《新理念》第四册翻译
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson18
新观点第四册课文翻译及学习笔录Lesson18【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，而后回答以下问题。
What would you say is the main characteristicof porpoises?There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointedout that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. Onthe occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such anoccasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being drivenaway or killed.Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise isintrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantlyafter the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising aturtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea【New words and expressions生词和短语】porpoise n.海豚mariner n.水手shark n.鲨鱼formation n.队形dolphin n.海豚科动物unconscious adj.昏迷不醒beaver n.海狸ashore adv.登岸waterlogged adj.浸满水的scent n.香味ensue v.接着发生intrigue v.惹起兴趣indignity n.欺侮snout n.口鼻部shove v.硬推aquaplane n.驾浪滑水板oceanarium n.水族馆swoop v.猛扑belly n.腹部equilibrium n.均衡butt v. 碰撞crack n. 重击【课文说明】1.however intelligent they may be，不论它们有多聪慧，这是一个退步状语从句，相当于no matter how intelligent they may be 。
新概念英语第四册课文详解(L1-25)
Lesson 1 Finding fossil man第一课发现化石人by ROBIN PLACEfrom Finding fossil man1-1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事，那里的人最先学会了书写。
【单词和短语】read：此处为不及物动词，意为“读到，获悉”（to find out information from books，newspapers etc.），后接of或about，例如：He reads about the war. 他读到关于战争的消息。
Did you read of their accident in the newspapers?你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么？5,000 years：五千年。
另学习millennium，意为“一千年”，复数为millennia。
5,000 years即为5 millennia。
the Near East：近东，指地中部沿岸地区，包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部，有时还包括巴尔干半岛。
1-2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。
【单词和短语】even now：此处意为“甚至到现在”，例如：Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。
even now另有两解，一为“就在此刻”，例如：Perhaps even now the time has arrived.也许正是此刻时机来到了。
另一为“尽管这样，虽然情况如此”（in spite of what has happened），例如：I have explained everything，but even now she doesn’t understand.我什么都解释了，但是尽管如此她还是不明白。
新概念第四册 第三课课文
Lesson 3Matterhorn man马特霍恩山区人First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What was the main objective of early mountain climbers?Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal -- the top!It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could -- sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn ManNew words and expressions 生词和短语Matterhornn. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境）alpinist [ˈælpinist]n. 登山运动员pioneerv. 开辟，倡导；n. 先锋，开辟者summitn. 顶峰attainv. 到达perilous adj. 危险的['periləs]Brave students are trying perilous experiments so as to find out better knowledge for us all. 勇敢的学生尝试着一些危险的试验，为我们寻求更佳的知识。
最新新概念第四册Lesson37~39课文翻译及学习笔记
