger. You now own a sturdy and portable state-of-the-art fog machine. Prior to use, we suggest that you carefully read all of the instructions. By following the suggestions found in this user manual, you can look forward to exceptional performance from your Antari Mobile Fog Machine for years to come.Please follow these operation, safety and maintenance instructionsto ensure along and safe life for your fog machine. SpecificationsOutput: 100 cu.ft. / minPower Consumption: 75 WTank Capacity: 110 ccBattery: DC 12V / 2.3 AhConsumption: 2 cc / minWeight: 2.7 KgDimensions (mm): L 227 W 66 H 81Continuous Output Duration:10-12 minutes (battery)Unlimited (power adaptor)CAUTION!Pay attention to all warning labels and instructions printed on the exterior of your Antari M-1 Fog MachineDanger of electric shockKeep this device dry.Always remove the battery or unplug the power adaptor to your Antari M-1 Fog Machine before filling the liquid tank.Keep fog machine upright.Remove the battery or unplug the power adaptor when not in use.This machine is not waterproof or splash proof. If moisture, water, or fog liquid gets inside the housing, immediately remove power andcontact a service technician or your Antari dealer before using it again. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer to your Antari dealer or other qualified service personnel.Danger of burnsFor adult use only. Fog machine must be installed out of the reach of children. Never leave the unit running unattended.Keep nozzle at least 50 cm (20 in.) away from contact with anything while in operation.The fog vapor at point of release is under pressure and is extremely hot.Never aim the output nozzle directly at people.Fog machine output is hot. Avoid coming within 50 cm of the output nozzle during operation.Place the fog machine in a well-ventilated area. Never cover the vents on the front of the M-1. Never aim the output nozzle at open flames.The output nozzle becomes hot during operation. Keep flammable materials at least 50 cm away from the nozzle.Always allow your Antari Fog Machine to cool down before attempting to clean or service it.Danger of explosionDo not expose the battery to excessive heat, keep away from open flames and do not attempt to remove the case.Never add flammable liquids of any kind (oil, gas, perfume) to the fog liquid.Use only the high quality, water/glycol based fog liquid that your Antari dealer recommends. Other fog liquids may generate a poor fog effect, clog the internal components or “spit” fog liquid.Always make sure there is sufficient liquid in the fog liquid tank. The fluid level can be monitored via the window at the back of the machine. Operating this unit without liquid will cause damage to the pump and the heater.If your Antari Fog Machine fails to work properly, discontinue use immediately. Drain all fog liquid from the tank, pack the unit securely (preferably in the original packing material), and return it to your Antari dealer for service.Always drain fog liquid from the tank before shipping or transporting this unit.Never drink fog liquid. If it is ingested, call a doctor immediately. If fog liquid comes in contact with skin or eyes, rinse thoroughly with water.Unpacking & InspectionOpen the shipping carton and check that all equipment necessary to operate the system has arrived intact. In addition to this user manual, you should receive the following items:1. M-1 Mobile fogger2. 12V – 2.3Ah rechargeable battery3. Rechargeable battery charger4. Power cable for the battery charger5. 500 cc bottle of Antari fog liquid6. Briefcase sized Mobile Fogger flight caseBefore beginning initial setup of your Antari Fog Machine, make sure that there is no evident damage caused by transportation.In the event that the unit’s housing or cable is damaged, do not plug it in and do not attempt to use it until after contacting your Antari dealer for assistance.SetupRemove all packing materials from the fog machine. Check that all foam and plastic padding is removed, especially in the nozzle area.Fill with Antari Fog Liquid or dealer recommended high-quality water-based fog fluid. Any other types of fluid can damage the unit.When filled, place cap back on liquid tank.Charge the battery. Plug the adaptor into a grounded electrical outlet.The green light on the battery charger will light