2011年考研英语二真题完整版
http://kaoyan.wendu.com/
2011年考研英语二真题完整版 Section I Use of English
Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license
10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.
12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.
http://kaoyan.wendu.com/
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D.proposal 5． A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over 7． A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A
http://kaoyan.wendu.com/
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points)”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key，fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer，andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 whichsystem to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’slicense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on" systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12，the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights" to establish a sense of13 community。
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011-1-16 14:46教育在线Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that wouldbe the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“singlesign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.2. A.for B.within C.while D.though3. A.careless wless C.pointlessD.helpless4. A.reason B.reminder promiseD.proposal5. rmation B.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6. A.by B.into C.from D.over7. A.linked B.directed C.chainedpared8. A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9. A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10. A.relcased B.issued C.distributedD.delivered11. A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12. A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13. A.trusted B.modernized c.thrivingpeting14. A.caution B.delight C.confidenceD.patience15. A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16. A.divided B.disappointed C.protectedD.united17. A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18. A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19. A.manageable B.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20. A.invited B.appointed C.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40points）Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs‘s board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，adv isers on a firm‘s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director‘s surprise departure，the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author‘s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America‘s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation Development （OECD）。
2011年考研英语(二)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年考研英语（二）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “ single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 , the approach would create a “walled garden”in cyberspace, with safe “ neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs. “Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．【B1】A．sweptB．skippedC．walkedD．ridden正确答案：A解析：这是一道句内动词辨析题，四个选项的解释分别为：[A]横扫，[B]跳，[C]走，[D]隐藏，原文中提出正是网络的匿名形成了网络上大量的犯罪行为，[B]、[C]不符合本文主题，[D]含义和作者表达网络犯罪猖獗的方向相反，故[A]为正确答案。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s）for each numbered black andmark A, B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（10 points）”The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3？Last month, Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high—tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one。
Thesystem might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer，andwould authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems。
2011考研英语二真题
2011考研英语二真题2011年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The world is undergoing rapid changes. The economic crisishas made it clear that the old ways of doing things no longer work. We need to find new ways to create jobs and tostimulate economic growth. To do this, we need to encourage innovation and the development of new technologies.1. The economic crisis has highlighted the fact that wecannot continue with the status quo. The old economic models are outdated and ineffective. We must look for alternative solutions that can help us to overcome the challenges we are facing.2. Innovation is the key to driving economic growth. It is through the development and implementation of newtechnologies that we can create new industries and jobs. This, in turn, will lead to an increase in productivity and ahigher standard of living for all.3. Governments around the world are recognizing theimportance of innovation. They are investing in research and development, and providing incentives for businesses to innovate. This is a positive step towards creating a more dynamic and competitive economy.4. However, there are still many obstacles to overcome. The process of innovation can be slow and complex. It requires a supportive environment, including access to funding, skilled workers, and a legal framework that protects intellectual property rights.5. Education also plays a crucial role in fostering innovation. We need to ensure that our education systems are equipped to prepare students for the challenges of the future. This means providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to participate in the development of new technologies.6. In conclusion, the economic crisis has highlighted theneed for change. It is through innovation and the development of new technologies that we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future. It is the responsibility of governments, businesses, and individuals to work together to make this happen.