新概念第四册Lesson37 课文翻译及学习笔记【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most important factor, both in government or business, for keeping running costs low?If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Wherethe cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one manlooking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.It is precisely the samewith a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be surethat the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation;and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society【New words and expressions 生词和短语】hub n. （活动的）中心disunited分裂的adj.correspondingly adv. 相应地backward. 落后的adjincur v. 承担administer v. 管理adminstrative adj. 行政管理的analogous adj. 类似的overheads n. 一般费用initiative n. 主动，积极性checker n. 检查人员foreman n. 监工dividend n. 红利unduly adv. 过度地【课文注释】1. disunited adj. 分裂的例句：Moreover, whe nthe employees are dis un ited, un happ in ess is bound to set in.更何况大家都不团结时，不愉快事件频频You are wretched, disunited individuals.你们糟透了，分崩离析了。
新理念英语阅读初一第4册原文与译文
WORD格式可编辑Finn McCool was an Irish giant.Hwas big and strong,and he had won many battles.But,Finn was tired of fighting.One day,Finn met Oonagh,a clever ginatess.Finn and Oonagh liked each other,so they decided to live togetherin a quiet cave by the sea.Finn liked to sit and look outover the water.He could just make out Scotland,far away in the distance.There’sno place like home,said Finn,contentedly.Smack!A heavy rock landed near Finn.”Who threw that?”roared Finn,jumping up.”I did!”came a loud voice.”The mighty Benandonner of Scotland.””I’ve heard thatthe Irish giant Finn McCool is now old and feeble.You call yourself a fighter?I could whip you with one hand behind my back!”yelled Benandonner.”Come over here and say that!”yelled Finn,angrily.”I’m the strongest giant in this land.”“It’s only the water that’s stopping me from coming to fight you,Finn McCool!”Benandonner shouted back.”Afraid of water,are you?”yelled Finn.”Afraid?No!”shouted Benandonner.”I just don’t know how to swim.””I’ll make a causeway,”yelled Finn.”Then you’ll have to come over and fight,giant togiant.”Finn began to pull great slabs of rock off the cliff.He threw them into the waterto make a path.The slabs were heavy,and it was a long way from Ireland to Scotland.It took Finn a week to finish the causeway.He threw down the last slabs late onenight,and then walked back over the causeway to his cave.”I’m tired.I’m going to bed now.I need to get some strength before I face Benandonner,”Finn told Oonagh.In the morning,Oonagh woke early.She went outside because someone was making a lot of noise. Benandonner was walking over the causeway,shouting,”I’m coming to get you,Finn.”Oonagh could see that Benandonner was much bigger than Finn.She rushedin to warn Finn, but he was still asleep.Oonagh knew that Finn was so tired he might lose the fight.Suddenly, Oonagh had a plan. She woke Finn and made him put on her biggest dress.Rippng open a pillowcase, she tied it around Finn’head.She made F inn lie down and pretend he was asleep,and then she put their biggest blanket over him.Finally,shesat down and waited.Soon, Benandonner came