PETS5写作拓展方法
2020PETS5写作流程和模板
xxPETS5写作流程和模板为了帮助大家更好地复习公共英语五级写作，网为大家提供了PETS-5的写作流程和模版，希望对大家有帮助!Issue1)起始段写法方法(1),先复述原题,表明立场Thespeakerassertsthat_________.Althoughthespeaker’spositionisnotwhollyinsupportable,farmorepellingargumentsca nbemadefor_______.1.复述原题,指出其复杂性,说明自己的立场Theissuethat_______isaplexone,sinceitinvolvesaconflictbetwe en_____and_______.Inmyview,thefinaljudgmentshoulddependonac ase-by-caseanalysisoftwokeyfactors.2.复述两种立场,表明立场Sincethe1960s,therehasbeensomeheateddiscussiononthe________ .Somepeoplemaintainthat__________,whileotherpeoplearguethat _______.Byparison,Itendtofavorlatterpointofview.2)中间段写法方法(1)有让步的同意Tobeginwith,paredwiththepast,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinth e________.Asaresult,________.Withthetimegoesby,itisnaturalt hat________.What’smore,(原因2)thepatternof______asawholealsoundergoescertaindramatictra nsformation.So_________.(原因3)Finally,thecountryhas,forthepastdecades,witnessedanupsurg eof______.Sonowadays,avarietyofmoderntechnicaldevicesareava ilable.Byandby,theyoungpeoplefinditmoreconvenienttocontactt heirparentsthroughtelephoneorE-mailsinsteadofstayingwiththe irparents.Thosewhoadvocate_________mightpointoutthat______. Evenso,thesituationisnotabsolute,norisitthemostcriticalelem ent.Asamatteroffact,______.方法(2)有让步的不同意Admittedly,thosewhopreachabouttheso-calledadvantagesof_____ docontainsomeelementoftruth.Forinstance,__________.Neverthe less,thesearguerstendtoneglectthreeotheressentialfactors,th emostimportantofwhich,Ipropose,isthat________.Additionally, numerousstudieshaveshownthat_________.Finally,suppose______ who______.Surelyenough,____________.方法(3)拒绝选择立场Sincethe1960s,theworldhaswitnessedsomedramaticchangesinthe_ ______.Undersuchconditions,itisnotunmonthat______________.F orexample,________.Insomeotherinstances,however,theabove-me ntionedsituationisnotalwaysadequate.Forinstance,suppose____ _____who_______.Surelyenough,_________.Anotherexceptiontoth isapproachisthecaseof_______.Admittedly,theseareexceptional cases,yettheydoexist.3)结论段方法(1)重申立场Inconclusion,__________.方法(2)重申立场,提一些建议措施Giventheconsiderationsabove,itissafetoconcludethat______has exertedimpactsonthesustainabledevelopmentof_____,butwhatmea suresshouldbetakentoarrestandreversethissituation?______are expectedtolaunchprehensiveprojectsthatattachdueimportanceto ______.Foranotherthing,peopleinurbanareas,______inparticula r,areexpectedtoenhancetheirawarenessthat_______.Manyoptions stillexist,andhumanbeingscanstillhaveabrightfutureunderahar moniousfamilyatmosphere.Asanoldsayinggoes,“______.”ISSUE写作“五不能”1)观点不能缺乏角度2)观点绝对不能化3)专业术语不能过多4)例证陈腐不能陈腐5)不能过度依赖个人经历Argumentation1)起始段方法(1)Sincethe1960s,therehasbeensomeheateddiscussiononthe______.S omepeoplemaintainthat_________.Whattheypreachaboutdoesconta insomeelementsoftruth,however,throughdecadesofobservationan dpractice,itturnsoutthattheirstatementhasmanyrestrictions.方法(2)Theauthorofthisargumentclaimsthat_________.Tosupportthiscla imtheauthorcitescertainevidenceinvolvinghisownexperienceand observationwiththeissue.However,closescrutinyofthisevidence revealsthatitlendslittlecreditfortheauthor’sassertion.