up when it is connected to the power supply. Then connect the charging head to the battery.Please note the battery required 8hr charging time on first charge. The battery will be fully charged in approximately 2~3 hr.The charge will last between 10-12 minutes of constant fog output before needing to be re-charged.Plug the charged battery into the bottom of the M-1 Mobile Fogger with the label face up.1. Lift-up the plate before inserting the battery.2. Make sure the battery is inserted on the right position (see photo).The green light by the front of the handle will flash when the button is first pressed. This indicates the battery has enough charge to power the M-1.When the red light starts to flash, the battery needs to be charged.The machine will still be able to fog for a short period of time after the red light begins flashing.OperationTo generate smoke, press the button on the front of the M-1 Mobile Fogger’s handle.There are two operation modes that can be selected for the M-1.1. Operation mode 1. Allows the fog machine to fog as long as thehandle’s button or the remote control’s button is pressed down. To stop fogging, stop pressing the button!2. Operation mode 2. Works on a press once to start and press againto stop basis. In this mode, start fogging by pressing the button.The M-1 will fog continuously until the button is pressed a secondtime.Use the small switch on the right side of the M-1. The switch is inside the case and is adjusted through the small hole on the side of thecase.To select operation mode 1. Slide the switch towards the back of the M-1 (towards the cap on the liquid tank).To select operation mode 2. Slide the switch towards the front of the M-1 (towards the nozzle).When an optional remote is connected, please see the detailed instructions for their operation below.The machine will fog until the battery charge runs down or the M-1 runs out of fog liquid. When the M-1 is connected to the optionalpower adaptor, carefully monitor the level of the fog liquid to make sure the machine does not run out of liquid. Operating continuously, the machine will run out of liquid in approximately 50 minutes.A full battery charge will power the M-1 for a period of 10-12 minutesbefore needing to be recharged. When using the battery, the charge will run down several times before the fluid needs to be refilled. Note: There is no warm-up time with the M-1 Mobile Fogger. Unlike most other fog machines, you do not have to wait for the heater towarm-up before fogging.InstallationThe M-1 Mobile Fogger can be carried in hand or installed in a fixed location as desired.Wherever the machine is placed, it is important that fog does not shoot directly at any one’s face, at open flames or directly into any heatsusceptible material.The machine can be held or installed at any angle. After refilling the liquid tank, screw the cap on tightly. Failing to do so will result inleakage if the machine is placed at an angle.Optional Remote Control OperationThere are two optional remote controls designed for the M-1 Mobile Fogger.1. MCT-1 Timer Remote Control: This remote control is connectedvia an 8-meter cord. The duration of the fog blast is set at 10seconds. The interval is controlled by the dial on the remote and is adjustable between 3 and 220 seconds.2. MCR-1 Wireless Remote Control: This remote control consists oftwo components. The transmitter is on a small key chain and hasa range of up to 50 meters from the receiver. The receiverconnects to the side of the M-1 Mobile Fogger and can attach to the M-1’s case via a magnetic strip. Pressing the remote control’sbutton once starts the M-1 fogging. A second press stops theM-1’s fog output.Warning: The battery must be removed and the power adaptor unplugged before connecting or disconnecting either of the remote controls to the M-1 Mobile Fogger.Optional Power AdaptorWhen desired the M-1 Mobile fogger can be powered by an optional power adaptor which plugs into a standard electrical outlet. The adaptor connects to a dummy battery which plugs into the battery slot on the M-1. This allows for unlimited operation of the fog machine. The disadvantage is that a power supply is required and the mobility of theM-1 is reduced as a result. The advantage is that the machine can fog continuously over an unlimited period of