storming into their cave,shouting,”Where’s that feeble Finn?I’m ready to fight him!”Jumping to her feet,Oonagh whispered angrily to Benandonner,”Be quiet!Finn’s not here,and I don’t want the baby woken.Take your noise outside!” Benandonner looked over at the blanket in the corner.He walkedtowards it.Benandonner looked down at the baby.He couldn’t believe it.The baby was huge.Ifthe baby is this size,what size is its father?he thought.He reached down to pat the 专业技术分享。
新概念第四册Lesson28~30课文翻译及学习笔记
【导语】新概念英语⼀共144课。
整本书⽆论是语法还是词汇，题材还是语句，都有其出彩之处。
正是因为如此，新概念英语更是经久不衰，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的喜爱。
为您整理了“新概念第四册Lesson28~30课⽂翻译及学习笔记”，希望可以帮助到您！新概念第四册Lesson28课⽂翻译及学习笔记 【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What are patients looking for when they visit the doctor? This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same a theirs. This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor's house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors -- to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves. 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 sceptical adj. 怀疑的 forefathers n. 祖先 fervently adv. 热情地 curative adj. 治病的 astronomical adj. 天⽂学的 tangible adj.实实在在的 remedy n. 药物 ointment n. 药膏 prescribe v. 开药⽅ indisposition n. ⼩病 disgusting n. 令⼈讨厌的 inconvenience n. 不便 【课⽂注释】 1.sceptical adj.怀疑的 例句：Mary is sceptical about the solution. 玛丽对这个解决办法表⽰怀疑。
全新版第四册Text A 课文翻译
Chinese Translations of Texts A (Units 1-8)第一单元与自然力量抗争人道是骄兵必败。
就拿拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。
但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证明他们错了。
冰雪卫士奈拉·B·斯密斯1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。
他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。
他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。
但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。
希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。
他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。
希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。
仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。
拿破仑发起的战役1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。
这些士兵受过良好训练，作战力强，装备精良。
这支军队被称为大军。
拿破仑对马到成功充满自信，预言要在5个星期内攻下俄国。
不久，拿破仑的大军渡过涅曼河进入俄国。
拿破仑期盼着的速决速胜迟迟没有发生。
令他吃惊的是，俄国人并不奋起抵抗。
相反，他们一路东撤，沿途焚毁庄稼和民居。
大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。
到了8月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。
可是，俄国人仍能在自己的国土上继续后撒。
拿破仑未能取得决定性的胜利。
此刻他面临着一个重要抉择。
是继续追击俄国，军队，还是把军队驻扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那儿度过将到的冬天?拿破仑孤注一掷，决定向远在448公里之外的莫斯科进发。
1812年9月7日，法俄两军在莫斯科以西112公里外的鲍罗季诺激战。
夜幕降临时，3万名法国士兵以及4万4千名俄国士兵或伤或亡，倒在了战场上。
俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。
拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。
新理念1英语翻译答案1-5