方法(3)Thestatementendorsedinthisremarkisthat_______.However,thisargumentinvolvesthesortofgrossoversimplificationandemotional appealtypicalofeloquenceandrhetoric.Forthisreason,itisrathe rconvincing.2)拓展段:首先承认前者观点的合理之处,然后找到至少两点坏处方法(1)Admittedly,thosewhopreachabouttheso-calledadvantagesof_____ docontainsomeelementoftruth.Forinstance,__________.Neverthe less,thesearguerstendtoneglectthreeotheressentialfactors.Fi rst,______.Second,_______.Thirdandlast,_______.Tosumup,then otionheldbytheauthorisnotjustified.方法(2)Themajorproblemwiththisargumentisthat__________.Anotherprob lemthatunderminestheargumentaboveisthat_______.Grantedthat_ _______,itdoesn’tfollowthat__________.方法(3)Admittedly,theideaheldbythosewho__________doescontainanelem entoftruth.Forexample,aordingtothesurvey,_________.Butthese arguerstendtoignoretwootheressentialaspects.First,thearguersfailtotakeintoaountthepossibilitythat__________.Inthissens e,______isnotalwayssynonymousto________.Second,thearguers’assertiondoesn’tprovidesufficientdatatonarrowdowntheexactextentofthefinanc ialloss.Therefore,anyfurtherconclusionaddressingtheproblemo fspaceresearchmustbebasedonthoroughinvestigationAsamatterof fact,___________.Inthisrespect,moneyreturnisnotthesolehallm arkofthespaceresearch.Givenreasonsabove,theargumentabove,un deracarefulexamination,turnsouttobegroundlessinitshastyconc lusion.3)结论段写法方法(1)总结漏洞Inconclusion,thearguers’evidencelendslittlecrediblesupporttoherclaim.Topersuadepeop lethatspaceresearchisawasteofmoney,thearguerswouldneedtopro videclearevidence,sufficientdataandthoroughcost-benefitanal ysisofalternatives方法(2)提出建议措施Giventheconsiderationsabove,itissafetoconcludethat______has exertedimpactsonthesustainabledevelopmentof_____,butwhatmea suresshouldbetakentoarrestandreversethissituation?Foronething,______areexpectedtolaunchprehensiveprojectsthatattachdui mportanceto______.Foranotherthing,peopleinurbanareas,______ inparticular,areexpectedtoenhancetheirawarenessthat_______. Manyoptionsstillexist,andhumanbeingscanstillhaveabrightfutu reunderaharmoniousfamilyatmosphere.Asanoldsayinggoes,“______.”。
公共英语五级有哪些写作技巧呢
公共英语五级有哪些写作技巧呢公共英语五级有哪些写作技巧呢一、写作要求1. 内容切题中心明确文章中的每一个句子必须起着为主题服务的作用。
任何偏离主题的句子、段落都将破坏文章的统一性，都应该删除。
2. 组织严密条理清楚文章的各个部分必须按逻辑顺序、时间顺序或空间顺序串连起来;过渡词语或过渡段落要用得贴切自然，使文章读起来连贯有序，流畅自然。
3. 句子精练句型多样句子既要写得准确，句型也要有变化。
长句与短句交替使用，简单句与并列句或复合句交替使用，松散句与圆周句或均衡句交替使用，这样显得节奏明快，增强了可读性和感染力。
4. 用词得体丰富生动要使学的词汇用得贴切、得当，就必须掌握确切的词义，了解同义词之间的细微区别，区分词义的褒与贬，熟知词的搭配，明确词语使用的语域等。
二、应试步骤1. 审题与立意根据题目所提供的条件和要求来确定文章的内容、体裁和写法。
(1)审文体——根据题目要求确定文章的体裁。
可以根据各种不同体裁的文章特点去考虑文章内容的组织安排。
(2)审内容——根据题目的要求了解内容方面的要求，决定写什么。
(3)审材料——在确定了内容之后要选择合适的材料。
选材的原则是：要选择最能表现主题的材料，要选择典型的、新鲜的、真实的材料。
(4)审题之后要立意——立意就是通常所说的确立文章的主题。
立意要准确、新颖、深刻和集中。
准确是指要恰如其分地反映题目要求;新颖是指文章的.主题要力求有新意，要有新鲜感和现实感;深刻是指要深入挖掘，透彻分析;集中是指要围绕一个中心、一个重点，不能搞多中心、多重点。
2. 认真拟提纲通过以上审题及立意，草拟出一个提纲，确立文章的框架结构、层次及逻辑。
较详细的提纲可以将文章的层次、每个层次几个段落、每个段落安排什么材料、段落之间如何过渡与照应、文章怎么起首、文末如何收笔等都写进去。
3. 写好引言与结尾构思完成后用适当的语言形式把提纲列出的要点展开，写成一篇连贯通顺、结构完整、思路清晰、有逻辑性的文章。
PETS5--Writing PETS5 写作
position is not wholly insupportable, far more compelling arguments
can be made for _______.
方法2),复述两种立场,表明立场
In recent years, there has been some heated debates on the ________. Some people maintain that __________, while other people argue that _______. By comparison, I tend to favor the latter point of view.
In the meantime, we should not neglect the disadvantages of 主题. First of all, unhealthy information；Secondly,
getting addicted to it.