time.ImportantAlways monitor tank fluid level as you are fogging. Running a fog machine with no fluid can permanently damage the unit.If you experience low output, pump noise or no output at all, remove the battery immediately. Check fluid level and re-charge the battery.When the liquid tank is full and the battery is charged, plug the battery in and press the button on the handle.If the machine is still not working and you are unable to determine the cause of the problem, do not continue pushing the remote button, as this may damage the unit. Do not open the case. There are no user serviceable parts inside. Return the machine to an Antari dealer for service.Performance NotesAll fog machines develop condensation around the output nozzle.Because this may result in some moisture accumulation on the surface below the output nozzle, consider this condensation when installing your unit.Fog machines may sputter small amounts of fog occasionally during operation and for a minute or so after being turned off. This is normal and is not indicative of a defect.After continuous operation, the case of the fog machine will become warm, especially at the front of the machine. Take care in handling the machine during and shortly after fogging. Only carry the M-1Mobile Fogger by the handle and let the machine cool down before packing it in a carrying case.C08M1。

MCR01MZPD中文资料

ResistorsRev.B 1/5Thick film rectangularMCR01 (1005 size : 1 / 16W )z Features1) Extremely small lightArea ratio is 60% smaller than that of chip 1608, while weight ratio has been cut 75%. 2) Highly reliable chip resistorRuthenium oxide dielectric offers superior resistance to the elements. 3) Electrodes not corroded by solderingThick film makes the electrodes very strong. 4) Flat surface further facilitates mounting Mounting can also be automated.5) ROHM resistors have approved ISO–9001 certification.Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. Carefully check the specification sheet supplied with the product before using or ordering it.z Ratings0.063W (1 / 16W)−55°C to +155°Cat 70°CPower must be derated according to the power derating curve in Figure 1 when ambient temperature exceeds 70°C.ItemConditionsSpecificationsRated powerThe voltage rating is calculated by the following equation. If the value obtained exceeds the limiting element voltage, the voltage rating is equal to the maximum operating voltage.E: Rated voltage (V)P: Rated power (W)R: Nominal resistance (Ω)E = P ×RRated voltageLimiting element voltage 50VOperating temperatureNominal resistance See Table 1.20406080100−55070100125155AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (°C)P O W E R L O A D (%)Fig.1ResistorsRev.B 2/5Max. 50m Ω1A−55°C to +155°CResistance Rated currentOperating temperature Jumper type Resistance tolerance Resistance range(Ω)Resistance temperature coefficient(ppm / °C)Table 1F (±1%)J (±5%)10≤R ≤2.2M (E24)(E24)(E24)±100D (±0.5%)10≤R <91(E24)±100100≤R ≤1M (E24)±50±20010≤R ≤10M 1.0≤R <10+500 / −250z Before using components in circuits where they will be exposed to transients such as pulse loads (short–duration, high– level loads), be certain to evaluate the component in the mounted state. In addition, the reliability and performance of this component cannot be guaranteed if it is used with a steady state voltage that is greater than its rated voltage.z CharacteristicsItemTest conditions (JIS C 5201-1)Resistor type Guaranteed valueJumper type ResistanceVariation of resistance with temperature SolderabilityDamp heat, steady stateEndurance at 70°CEnduranceRapid change of temperatureBend strength of the end face platingResistance to solventResistance to soldering heat Overload± (2.0%+0.1Ω)Max. 50m Ω± (1.0%+0.05Ω)± (3.0%+0.1Ω)Max. 50m ΩMax. 50m ΩJ : ±5%F : ±1%D : ±0.5%See Table.1No remarkable abnormality on the appearance.A new uniform coating of minimum of 95% of the surface being immersed and no soldering damage.Without mechanical damage such as breaks.Max. 50m ΩJIS C 5201-1 4.5JIS C 5201-1 4.8Measurement : +25 / +125°C JIS C 5201-1 4.18Soldering condition : 260±5°C Duration of immersion : 10±1s.JIS C 5201-1 4.2440°C, 93%RHTest time : 1,000h to 1,048h ± (3.0%+0.1Ω)± (3.0%+0.1Ω)± (1.0%+0.05Ω)± (1.0%+0.05Ω)± (1.0%+0.05Ω)Max. 50m ΩMax. 50m ΩMax. 50m ΩMax. 50m ΩMax. 50m ΩJIS C 5201-1 4.25.1Rated voltage (current), 70°C 