英语翻译答案Unit11Translation1. As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to.2. His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold.3. Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production.4. It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. /Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules.5. It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.2. Translate the passageSusan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again.One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be able to lead a useful life.Unit21 Translation1. Ha lf an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.2. Mary looks as if she is very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by heart.3. Since the basketball match has been postponed, we might as well visit the museum.4. He stayed in Australia with his parents all the way through World War II.5. Since I graduated from Nanjing University in 1985, I have kind of lost touch with my classmates.2. Translate the passageIt is not easy to keep in touch with friends when they are far away. This is certainly true in my case.It has been a couple of years since I left my old neighborhood and all the friends I had there. I’ve been meaning to write to them but something or other comes up and I just don’t seem to find the time. They are always on my mind. However, and I think I will certainly make an effort to keep up correspondence with them in futureUnit31 Translation1) As is predicted by scientists, global pollution has become one of the most serious problems humans are faced with.2) Competition for these jobs is very tough –we have five times as many applicants this year as we did last year/ there are five times as many applicants this year as there were last year.3) As the facts show, educational programs need to fit into the national plan for economical development.4) The car burns too much gas, and moreover, the price is almost twice as much as I intend to pay.5) To understand a great international event, we, first of all, need to consider the historical and political background to it.2 It is hard to imagine how our forefathers could do without so many conveniences that modern technology has brought about. Back then only a small proportion of the population enjoyed the comforts of life. The majority didn’t even have sufficient food, not to speak of/ let alone the privilege of being educated. However, many people blame modern technology for creating so many problems. They want to slow down the rate of progress. But no one can put the clock back.Unit41 Translation1)It is reported that UN mediators have worked out a plan which they hope will be acceptable to both sides.2) Doris walked in the forest cautiously, afraid of being attacked by giant snakes.3) Earthquakes, typhoons and other natural disaters cannot be prevented, but action can be taken to protect life and property.4) I bought a new issue of my favorite sports magazine and hurried home, anxious to amuse myself reading it.5) Helen lacks confidence. I’ve never known anyone so unsure of herself.2. Translate the passageAfter graduating from college, Tony decided to start his own business. At the beginning, many