To sum up the above arguments, I think a proper attitude towards 主题 is that…
chart … Financial Sources of College Students 1. 描述中美大学生经济资助状况 2. 分析这种状况的成因 3. 预测中国大学生经济资助的可能变化
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2) 对比分析/选择型 On Studying Abroad
1、提出要讨论的主题，人们对此看法不一；2、分别论述人们对此的看 法及原因；3、表明自己的观点并给出理由。
常用结构：
PETS5写作拓展方法
Cause and EffectComplete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.a) Childhood vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reduced infant mortality.b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cold winter hospital admissions increased.c) Printing money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . higher inflation.d) The summer was extremely dry, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . many trees died.e) Increased ownership of video recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . falling cinemaattendance.Use conjunctions to complete the following paragraph.WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGERSome British scientists now believe that women live longer than men a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T cells, a vital part of the immune system that protects the body from diseases. Previously, various theories have attempted to explain longer female life expectancy. Biologists claimed that women lived longer b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they need to bring up children. Others argued that men take more risks, c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they die earlier. But a team from Imperial College think that the difference may be d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . women having better immune systems. Having studied a group of men and women they found that the body produces fewer T cells as it gets older, e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the ageing process. However, they admit that this may not be the only factor, andf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . another research project may be conducted.5. Study the flowchart and complete the paragraph that describes it.government lowers taxespeople have more money to spendhigher spending on goods and servicesincreased demand for goods and serviceslower unemploymentgovernment has higher income, spending less on social securityIf a country is suffering from economic recession, the government can reduce taxation.ComparisonsStudy the table and complete the exercise below.Cost of sending a letter to a domestic destination (eurocent)Germany 110France 85Japan 62Britain 60United States 48Spain 45a) Letters in France are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .in Japan.b) Spanish letters are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German letters.c) American letters are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . letters in Britain.d) Letters in Germany are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in America. Study the table and complete the text below (one word per gap).American spending on leisure activities, 1997, US$ billionvideo, audio andcomputers80books and newspapers 51casino gambling 24lotteries 18recorded music 15theme parks 9video games 8.5spectator sports 6cinema tickets 5.5racecourse betting 2.5The table shows that Americans spend the a) . . . . . . . . . . . money ($80 bn.) on video, audio and computer equipment. They spend 40% b) . . . . . . . . . . . on books and newspapers, while casinos, in third place, are c) . . . . . . . . . . . popular d) . . . . . . . . . . . lotteries or recorded music. Americans spend e) . . . . . . . . . . . more on theme parks than f) . . . . . . . . . . . video games, and the cinema, in ninth place, is nearly g) . . . . . . . . . . . popular as spectator sports. The h) . . . . . . . . . . . amount of money is spent on racecourse betting.Study the table below and complete the paragraph comparing life expectancy in European countries (one word per gap).Country Adult alcohol intake per yearliters Cigarettessmoked perdayper adultLifeexpectancyin years –maleLifeexpectancyin years –femaleAustria 11.9 4.6 74.2 80.5 Belgium 11.7 4.3 73.8 80.5 Britain 9.4 4.2 74.3 79.5 Denmark 12.1 4.9 73.1 78.2 Finland 8.4 2.2 73.3 80.3 France 14.1 4.0 74.2 82.1Germany 11.8 5.0 73.7 80.0Greece 10.4 8.3 75.1 81.4Italy 9.4 4.2 74.9 81.3Norway 4.8 1.7 75.4 81.0Portugal 13.6 4.6 71.4 78.7Sweden 6.4 2.4 76.7 81.8Switzerland 11.8 5.6 76.1 82.2EU average 11.1 4.5 74.1 80.5The table a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that Swedish men have the b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . life expectancy in Europe, while women live the c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Switzerland.d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . average women in Europe live six years longer e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .men. Men in Portugal have f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lowest life expectancy (71.4 years), while the lowest for women is Denmark (78.2 years), which is g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than in Portugal (78.7 years).DefinitionsInsert suitable category words in the following definitions.a) A barometer is a scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . designed to measure atmospheric pressure.b) Kidneys are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that separate waste fluid from the blood.c) A multi-national company is a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that operates in many countries.d) Reinforced concrete is a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . consisting of cement, sand and steelrods.e) Bullying is a pattern of anti-social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . found in many schools.f) Recycling is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in which materials are used again.g) A recession is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of reduced economic activity.h) Postcodes are a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for making mail delivery more efficient.ExamplesPhrases for introducing examples include:Many departments, for instance/for example engineering, now offer foundation courses. (note use of commas)A few courses such as/e.g. MBA require work experience.Many universities, particularly/especially