1.5h : ON − 0.5h : OFFTest time : 1,000h to 1,048h JIS C 5201-1 4.25.3125°CTest time : 1,000h to 1,048hJIS C 5201-1 4.2923±5°C , Immersion cleaning, 5±0.5min.Solvent : 2-propanol JIS C 5201-1 4.19Test temp. : −55°C to +125°C 5cyc JIS C 5201-1 4.33JIS C 5201-1 4.17Rosin·Ethanol (25%WT)Soldering condition : 235±5°C Duration of immersion : 2.0±0.5s.JIS C 5201-1 4.13Rated voltage (current) ×2.5, 2s.Limiting Element Voltage ×2 : 100VResistorsRev.B 3/5zResistorsRev.B 4/5z Part designationPart No.3-digit or 4-digit IEC coding systemPackaging specifications codeF±1%±5%J ±0.5%D Specify "J" for jumper also.Part No.Code Packaging style Paper tape10,000MZPMCR01Basisic ordering unit (pcs)z DimensionsRESISTANCE (Ω)L E N G T H (m m )Fig.2 Dimensions (length)RESISTANCE (Ω)W I D T H (m m )Fig.3 Dimensions (width)RESISTANCE (Ω)T H I C K N E S S (m m )Fig.4 Dimensions (thickness)z Electrical characteristicsRESISTANCE (Ω)D C R E S I S T A N C E (%)Fig.5 Resistance−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)T E M P E R A T U R E C O E F F I C I E N T (p p m /°C )Fig.6 Variation of resistance withtemperature−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.7 OverloadResistorsRev.B5/5−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.8 Resistance to soldering heat−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.9 Rapid change oftemperatureFig.10 Damp heat, steady state−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.11 Endurance at 70°C−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.12 Endurance−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.13 Resistance to solvents−−−−RESISTANCE (Ω)∆R /R (%)Fig.14 Bend strength ofthe end face platingAppendixAbout Export Control Order in JapanProducts described herein are the objects of controlled goods in Annex 1 (Item 16) of Export T rade ControlOrder in Japan.In case of export from Japan, please confirm if it applies to "objective" criteria or an "informed" (by MITI clause)on the basis of "catch all controls for Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.Appendix1-Rev1.1。

奥斯特里亚米科斯AS2540 CMOS集成电路说明书

Data Sheet AS2540austria micro systemsaustria micro systemsGeneral DescriptionThe AS2540 is a CMOS integrated circuit that incorporates a speech circuit (line-adaptation, 2/4-wire conversion, separate Rx- and Tx-amplifiers for handset and modem), MF dialler, ring frequency detector, ring melody generator and a two wire serial interface. It shall act as an a/b-line-powered device in order to interface a main-powered CPU to the analogue telephone line.AS2540 can operate in a so-called mainpower mode and in a backup mode. During mainpower mode, a watchdog timer is running on AS2540, which has to be reset via the serial interface, which is connected to the CPU through opto-couplers. During backup mode (= The main-power failure or SW engine problem),AS2540 can operate as an independent basic MF dialler (digits 0-9*#)Applications-Web Telephones-Answering Machines-Fax Machines-Base Station of Cordless Telephones-Hospital Communication Units Key Features-Line Interface, Speech Circuit, MF Dialler and Tone Ringer on a 28 pin CMOS chip-Programmable via 2-wire serial interface(UART 9600 baud, 8N1)-Watch dog timer for Backup Mode-Additional input for modem transmit path-Additional output for modem receive path-CMOS for high EMC immunity-Low Noise (max. –72 dBm)-Operating range from 15mA to 100mA (down to 5mA with reduced performance)-Soft clipping for handset operation to avoid harsh distortion -Line loss compensation selectable by pin option-Real and complex impedance selectable by external components-Side tone adaption selectable by external components-Ring frequency discrimination-3-tone ring melody generatorPackage-28 pin SOIC-Dice-on-FoilBlock DiagramMain Power Mode Backup ModePin Description15RFD R ing F requency D iscriminationSchmitt trigger input for ring frequency discrimination. Disabled during off-hook.7LS L ine Current S ense InputInput for sensing the line current5LI L ine I nputInput used for power extraction and line current sensing6RI R eceive I nputInput for ac-separated receive signal2STB S ide T one B alance InputInput for side tone cancellation network3CS C urrent S hunt Control OutputN-channel open drain output to control the external high power shunt transistor for synthesising