a bank turned down his request for a loan. But he was not a b itdiscouraged, and continued to call on one banker after another seeking help. Impressed by his determination and optimism, one banker finally agreed to loan him the money. Now he has become a wealthy businessman. Talking about his amazing achievement, To ny says that it is important to create rather than wait for opportunities.Unit51 Translation1) I’m not sure where you can find a good carpenter---you’d better ask around.2) Feeling a little embarrassed, he quickly cleared his throat and looked up at th e painting on the wall.3) Michael was survived by three sons, two daughters, and his wife Elizabeth.4) As a financial expert, William advised us to invest our money in the stock market.5) We small retailers can’t compete with supermarkets in pricing and sales.2. Translate the passageMy dad is a hard-working executive of a manufacturing firm. He works six days a week. Every day he has to straighten out various kinds of problems so that he often stays up late/nights. However, he tries his best to balance/maintain balance between work and family. On Sundays my dad usually stays at home and cares for us as much as he can. To my greatest joy, he cooks our favorite dished and plays ball with us.。
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第一篇我希望Chapter1 假期当贝利，罗恩和皮特步行上学的时候，他们抱怨。
“我讨厌学校。
”贝利抱怨。
“我讨厌阅读和写作。
”“是的。
”罗恩抱怨。
“我讨厌所有的科目。
”“我也是，老兄。
”皮特同意。
“我厌倦了如此努力地学习。
”贝利抱怨。
“我厌倦了做奴隶。
”罗恩抱怨。
“老兄，学校像坏气味。
”皮特说。
“是的。
”罗恩同意。
“至少我们学校很快要放假了。
”“老兄，我们为什么不出走，去太平洋度假呢？”皮特说。
“那里没有学校。
”“我们怎么到达那里？”贝利问。
“我们可以借我叔叔的游艇。
”罗恩说，“他现在没有用它。
”皮特举起一只手到耳边。
“听着，老兄。
”他说，“自由在召唤，咱们走吧！”男生们互相击掌庆贺，开始筹划他们的假期。
Chapter2 横渡太平洋一周后，那三个朋友在航海横渡太平洋。
贝利船长驾着船。
“这个要比去上学好！”他大喊。
罗恩捉了一些鱼。
“是的，这个要比阅读和写作好。
”他呼喊回应。
于是皮特就煮了一些鱼。
他用力嗅着大海的空气，咧开嘴笑了。
一天又一天过去了，他们航海横渡了太平洋。
没有学习，没有学校，只有广阔的大海和蓝色的天空。
三个男生是如此高兴。
Chapter3 坏风暴一天，蓝色的天空变黑了。
轻柔的微风变成了狂风。
电闪雷鸣。
巨浪猛扑进船里。
船在风暴肆虐的海上摇滚。
“我希望我是在学校看书。
”贝利抱怨。
“我希望我是在写故事。
”罗恩抱怨。
“我希望我是在干燥的陆地上。
”皮特抱怨。
船像一个沙滩球在波浪上颠跳。
突然，一个大浪猛扑进来。
船翻个底朝天。
男生们爬上船底。
他们认为船要沉了，他们要被淹死了。
但是然后，正当这种危急情况快要开始的时候，风暴停了，太阳出来了。
Chapter4 小岛当男生们看到他们靠近一个小岛的时候，他们很开心。
他们游到那个小岛。
岛上到处长有椰子树，香蕉树和菠萝树。
他们喜欢黄色的沙滩和清澈的蓝色池塘。
“老兄，这比看书要好！”皮特微笑。
男生们喜爱他们的小岛假期。
他们度过了游泳，钓鱼和大笑的几天时光。
但是几天后，他们厌倦了吃同样的食物，做同样的事情。
“我感到无聊。
”皮特说，“我宁愿读50本书也不愿意再吃一个椰子。
”“我也感到无聊！”罗恩同意。
“我宁愿做100道数学题也不愿意再吃一个菠萝。
”“我宁可航海回家。
”皮特抱怨。
Chapter5 大瓶子贝利观看着一个绿点在波涛上上下浮动。
“那是什么？”他问皮特和罗恩。
当那个绿点来得更近，三个朋友观看着。
“它是一个瓶子。
”罗恩说。
“我要拿到它。
”他把它拿回来，让它立在沙滩上。
它是一个又旧又大的绿色瓶子，瓶口有一个大软木塞。
罗恩尽力想拔出木塞，但没拔出来。
然后贝利拿过瓶子，拔啊拔啊，但还是没拔出来。
然后皮特扭转了下。
他用脚夹住瓶子，紧紧抓住软木塞，拔啊拔啊……突然，随着一大团烟雾，软木塞射出瓶口。
男生们抬头看，看见一个巨大的妖怪站在他们上方。
“谢谢你们！”那妖怪咆哮，“你们救了我的命。
因为释放了我，我将答应你们每人一个愿望。
你希望得到什么？”妖怪转向贝利。
“我希望回到学校。
”贝利说。
“我想要在课堂上看书。
”有一道闪电和一声霹雳，贝利回到学校看书了。
“你的愿望是什么？”妖怪问罗恩。
“我想要和贝利一样。
”罗恩说。
“我想要回到学校，写故事。
”妖怪俯视着皮特。
“你的愿望是什么？”他问。
皮特挠挠他的头，但他想不出什么愿望。
妖怪不耐烦了。
“快点！”他咆哮。
“我已经在那个瓶子里两千年了，快点！你有什么愿望？”“我不知道……”皮特说。
“没有我的朋友会很寂寞。
噢，我希望他们都还在这里。
”有两道闪电和两声霹雳……第二篇太空垃圾，陨星和彗星Chapter1 拥挤的天空从地球看，天空呈现得很平静。
在白天，太阳照射下来。
在夜里，月亮和星星发光、闪烁。
一切表现得平静，安宁。
但事实上，有几百万个物体快速掠过天空。
这些物体包括太空垃圾，陨星和彗星。