UK ones, ask overseas students for IELTS scores. (note the focus)Some subjects are heavily oversubscribed. A case in point is medicine. (for single examples) Use suitable example phrases to complete the following sentences.a) As the climate warms, wetland species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frogs may find their habitatreduced.b) Some animals can migrate to cooler areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are birds, which can moveeasily.c) Many plants, trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., will find it difficult to move to wetter regions in thenorth.d) Certain reptiles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snakes, may benefit from drier and warmer summers.e) Rising sea levels may bring some advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expanding wetland areas. Find a suitable example for each sentence.Example:Various sectors in the economy are experiencing labor shortages.Various sectors in the economy, for instance engineering, are experiencing labor shortages.a) A number of sports have become very profitable due to the sale of television rights.b) Some British universities offer special courses in English for overseas students.c) In recent years many women have made significant contributions to the political world.d) Three-year guarantees are now being offered by most car makers.e) Certain diseases are proving much harder to combat than was expected 20 years ago.f) Many musical instruments use strings to make music.g) Several mammals are currently in danger of extinction.Provide examples in the following paragraph where they appear necessary.Students who go to study abroad often experience a type of culture shock when they arrive in the new country. Customs which they took for granted in their own society are not followed in the host country. Even everyday patterns of life may be different. When these are added to the inevitable differences which occur in every country students may at first feel confused. They may experience rapid changes of mood, or even want to return home. However, most soon make new friends and, in a relatively short period, are able to adjust to their new environment. They may even find that they prefer some aspects of their new surroundings, and forget that they are not at home for a while!Another small group of phrases is used when there is only one example.This is a kind of restatement:The world’s biggest software company, i.e. Microsoft, is buying a share of the cable business.in other words/namely/that is to say/i.e./viz. (in very formal English only)In the following sentences, add a suitable phrase from the box below.a) His mo ther’s sister was a small but very remarkable woman.b) When the liquid reached boiling point the reaction began.c) All the plants and animals at risk in the region must be protected.d) At this stage, all the students should be rigorously evaluated.e) It was cold, wet and windy.namely 140 degreesin other words, an English summer’s dayi.e. his auntviz., given an examinationthat is to say, the endangered wildlifenamely, the Atlantic OceanGeneralizationsThere are two ways of making a generalization:a) Using the plural: Computers are useful machines.b) Using definite article and the singular: The computer is a useful machine. (lesscommon/more formal)It is better to avoid absolute phrases such as cats are cleverer than dogs.Instead use more cautious phrases such as cats tend to be cleverer than dogs or most cats are more intelligent than dogs.Write generalizations on the following topics.a) child/noise Example: Children are often noisy.b)flowers/presents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c)city/pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d) fresh fruit/health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e)television/important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read the following text and underline the generalizations.Li Pang is a Chinese student studying architecture in Manchester. He enjoys the style of teaching as well as the cosmopolitan lifestyle the city provides. Many international students attend British universities. Most welcome the chance to meet classmates from all over the world, and all are pleased to have the chance to improve their English. When he goes home to Shanghai, Li Pang will have a network of international contacts to support his future career. Read this text about dreams and write five generalizations using the data.A recent survey on dreams, completed by over 10,000 people, found that 68% of all dreams came into the ‘anxiety’ category. Being chased was the most common dream, record ed by 72%. Dreams about falling (which signify insecurity) are also very common, being recorded by 70%. 55% have dreamed about relatives and friends who have died. Many people believe that dreams can foretell the future, but only 42% have experienced this type. 28% of those surveyed have dreams about food, which seem to occur during periods of weight watching, but 23% have been pleased by dreams of finding money.Example:Anxiety seems to be the cause of most dreams.a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StyleRe-write the following paragraphs in better style.a) These days a lot of kids are starting school early. Years ago, they began at five, but now it’s normal to start at four or younger. Why is this? One thing is that mums need to get back to work. Is it good for the kids? Jenkins has studied this and says that early schooling causes social problems like stealing, drug-taking etc. I think he’s right and we should pay mums to stay at home.b) Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transport like trains, buses etc is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.SynonymsSome common academic synonyms.Nouns Verbsgoalstudy resultsarea authority benefit category component concept behaviour controversy feeling beliefs expansion interpretation issue method option statistics framework trend targetresearchfindingsfieldsourceadvantagetypepartideaconductargumentemotionethicsincreaseexplanationtopicsystempossibilityfiguresstructuretendencyreduceachievealterevaluateclaimassistattachchallengeclarifycollapseconcentrateconfineshoweliminatefounddevelopmaintainpredictprohibitretainstrengthenaccelerateDecreasereachchangeexaminesuggesthelpjoinquestionexplainfall