ac- anddc- impedance, modulation of line voltage and shorting the line during make periods of pulse dialling8CI C omplex I mpedance InputInput pin for the capacitor to program a complex impedance16DPn D ial P ulse OutputOpen drain output pulls low during break periods of pulse dialling and flash17EHS E lectronic H ook S witchSchmitt Trigger Input to detect an electronic off-hook.18MHS M anual H ook S witchSchmitt Trigger Input to detect a manual off-hook.19MODE D TMF L evel S election-4/-6dBm—>DLS open-6/-8dBm—>DLS-r1-8/-10dBm—>DLS-r2L ine L oss C ompensation Select Pin45mA-75mA—>LLC open20mA-50mA—>LLC-r3None—>LLC-r428MO Ring M elody O utputPDM output of the ring melody generator.11VDD V oltage D rain D rainPositive Power Supply4VSS V oltage S ource S ourceNegative Power Supply25OSC O scillator InputInput for ceramic resonator 3.58MHz.Recommended type: Murata CSA 3.58MG312AM or compatible12AGND A nalogue G roundSpecial ground for the internal amplifiers26RXD R eceive D ata InputSchmitt trigger input to serial interface27TXD T ransmit D ata OutputOpen drain output from serial interface20 21R1R2Keyboard R ows22 23 24C1C2C3Keyboard C olumns10ROT R eceive O utput to T ransformerOutput for driving a transformer with an ac impedance larger than 10kΩ1TIT T ransformer I nput from T ransformerSingle ended input for transformer9ROH R eceive O utput to H andsetOutput for driving a dynamic earpiece with an impedance from 150Ω to 300Ω13 14M2M1M icrophone InputsDifferential inputs for the microphone (electret)Functional DescriptionModes of operationThere are 4 possible modes:Idle ModeManual hook-switch and electronic hook-switch (e.g. relay) is open (MHS ∩ EHS = logical 0), no ring signal is applied, the oscillator is stopped, signalling via the serial interface is not possible.Ringing ModeAS2540 is supplied via the ring capacitor and external path, manual hook -switch and electronic hook-switch is open (MHS ∩ EHS = logical 0), the oscillator is running, a valid incoming ringing is signalled via the serial interface to the CPU. If the CPU does not reply the AS2540 switches into backup mode and sends a ring melody to the MO output.Backup ModeManual hook-switch and/or electronic hook-switch is closed (MHS ∪ EHS = logical 1), AS2540 is supplied with line current, the oscillator is running, the keyscan is enabled and the handset path is switched on, signalling via the serial interface is possible. After AS2540 has started dialling in backup mode, he must not be interrupted any more in order to ensure consistent dialling. A mode transition BM -> MPM is only possible before AS2540 has started dialling digits independently.Main Power ModeManual hook-switch and/or electronic hook-switch is closed, AS2540 is supplied with line current (MHS ∪ EHS = logical 1), the oscillator is running, the keyscan is disabled, AS2540 is controlled via the serial interface, handset path or monitor path or modem path is on, signalling via the serial interface is possible.Select Operation Mode<SetHandsetPath>SROH SROT & STIT <SetModemPath>SROT & STIT<SetMonitorPath>SROH & SROT STIT Example Main Power ModeStart-up in backup modeAs soon as AS2540 is supplied with line current, the external V dd capacitor will be charged up via the LI and VDD pin and after the V dd voltage has reached the operating level, the handset path of the speech circuit is switched on. This off-hook status is also signalled to the internal logic via the MHS or EHS pin in order to start the pinscan and subsequently set the country specific modes. Additionally a <LineEvent> message is sent to the CPU.Start-up in ring modeWhen a ringing signal is applied to the line, V dd of AS2540 is charged up via an external path. After V dd has reached the operating voltage the oscillator starts and AS2540 discriminates the ring frequency. After a valid ring frequency is applied on the RFD pin, the logic sends a<LineEvent> message is sent to the CPU and a watchdog timer is started. When the <LineEvent> message is not quit by the CPU before the watchdog timer has finished the countdown, AS2540 changes into backup mode and sends out a melody via the MO pin.DC conditionsThe normal operating mode is from 15mA to 100mA. An operating mode with reduced performance is from 5mA to 15mA. In the line hold range from 0mA to 5mA the device is in a power down mode