Chapter2 太空垃圾从地球到太空太空垃圾专指在地球上开始，在太空中结束的物体。
相信在太空有一百多万块垃圾。
虽然它们大多数足够小，能放进一个人的手里。
有几类太空垃圾是被宇航员扔掉的物品，如塑料袋和饮料杯。
其它普通种类的太空垃圾，是被设计在执行任务中从火箭主体脱离的零件。
太空垃圾也可能包括从宇宙飞船和人造卫星掉落的设备部件。
飞速掠过太空太空垃圾不是飘浮穿过太空。
它以每小时2万8千公里的速度飞速掠过太空。
太空垃圾能对宇宙飞船和人造卫星造成威胁。
如果一块乒乓球那样大小的疾飞的金属击中一个宇宙飞船，造成的冲击力将会相当于有人在这个宇宙飞船里引爆了25支炸药。
重返每年，几百块太空垃圾掉落到地球的大气层。
它们中大多数是如此小，以至于它们到达地球表面之前就烧没了。
那些定会击中地球的太空垃圾通常会落进水里。
因为几乎四分之三的地球表面是水域。
地球上的大多数人住得靠近其他人。
所以有广阔的陆上地区很少有人居住。
即使当太空垃圾撞击陆地，它通常掉落在远离人们居住的地区。
太空实验室落到地球的最著名的太空垃圾是美国太空站实验室。
1979年7月11日，太空实验室重新回到地球的大气层。
它分裂成很多块，掉落在澳大利亚的偏远地区，以及澳大利亚西海岸的印度洋里。
澳大利亚西部的一个城镇，埃斯佩兰斯，决定自己回归美国。
相信埃斯佩兰斯城因为乱丢垃圾而送给美国政府400美元的罚款。
Chapter3 陨石陨石是掉落到地球的太空岩石，行星或其它的太空星体碎块。
有些陨石是彗星碎块。
有几块陨石已经被证明是月球或火星的碎块。
大多数陨石来自小行星。
小行星是在太空运行的巨大岩石。
我们太阳系中的大多数小行星是在火星和木星之间运行。
研究陨石陨石给科学家们提供了许多关于太阳系的信息。
科学家们对于弄清楚在陨石里有什么金属很感兴趣。
这个信息给他们提供了可能存在于其它行星上的生命类型的线索。
已经研究过来自月球陨石的科学家们，已经算出地球和月球最有可能在几十亿年前来自同一个行星。
破坏地球流星每天都进入地球大气层。
大多数流星是如此小，以至于它们在击中地球表面之前就烧化了。
然而，在地球历史上已经有过好几个时期，陨石已经造成了如此大的破坏，以至于人类可能已经无法生存。
人们相信陨石使恐龙变得灭绝了。
Chapter4 彗星彗星是冰冻的气体、冰和急速穿越太空的尘埃的混合体。
当行星和恒星形成时，这些气体、冰和尘埃遗留下来。
彗星只有在靠近太阳的时候才能从地球上看到。
最著名的彗星是哈雷彗星。
大约每隔76年它才能从地球上被看到一次，最后一次出现在1986年。
慧核，慧发和慧尾一颗彗星有三个主要部分——慧核，慧发和慧尾。
慧核是由冰冻气体和水组成的小固体部分。
慧发是围绕着慧核的由尘埃和气体组成的巨大云团。
慧尾是由被逸出气体从慧核推出的微小尘埃颗粒组成的。
彗星的直径通常是几百万公里长。
第三篇地震Chapter1 地震是什么？地震是地球表面的晃动。
地震是由地球的岩石外壳的快速运动而引起的。
每年大约有50万次可探测到的地震。
它们出现在全世界的多个地方，包括在海洋底下。
地震中的大部分都很小，不会造成任何破坏，但大地震可能是毁灭性的。
科学家研究了地球的表层来了解地震。
科学家已经能够解释地震是如何发生的，为什么会发生。
研究地震的科学称为地震学。
研究地震的科学家称地震学家。
Chapter2 地壳的层很久以前，人们相信地球是固体的，但是今天，科学家们知道地球是由层构成的。
地球的中心叫做地心。
地心是非常热的。
内核是一个由铁制成的实心球体，外核主要由液态铁制成。
地幔围绕着地心，它由炽热的岩石构成。
地幔的下部是柔软的，可以缓慢移动。
地幔和地心构成了地球的大部分。
地球的最上层叫做地壳，是由岩石构成的。
它是地球所有层次中最薄的。
它在海洋底下最薄，在大陆底下要厚得多。
Chapter3 地壳构造的板块地壳和地幔的上部是由巨大的、漂移在地幔下部的盘状岩石板块组成，所以它们总是在不断地运动。
大多数时候，这些板块移动得如此慢，以至于人们感觉不到。
这些巨大的岩石被称为构造板块。
它们大小不同，每一块都有个名字。
当板块的边缘相遇的时候，板块能伸展成碎片，滑过对方，或者互相推挤，直到一个板块被迫伸展到另一个板块下面。
Chapter4 断层地壳板块的运动使地球的岩石地壳产生裂缝。
这些裂缝被称为断层，它们在板块的边缘形成。
有些断层很容易看见。
大多数断层被固定在原来的地方，但板块一直缓慢地移动。
随着时间的推移，这对岩石形成压力，当岩石的压力太多时，他们会沿着裂缝处突然断裂。
冲击波朝各个方向传播，使地面震动。
这就是地震，这也是为什么大多数地震发生在构造板块边缘附近的原因。
Chapter5 测量地震科学家们使用被称为地震仪的机器来测量地震。
来自地震仪的信息帮助科学家计算出地震的大小，以及它发生的时间和地点。
一个小地震在地震仪上产生一个小的摆动，一个大地震就产生一个大的摆动。
科学家给地震一个等级数字来描述它的大小。
这个等级数字越大，地震就越大。
有几个不同的等级，但科学家们经常使用震级来测量震源的大小。
1960年发生在智利的9.5级地震，是自1900年以来世界上最大级别的地震。
里氏震级测量地震仪上记录的最大摆动。
修订后的麦加利地震烈度测量地震对地球表面的破坏，里氏震级较高的地震可能在很少有人居住的地区破坏不大。
相同的地震会在修订后的麦加利震级较低。
Chapter6 预防地震科学家们不确切地知道地震何时发生，但他们知道地震在某些地区更可能发生。
住在这些地区的人们都得为地震做好准备。
地震在日本很常见。
在地震中，孩子们坐在桌子下面，以免被落下的物体伤害。
如果他们在外面，他们尽力搬到开阔地带。
有些人随手携带头盔以防万一发生地震。
Chapter7 地震幸存者我的名字叫穆罕默德。
在2003年12月26日，一场毁灭性的地震，袭击了我的家乡伊朗巴姆市。
它摧毁了大部分的城市，杀死了2万6千多人。
成千上万的人失去了他们的家园。
地震袭击的时候正是凌晨。
我和我的家人在屋外睡着了。
夜里早些时候，一场小地震吓醒我们，所以我们决定睡在外面，这个决定救了我们的命。
地震使得地面摇晃。
它似乎在我们身下的波涛里上升。
我很害怕。
大多数房屋由泥瓦建成。
它们倒塌了，人们被埋在下面。
遍及全市，人们帮着挖出幸存者。
我和父亲帮着救援了我们的一些邻居。
巴姆两千多年历史了，以它的历史和美丽而闻名。
6.6级的地震把大部分城市变为一堆废墟。
其它国家的人们来帮助我们。
他们带来食物，水，衣服，帐篷和药。
在巴姆人们已经开始重建家园，但是这个城市不再原样了。
第四篇电Chapter1 介绍电电是一种能量形式。
它就在我们身边。
今天，世界上大多数人每天用电，给不同的事物供应电源。
人们在家、学校、工作和汽车上使用电。
200多年前，没有什么是用电驱动的。
在过去，人们知道电，但他们不知道如何使用电能。
静电是被发现的第一种电能。
直到1800年发明了电池，电流才被发现。
Chapter2 电是什么？科学家们已经发现，电是电子在原子间的运动。