downfocuslimitdemonstrateremoveestablishevolveinsistforecastbankeepreinforcespeed upFind synonyms for the words and phrases in italic.a) Professor Hicks questioned the findings of the research.b) The statistics show a steady expansion in applications.c) The institute’s prediction has caused a major controversy.d) Cost seems to be the leading drawback to that system.e) They will concentrate on the first option.f) After the lecture she tried to clarify her concept.g) Three issues need to be examined.h) The framework can be retained but the goal needs to be altered.i) OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is to cut production to raise global prices. j) The trend to smaller families has speeded up in the last decade.In the following text, replace all the words or phrases in italic with suitable synonyms.A lead ing French company has started a new programme to reduce costs. The company’s programme aims to reduce costs by $100 million. All the staff have taken pay cuts, and senior staff will have their pay cut by 20%. The company aims to increase profits by 35% next year, and promises that pay will be increased if that happens.Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and linking them to the word they are substituting for.Example: agency – organisationThe chairman of the UK’s food standards agency has said that a national advertising campaign is necessary to raise low levels of personal hygiene. The organisation is planning a ￡3m publicity programme to improve British eating habits. A survey has shown that half the population do not wash before eating, and one in five fail to wash before preparing food. There are over 6 million cases of food poisoning in this country every year, and the advertising blitz aims to cut this by 20%. This reduction, the food body believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to meals.。
考试公共英语讲解五级作文
考试公共英语讲解五级作文第二段：第一点原因。
第二点原因。
第三点原因。
第三段：In conclusion， (it must be noted that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus bee more persuasive than any one of them.) Only these three reasons can make me draw the conclusion that ， not to mention there are more ([reasons/advantages of A] that can aount for my fondness for it). (Anyway， it is confined to me， and different persons can make different choices aording to their personality and fondness.)(四)分析列举式详细表述如下：人们喜欢参观博物馆，分析一下都有什么原因? 你认为一个好邻居应该有哪些品质?有人搬到你们城市，你认为他会对这个城市有些什么看法?两种模板：1.确实是一个值得探讨的话题。
不同的人有不同的看法，有的认为，有的认为，还有的认为我认为最重要的一点是.第一段：There is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) is a hot topic which is much talked about [not only by ， but also by /by people across the world/ in a modern society].或：There is no denying the fact that (why/how/what)is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).或：There is no denying the fact that (why/how/what)is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody，( because the opinion on this problem will determine one‘s attitude toward the world and the life).或：(如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么populartopic)(Why people visit museums) is a interesting question that deserves careful investigation not only by(museum managers)， but also by (visitors themselves)。
公共英语五级作文指导：常用段落推展方法
常用段落推展方法段落推展的常用方法有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、例证法、分类法、定义法、因果法、比较对比法、过程分析法、一边倒顺接法、两边倒逆接法、人以群分法、反复说明法、让步论证法、综合法等。
1 时间顺序法时间顺序法是指按发生时间的先后为顺序组织材料的表达方法。
在记叙文或人物传记、科学过程和实验的解释中常用时间顺序法。
用时间顺序法推展段落常用转折词：first, second, third, next, last, hen, finally, meanwhile, after, before, when, as, while, onceas soon as, the first, the last, the beginning of , at the end of, ward the end of2 空间顺序法空间顺序法按物体的空间位置(自左至右、由远到近、由上到下、由下到上、由里到外、由外到里、由中间到两边等顺序)来展开段落。
空间顺序法常用介词：in front of , behind, at the back of, on, above, over, under, below, beneath, underneath, at the top of, along, adjacent to, next to, on one side of, on the other side of, in the centre of, in the middle of, through, through-out, near, far from, away from, close to, to the right of, to the east of, leading to, from......to3 例证法运用事实举例来说明一种观点、概念、情况等。
例证法可使主题更加明了，内容更加丰富，使抽象变具体、复杂变简单。
公共英语五级考试写作流程和模版
公共英语五级考试写作流程和模版2016下半年全国英语等级考试五级pets5考试备考正在进行中，下面是yjbys网店铺整理的公共英语五级写作流程及模板，希望对待大家的备考有所帮助!第二部分：写作流程和模版Issue1)起始段写法方法(1),先复述原题, 表明立场The speaker asserts that _________. Although the speaker’s position is not wholly insupportable, far more compelling arguments can be made for _______.1.复述原题,指出其复杂性,说明自己的立场The issue that _______ is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between _____ and _______. In my view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of two key factors.2.复述两种立场,表明立场Since the 1960s, there has been some heated discussion on the ________. Some people maintain that __________, while other people argue that _______. By comparison, I tend to favor latter point of view.2)中间段写法方法(1)有让步的`同意To begin with, compared with the past, great changes have taken place in the ________. As a result, ________. With the time goes by, it is natural that ________. What’s more, (原因2)the pattern of ______as a whole also undergoes certain dramatic transformation. So _________.(原因3)Finally, the country has, for the past decades, witnessed an upsurge of ______. So nowadays, a variety of modern technical devices are available. By and by, theyoung people find it more convenient to contact their parents through telephone or E-mails instead of staying with their parents. Those who advocate _________ might point out that ______. Even so, the situation is not absolute, nor is it the most critical element. As a matter of fact, ______.方法(2)有让步的不同意Admittedly, those who preach about the so-called advantages of _____ do contain some element of truth. For instance, __________. Nevertheless, these arguers tend to neglect three other essential factors, the most important of which, I propose, is that ________. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that _________. Finally, suppose ______ who ______. Surely enough, ____________.方法(3)拒绝选择立场Since the 1960s, the world has witnessed some dramatic changes in the _______. Under such conditions, it is not uncommon that ______________. For example, ________. In some other instances, however, the above-mentioned situation is not always adequate. For instance, suppose _________ who _______. Surely enough, _________. Another exception to this approach is the case of _______. Admittedly, these are exceptional cases , yet they do exist.3)结论段方法(1) 重申立场In conclusion, __________.