and the voltage at LI is reduced to a maximum of 3.5VReceive pathThe gain of the LS —> ROH receive path is set to 2dB for ac-impedance 1000Ω. The receive input is the differentialsignal of RI and STB. During DTMF dialling a MF comfort tone is applied to ROH which is -30dB relative to the line level. The soft clip circuit limits the output voltage at ROH to 1V p. It prevents harsh distortion and acoustic shock.The gain of the LS —> ROT receive path is set to 0dB for ac-impedance 1000Ω. The receive input is the differential signal of RI and STB. The soft clip circuit is not active for this output.ModescanThe DTMF-level on the line and the function of the line loss compensation can be selected with the connection of the MODE-pin to the keyboard matrix. The MODE-pin is scanned once after each OFF-Hook transition.C3C2C1R2R1LLC Dtmf Level 45mA-75mA -6dBm XX45mA-75mA -8dBm X45mA-75mA -10dBm X20mA-50mA -6dBm X20mA-50mA-8dBm X X 20mA-50mA -10dBm XXNo LLC -6dBm X X No LLC -8dBm XXX No LLC-10dBmX indicates connection to pin modeSerial interfaceThe communication principle is derived from a standard UART: -Baud Rate9600-Start Bit1-Data Bits8-Parity None-Stop Bit1-LSB is transferred prior to MSBRx - messagesX MSB X d5d4d3d2d11LSBx x010101Digit 0Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x000011Digit 1Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x000101Digit 2Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x000111Digit 3Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x001001Digit 4Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x001011Digit 5Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x001101Digit 6Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x001111Digit 7Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x010001Digit 8Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x010011Digit 9Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x010111Digit *Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x000001Digit #Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x011001Digit A Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x011011Digit B Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x011101Digit C Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x011111Digit D Starts DTMF dialling of digit x x100001KeyReleased Stops Diallingx x101101SetDPn_HIGH Release pin Dpn (open drain) x x100011SetDPn_LOW Force pin DPn = VSSx x100101SetMask Force LI-Voltage to 1.2 Vx x100111ResetMaskx x101111SetTestmode FOR FACTORY TEST ONLY x x101001MuteON Mute Transmit pathx x101011MuteOFFx x110011SetHandsetPathx x111011SetMonitorPathx x110101SetModemPathx x110001RequestStatus AS2540 sends Status information x x110111reserved<LineEvent>x x111001reserved<LineEvent>x x111101reserved<LineEvent>x x111111reserved<LineEvent>Tx messages<Ack> messageb7 MSB b6b5b4b3b201LSB7643101valid ring signal detected001no ring signal101manual hook switch - off-hook (pin MHS)001manual hook switch - on-hook (pin MHS)101electronic hook switch - off-hook (pin EHS)001electronic hook switch - on-hook (pin EHS)Status of AS254000001no LLC comparator .....................00101LLC comparator 20mA (45mA) ...01001LLC comparator 26mA (51mA) ...01101LLC comparator 32mA (57mA) ... 10001LLC comparator 38mA (63mA) ... 10101LLC comparator 44mA (69mA) ... 11001LLC comparator 50mA (75mA) ...coded status of LLC comparator<Line Event> Messageb7 MSB b6b511111LSB76431111101valid ring signal detected0111101no ring signal1111101manual hook switch - off-hook (pin MHS)0111101manual hook switch - on-hook (pin MHS)1111101electronic hook switch - off-hook (pin EHS)0111101electronic hook switch - on-hook (pin EHS)Status of AS2540 ProtocolLine EventsAS2540 has 3 inputs, namely MHS (Manual Hook Switch), EHS (Electronic Hook Switch) and RFD (Ring Frequency Detector), which sense the state of the two hook-switches and discriminate an applied ring signal. The MHS is connected to the manual hook switch which is operated by the handset and the EHS is connected to an electronic hook switch which is operated by the CPU. Whenever the state of these inputs changes, AS2540 immediately sends <LineEvent> to the CPU after a debounce time. MHS and EHS up-debouncing lasts 15ms, down-debouncing lasts 85ms. RFD start to discriminate the ring frequency immediately but will send a <LineEvent> message with a delay of 102ms. A status change of MHS and EHS pins must not change the momentary selected path of the speech network.The <LineEvent>-message is sent without consideration of the momentary activities of AS2540 in order to meet PTT requirements (e.g. line break signalling). The code for the <LineEvent>-message is chosen with regard to the minimum current consumption in order to operate the optocouplers. Pending <Ack>-messages will be queued after the <LineEvent>-message. An already running transmissions of <Ack> will not be interrupted and<LineEvent> will be sent afterwards in this case.