方法(2) 重申立场,提一些建议措施Given the considerations above, it is safe to conclude that ______has exerted impacts on the sustainable development of _____, but what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this situation? ______are expected to launch comprehensiveprojects that attach due importance to ______. For another thing, people in urban areas, ______ in particular, are expected to enhance their awareness that _______. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future under a harmonious family atmosphere. As an old say ing goes, “______.”ISSUE写作“五不能”1)观点不能缺乏角度2)观点绝对不能化3)专业术语不能过多4)例证陈腐不能陈腐5)不能过度依赖个人经历Argumentation1)起始段方法(1)Since the 1960s, there has been some heated discussion on the ______. Some people maintain that _________. What they preach about does contain some elements of truth, however, through decades of observation and practice, it turns out that their statement has many restrictions.方法(2)The author of this argument claims that _________. To support this claim the author cites certain evidence involving his own experience and observation with the issue. However, close scrutiny of this evidence reveals that it lends little credit for the author’s assertion.方法(3)The statement endorsed in this remark is that _______. However, this argument involves the sort of gross oversimplification and emotional appeal typical of eloquence and rhetoric. For this reason, it is rather convincing.2)拓展段: 首先承认前者观点的合理之处, 然后找到至少两点坏处方法(1)Admittedly, those who preach about the so-called advantages of _____ do contain some element of truth. For instance, __________. Nevertheless, these arguers tend to neglect three other essential factors. First, ______. Second, _______. Third and last, _______.To sum up, the notion held by the author is not justified.方法(2)The major problem with this argument is that __________. Another problem that undermines the argument above is that _______. Granted that ________, it doesn’t follow that __________.方法(3)Admittedly, the idea held by those who __________ does contain an element of truth. For example, according to the survey,_________. But these arguers tend to ignore two other essential aspects. First, the arguers fail to take into account the possibility that __________. In this sense, ______is not always synonymous to ________. Second, the arguers’ assertion doesn’t provide sufficient data to narrow down the exact extent of the financial loss. Therefore, any further conclusion addressing the problem of space research must be based on thorough investigation. As a matter of fact, ___________.In this respect, money return is not the sole hallmark of the space research. Given reasons above, the argument above, under a careful examination, turns out to be groundless in its hasty conclusion.3)结论段写法方法(1) 总结漏洞In conclusion, the arguers’ evidence lends little credible support to her claim. To persuade people that space research isa waste of money, the arguers would need to provide clear evidence, sufficient data and thorough cost-benefit analysis of alternatives方法(2)提出建议措施Given the considerations above, it is safe to conclude that ______has exerted impacts on the sustainable development of _____, but what measures should be taken to arrest and reverse this situation? For one thing, ______are expected to launch comprehensive projects that attach due importance to ______. For another thing, people in urban areas, ______ in particular, are expected to enhance their awareness that _______. Many options still exist, and human beings can still have a bright future under a harmonious family atmo sphere. As an old saying goes, “______.”。
pets5 writing 3
WRITING III
如何布局文章
• 开头段－判断
• 中间段－理由
• 结尾段－随便
如何布局文章
• • • • • 中间段 Correctness－用词、用句、拼写 Coherence & Consistency－逻辑好 Cogency－观点有力，说服改卷 Conciseness－清晰、不过长
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Meanwhile, advertising serves to stimulate consumption and contributes to economic development. As said before, advertising is responsible to introduce a product, but in reality, it does more than that. Advertising describes a product in such an impressive way and with adding so many visual appeals that it always succeeds in attracting the eye of the audience and driving them into a final purchase. Besides, advertising reminds intended customers of their existing needs or creates fresh needs, keeping them aware that only by purchasing a product can their needs be met. 第四句：通过这两种途径，广告带动消费并促进经济发展。 By these two approaches, advertising encourages spending and contributes to economic development. ——extension的方法，解释广告对经济带来的影响
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Cause and EffectComplete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.a) Childhood vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reduced infant mortality.b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cold winter hospital admissions increased.c) Printing money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . higher inflation.d) The summer was extremely dry, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . many trees died.e) Increased ownership of video recorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . falling cinemaattendance.Use conjunctions to complete the following paragraph.WHY WOMEN LIVE LONGERSome British scientists now believe that women live longer than men a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T cells, a vital part of the immune system that protects the body from diseases. Previously, various theories have attempted to explain longer female life expectancy. Biologists claimed that women lived longer b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they need to bring up children. Others argued that men take more risks, c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they die earlier. But a team from Imperial College think that the difference may be d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . women having better immune systems. Having studied a group of men and women they found that the body produces fewer T cells as it gets older, e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the ageing process. However, they admit that this may not be the only factor, andf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . another research project may be conducted.5. Study the flowchart and complete the paragraph that describes it.government lowers taxespeople have more money to spendhigher spending on goods and servicesincreased demand for goods and serviceslower unemploymentgovernment has higher income, spending less on social securityIf a country is suffering from economic recession, the government can reduce taxation.ComparisonsStudy the table and complete the exercise below.Cost of sending a letter to a domestic destination (eurocent)Germany 110France 85Japan 62Britain 60United States 48Spain 45a) Letters in France are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .in Japan.b) Spanish letters are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . German letters.c) American letters are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . letters in Britain.d) Letters in Germany are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in America. Study the table and complete the text below (one word per gap).American spending on leisure activities, 1997, US$ billionvideo, audio andcomputers80books and newspapers 51casino gambling 24lotteries 18recorded music 15theme parks 9video games 8.5spectator sports 6cinema tickets 5.5racecourse betting 2.5The table shows that Americans spend the a) . . . . . . . . . . . money ($80 bn.) on video, audio and computer equipment. They spend 40% b) . . . . . . . . . . . on books and newspapers, while casinos, in third place, are c) . . . . . . . . . . . popular d) . . . . . . . . . . . lotteries or recorded music. Americans spend e) . . . . . . . . . . . more on theme parks than f) . . . . . . . . . . . video games, and the cinema, in ninth place, is nearly g) . . . . . . . . . . . popular as spectator sports. The h) . . . . . . . . . . . amount of money is spent on racecourse betting.Study the table below and complete the paragraph comparing life expectancy in European countries (one word per gap).Country Adult alcohol intake per yearliters Cigarettessmoked perdayper adultLifeexpectancyin years –maleLifeexpectancyin years –femaleAustria 11.9 4.6 74.2 80.5 Belgium 11.7 4.3 73.8 80.5 Britain 9.4 4.2 74.3 79.5 Denmark 12.1 4.9 73.1 78.2 Finland 8.4 2.2 73.3 80.3 France 14.1 4.0 74.2 82.1Germany 11.8 5.0 73.7 80.0Greece 10.4 8.3 75.1 81.4Italy 9.4 4.2 74.9 81.3Norway 4.8 1.7 75.4 81.0Portugal 13.6 4.6 71.4 78.7Sweden 6.4 2.4 76.7 81.8Switzerland 11.8 5.6 76.1 82.2EU average 11.1 4.5 74.1 80.5The table a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that Swedish men have the b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . life expectancy in Europe, while women live the c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Switzerland.d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . average women in Europe live six years longer e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .men. Men in Portugal have f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lowest life expectancy (71.4 years), while the lowest for women is Denmark (78.2 years), which is g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than in Portugal (78.7 years).DefinitionsInsert suitable category words in the following definitions.a) A barometer is a scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . designed to measure atmospheric pressure.b) Kidneys are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that separate waste fluid from the blood.c) A multi-national company is a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that operates in many countries.d) Reinforced concrete is a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . consisting of cement, sand and steelrods.e) Bullying is a pattern of anti-social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . found in many schools.f) Recycling is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in which materials are used again.g) A recession is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of reduced economic activity.h) Postcodes are a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for making mail delivery more efficient.ExamplesPhrases for introducing examples include:Many departments, for instance/for example engineering, now offer foundation courses. (note use of commas)A few courses such as/e.g. MBA require work experience.Many universities, particularly/especially UK ones, ask overseas students for IELTS scores. (note the focus)Some subjects are heavily oversubscribed. A case in point is medicine. (for single examples) Use suitable example phrases to complete the following sentences.a) As the climate warms, wetland species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frogs may find their habitatreduced.b) Some animals can migrate to cooler areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are birds, which can moveeasily.c) Many plants, trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., will find it difficult to move to wetter regions in thenorth.d) Certain reptiles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snakes, may benefit from drier and warmer summers.e) Rising sea levels may bring some advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expanding wetland areas. Find a suitable example for each sentence.Example:Various sectors in the economy are experiencing labor shortages.Various sectors in the economy, for instance engineering, are experiencing labor shortages.a) A number of sports have become very profitable due to the sale of television rights.b) Some British universities offer special courses in English for overseas students.c) In recent years many women have made significant contributions to the political world.d) Three-year guarantees are now being offered by most car makers.e) Certain diseases are proving much harder to combat than was expected 20 years ago.f) Many musical instruments use strings to make music.g) Several mammals are currently in danger of extinction.Provide examples in the following paragraph where they appear necessary.Students who go to study abroad often experience a type of culture shock when they arrive in the new country. Customs which they took for granted in their own society are not followed in the host country. Even everyday patterns of life may be