-Mode transitions Idle → BM → MPM → Idle AS2540 always starts up in backup mode and is prepared to act like an independent dialler. <LineEvent> is sent to the CPU and AS2540 remains in back-up mode until any valid message is sent from the CPU. This makes sure that a non-operable CPU does not disable basic dialling functions.-Mode transition MPM → BMA watchdog timer is started after <LineEvent> and is reset whenever AS2540 receives a message from the CPU via the serial interface. If the CPU does not send any further valid message within 2400ms, AS2540 goes back into back-up mode, immediately locks the UART and remains in backup mode till next on-hook.Dialling FunctionsDTMFThe DTMF generator provides 8 frequencies (in Hz):11697+120922697+133633697+147744770+120955770+133666770+147777852+120988852+133699852+1477*941+120900941+1336#941+1477The MF output levels are set to -4/-6dB which should allowefficient backup dialling under all line conditions. The TONE/PAUSE ratio is 90ms/90ms. The preemphasis between low group and high group frequencies is t.m.2.6dB.FLASH timingCPU can control the DPn pin and the MASK-mode ofAS2540 via serial interface.Tone RingerRing frequency discriminationThe ring frequency discrimination assures that only signals with a frequency between 13Hz and 70Hz are regarded as valid ring signals.When a valid ring signal is present for 102ms continuously, the ring melody generator is activated and remains active as long as a valid ring signal is present.Once the ring melody generator has started, the ring signal is continuously monitored and the ring melody generator is instantly turned off according to the momentary presence of a valid or invalid ring signal until next off-hook.Toner ringer melodyThe 3 basic melody frequencies are:-F1=880Hz-F2=1067Hz-F3=1333HzThe repetition rate is set to 4 which means that the sequence of F1, F2, F3, F1, F2, F3 is repeated 4 times within a second.Keyboard connectionsDouble contacts under keys 0-9*#: One contact is connected to AS2540, the other one to CPU.Electrical characteristicsElectrical characteristics are measured with the Test Circuit application. Typical mean values will not be tested.Absolute maximum ratingsPositive Supply Voltage-0.3V <= V DD <= 7V Input Current+/- 25mA Input Voltage (LS)-0.3V <= V in <= 10V Input Voltage (LI, CS)-0.3V <= V in <= 8V Input Voltage (STB, RI)-2V <= V in <= V DD+0.3V Digital Input Voltage-0.3V <= V in <= V DD+0.3V Electrostatic Discharge (HBM 1.5kΩ-100pF)+/- 800V Storage Temperature-65°C to +125°CRecommended operating conditionsSupply Voltage (generated internally) 3.6V <= V DD <= 5VOscillator FrequencyResonator Murata CSA 3.58MG312AM 3.58MHz Operating Temperature-15°C to +60°CDC characteristicsI Line=15mA w/o operation of SI through optocouplers, unless other specifiedI DD Operating Current Speech ModeSpeech Mode with SIMF DiallingLD Dialling, V DD=2.5VRing Mode, V DD=2.5V3542003005mAmAmAµAµAYNNNNV LI Line Voltage15mA<=I LINE<=100mA 4.2 4.5 4.8V Y I OL Output Current, Sink CS,DPn, MO TXD V OL=0.4VV OL=10mA110mAmANNI OH Output Current, Source MOV OH=V DD-0.4V-1mA NTransmit characteristicsA MTX Transmit GainM1/M2 —> LSZ AC(syn)=1000Ω+36.5+38+39.5dB YA TTX Transmit GainTIT —> LSZ AC(syn)=1000Ω+6.5+8+9.5dB Y THD Distortion V LS=0.25V RMS2%Y V AGC Soft Clip LevelM1/M2 —> LS at LS2.0V P NA SCO Soft Clip OverdriveM1/M220dB NZ IN Input ImpedanceM1/M2 - TIT20kΩNV NO Noise Output VoltageLST AMP=25°C-72dBmp Y RL Return Loss Z AC(syn)=1000Ω18dB Y Receive characteristicsA HRX Receive GainLS —> ROHZ AC(syn)=1000Ω+0.5+2+3.5dB YA TRX Receive GainLS —> ROT Z AC(syn)=1000Ω-3.5-2-0.5dB YYTHD Distortion V LS=0.25V RMS2%YV AGC Soft Clip LevelROH1V P NA SCO Soft Clip OverdriveROH10dB NV NO Noise Output