different. When these are added to the inevitable differences which occur in every country students may at first feel confused. They may experience rapid changes of mood, or even want to return home. However, most soon make new friends and, in a relatively short period, are able to adjust to their new environment. They may even find that they prefer some aspects of their new surroundings, and forget that they are not at home for a while!Another small group of phrases is used when there is only one example.This is a kind of restatement:The world’s biggest software company, i.e. Microsoft, is buying a share of the cable business.in other words/namely/that is to say/i.e./viz. (in very formal English only)In the following sentences, add a suitable phrase from the box below.a) His mo ther’s sister was a small but very remarkable woman.b) When the liquid reached boiling point the reaction began.c) All the plants and animals at risk in the region must be protected.d) At this stage, all the students should be rigorously evaluated.e) It was cold, wet and windy.namely 140 degreesin other words, an English summer’s dayi.e. his auntviz., given an examinationthat is to say, the endangered wildlifenamely, the Atlantic OceanGeneralizationsThere are two ways of making a generalization:a) Using the plural: Computers are useful machines.b) Using definite article and the singular: The computer is a useful machine. (lesscommon/more formal)It is better to avoid absolute phrases such as cats are cleverer than dogs.Instead use more cautious phrases such as cats tend to be cleverer than dogs or most cats are more intelligent than dogs.Write generalizations on the following topics.a) child/noise Example: Children are often noisy.b)flowers/presents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c)city/pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d) fresh fruit/health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e)television/important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read the following text and underline the generalizations.Li Pang is a Chinese student studying architecture in Manchester. He enjoys the style of teaching as well as the cosmopolitan lifestyle the city provides. Many international students attend British universities. Most welcome the chance to meet classmates from all over the world, and all are pleased to have the chance to improve their English. When he goes home to Shanghai, Li Pang will have a network of international contacts to support his future career. Read this text about dreams and write five generalizations using the data.A recent survey on dreams, completed by over 10,000 people, found that 68% of all dreams came into the ‘anxiety’ category. Being chased was the most common dream, record ed by 72%. Dreams about falling (which signify insecurity) are also very common, being recorded by 70%. 55% have dreamed about relatives and friends who have died. Many people believe that dreams can foretell the future, but only 42% have experienced this type. 28% of those surveyed have dreams about food, which seem to occur during periods of weight watching, but 23% have been pleased by dreams of finding money.Example:Anxiety seems to be the cause of most dreams.a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StyleRe-write the following paragraphs in better style.a) These days a lot of kids are starting school early. Years ago, they began at five, but now it’s normal to start at four or younger. Why is this? One thing is that mums need to get back to work. Is it good for the kids? Jenkins has studied this and says that early schooling causes social problems like stealing, drug-taking etc. I think he’s right and we should pay mums to stay at home.b) Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transport like trains, buses etc is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.SynonymsSome common academic synonyms.Nouns Verbsgoalstudy resultsarea authority benefit category component concept behaviour controversy feeling beliefs expansion interpretation issue method option statistics framework trend targetresearchfindingsfieldsourceadvantagetypepartideaconductargumentemotionethicsincreaseexplanationtopicsystempossibilityfiguresstructuretendencyreduceachievealterevaluateclaimassistattachchallengeclarifycollapseconcentrateconfineshoweliminatefounddevelopmaintainpredictprohibitretainstrengthenaccelerateDecreasereachchangeexaminesuggesthelpjoinquestionexplainfall downfocuslimitdemonstrateremoveestablishevolveinsistforecastbankeepreinforcespeed upFind synonyms for the words and phrases in italic.a) Professor Hicks questioned the findings of the research.b) The statistics show a steady expansion in applications.c) The institute’s prediction has caused a major controversy.d) Cost seems to be the leading drawback to that system.e) They will concentrate on the first option.f) After the lecture she tried to clarify her concept.g) Three issues need to be examined.h) The framework can be retained but the goal needs to be altered.i) OPEC, the oil producers’ cartel, is to cut production to raise global prices. j) The trend to smaller families has speeded up in the last decade.In the following text, replace all the words or phrases in italic with suitable synonyms.A lead ing French company has started a new programme to reduce costs. The company’s programme aims to reduce costs by $100 million. All the staff have taken pay cuts, and senior staff will have their pay cut by 20%. The company aims to increase profits by 35% next year, and promises that pay will be increased if that happens.Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and linking them to the word they are substituting for.Example: agency – organisationThe chairman of the UK’s food standards agency has said that a national advertising campaign is necessary to raise low levels of personal hygiene. The organisation is planning a ￡3m publicity programme to improve British eating habits. A survey has shown that half the population do not wash before eating, and one in five fail to wash before preparing food. There are over 6 million cases of food poisoning in this country every year, and the advertising blitz aims to cut this by 20%. This reduction, the food body believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to meals.。