VoltageROH - ROTT AMP=25°C-72dBmp Y Z IN Input Imp. RI8kΩN ST Sidetone V RI<=0.25V RMS24dB Y RL Return Loss Z AC(syn)=1000Ω18dB YLD characteristicst(td)Flash Duration DPN pin status can be directlycontrolled via serial interfaceDTMF characteristicsV MFlow Tone Level Low GroupLS-6dBm Y ∆V L-H Preemphasis L-H 2.0 2.6 3.2dB YUFC Unwanted FrequencyComponents 300Hz - 4.3kHz4.3kHz - 7kHz7kHz - 10kHz10kHz - 14kHz14kHz - 28.5kHz28.5kHz – 40kHz-40-46-52-58-70-80dBmdBmdBmdBmdBmdBmYYYYYY∆f Frequency Deviation 1.2%Y t(td)Tone Duration8082.385ms Y t(itp)Inter Tone Pause8082.385ms Y t(mo)Mute Overhang6ms Y V CT-H Comfort Tone (DTMF)ROH rel. to LS-30dB NRinger characteristicsf1Frequency 1770800830Hz Y f2Frequency 2102510671110Hz Y f3Frequency 3128013331385Hz Y f MIN Min. Det. Frequency121314Hz Y f MAX Max. Det. Frequency687075Hz Y t DT Detection Time Initially102ms NSerial Interfacet RXD-r RXD signal rise time V dd=4V,R Pull-up=1.2kΩ30µs N t RXD-f RXD signal fall time30µs NV dd/2V N V comp Input comparator level atRXDBR RXD RXD baud rate+/-2%9600bps N BR TXD TXD baud rate+/-2%9600bps YMiscellaneoust D Key Debouce Time15ms N t time-out Watch-dog Timer2400ms NTypical ApplicationTest CircuitILine28-pin plastic SOIC (suffix T)Max. Body Length18.1mm / 713milMax. Body Width7.6mm / 300milPitch 1.27mm / 50milPin-out1–TIT–28 2–STB–27 3–CS–26 4–VSS–25 5–LI–24 6–RI–23 7–LS–22 8–CI–21 9–ROH–20 10–ROT–19 11–VDD–18 12–AGD–17 13–M1–16 14–M2–15MarkingYYWWAAA Ordering InformationNumber Package DescriptionAS2540T SOIC28plastic small outline package -28 leads (suffix T)AS2540Q Dice-on-Foil diceDevices sold by austriamicrosystems AG are covered bythe warranty and patent identification provisions appearingin its Term of Sale. austriamicrosystems AG makes no warranty, express, statutory, implied, or by description regarding the information set forth herein or regarding the freedom of the described devices from patent infringement. austriamicrosystems AG reserves the right to change specifications and prices at any time and without notice. Therefore, prior to designing this product into a system, itis necessary to check with austriamicrosystems AG for current information. This product is intended for use in normal commercial applications. Applications requiring extended temperature range, unusual environmental requirements, or high reliability applications, such as military, medical life-support or life-sustaining equipmentare specifically not recommended without additional processing by austriamicrosystems AG for each application.CopyrightCopyright © 1997-2002, austriamicrosystems AG, Schloss Premstaetten, 8141 Unterpremstaetten, Austria-Europe. Trademarks Registered ®. All rights reserved. The material herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consentof the copyright owner.The information furnished here by austriamicrosystems AGis believed to be correct and accurate. However, austriamicrosystems AG shall not be liable to recipient or any third party for any damages, including but not limitedto personal injury, property damage, loss of profits, loss of use, interruption of business or indirect, special, incidentalor consequential damages, of any kind, in connection withor arising out of the furnishing, performance or use of the technical data herein. No obligation or liability to recipientor any third party shall arise or flow out of austriamicrosystems AG rendering of technical or other services.USA (east)austriamicrosystems USA, Inc.Suite 400, 8601 Six Forks RoadRaleigh, NC 27615, USAPhone: +1/919/676 5292Fax: +1/919/676 5305United Kingdomaustriamicrosystems UK, Ltd.Coliseum Business Centre, Watchmoor Park Camberley, Surrey, GU15 3YL, UKPhone: +44/1276/23 3 99Fax: +44/1276/29 3 53Japanaustriamicrosystems AGShin Yokohama Daini, Center Bldg. 10F3-19-5, Shin YokohamaKohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0033, JapanPhone: +81/45/474 0962Fax: +81/45/472 9845Distributors & Representatives austriamicrosystems AG is represented by distributors in the following countries. Please contact your nearest regional sales office for the distributor address: Spain, Israel, Korea, Hong-Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, India, BrazilApplication SupportPlease contact your local sales office or your distributor.。

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