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. (40 points)Text 1In the United States, the number of children who are overweight has tripled in the last three decades. This alarming trend has led to a growing concern about the health of the nation's youth. The reasons for this increase in childhood obesity are complex and multifaceted.7. What is the main reason for the increase in childhood obesity in the United States?A. Lack of physical activity.B. Unhealthy eating habits.C. Genetic factors.D. Environmental factors.8. What measures can be taken to address this issue?A. Encouraging children to participate in sports.B. Limiting the availability of junk food.C. Promoting healthy eating habits.D. All of the above.Text 2The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. It has made information more accessible and has provided new opportunities for businesses and individuals alike. However, it has also raised concerns about privacy and security.9. What are the main benefits of the internet?A. Improved communication.B. Increased access to information.C. New business opportunities.D. All of the above.10. What are the main concerns regarding the use of the internet?A. Privacy issues.B. Security threats.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Text 3Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. It has far-reaching consequences for the environment, economy, and society as a whole. Governments and organizations must take action to mitigate its effects and adapt to the changes that are already occurring.11. What are the potential impacts of climate change?A. Environmental degradation.B. Economic disruption.C. Social instability.D. All of the above.12. What actions can be taken to address climate change?A. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions.B. Investing in renewable energy.C. Implementing adaptation strategies.D. All of the above.Text 4Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the health of ecosystems and ensuring the survival of species. However, human activities have led to a decline in biodiversity, threatening the balance of nature.13. What is the importance of biodiversity?A. It supports ecosystem health.B. It ensures species survival.C. It contributes to human well-being.D. All of the above.14. What actions can be taken to protect biodiversity?A. Preserving natural habitats.B. Implementing conservation programs.C. Promoting sustainable practices.D. All of the above.Part BDirections: The following is an incomplete text with 5 blanks (15-19). For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011考寻兵溢直至Section 1 Use ofEngishDirections：Re ad the folownng text Choose rhe best word，' $) fa eadi numbered blank tmrk :A]. [B] |C] cr [D] on ANSAXTR SHEET1. ClOpows：-Anaent Greek philos)pher AnsoCe \iewtd iautfter asPbaEy exercise pr^acus to heath But _1 sane clasns © caitrans laugta^ probatty tas lite influence on physical £ue$sLaugher does _2 _____ shcrbiermcha^e $ in the funcxn M tte heart and its blood wssels. ___________ 3_ Iran rate andoxv^cn consunpticn But because hard laugher is difficilt to __4_, a good lavgh widely to have _5 __________________ benefits aie way, say, walicng orjegging (Joes._6_. inwdef ttrahinc nvseks to build them, itexerate doe& la空fg ipparenCy ac^crrptehes the _ 7_・smdie? daring ba de to rhe lQ3O s ndirate that laughrer_ 8__ nusdes.湖tdre fa to 45 nimHM after the faugh dewnSudi txxhls leaaioiinii^ii conceivabh trip _9_ (he effects of psvetofogieal stress. Anyway, theaciofUi^lw^ proVatb (ixspioiuce vdri upesof _______________ 10 __ feedback• ihaiiinpovr anndiudual* s eniQUoxial star. _ 11 _____ oar classical ilx ocj of emo son , wi fetkigs aic pai nil)iwtcd 12 P A，LQ U K，C B LS II irgued aithc cad of de 19th ccatun ihit Iwuaa: w not ay 13 axe sadtwehey become sadwUndr teaxsVegu IQ flow.Although sadne^ iko ______ 14 __ tern. e\ 诙ire ag^ste tbit emoboas canfow_15_mut^utar re^otiws In anexp^rirwit puHhhed in 19S8, toral pn^tologisr Fritr Strack rfAe Unwrsity ofw^irzburg m Gemiany asked vo：wteers to _16 __________________ a prn either wth their teeti thMeHcr^anng an am final 5fnle 一or Mth their 邱s・ which would produce a <n) -ri17 expresaar IK)史fircedto exercse tfieir enthusiastically to ftnny catoonsthan d*d those whose months were contacted m a froam 19 _________________________ t ut expressiocs ray nfiutna emoucns raUier than just *ht OM^iy a round _迎一，ae physcsl act oflaugh:er caild mprove maxi.l.[A]aa)oxi3 [B]cxccpt [C]dcspiie [D]!M2 [/VJreflect [B ]*tnand [Cjindicate {D]produce3.[AJsubihang [B Jtoosting [C Jmpaning [DJdettnnnmg4.[A]uaHsni< [3]5U5tdm[C)r\a!uatc [DJobxwt5.[A]nieasiratle [B ynarageable [CJaffxdaHe [D]wMwib惬6 [AJIntum [BJTn factfCJIna Idtioti [DJnbref7.(A]opposie [Bjin^os^bie (Coverage PlexpeaedS [A]hardens [B Wake ns [C] tightens [D]rekixe59 [A]aggrava代(B]gerente ；C Jmodtra雄[DJenhance10.[A]phy5kal (B]nrntal [C]subconscious [Djintemi11.[A]Excep( for [BJAccordng to [C]Due to pjAsfot12.[A]wtth[B)on [CJin [D]a!13.(A]unless(B]unti (C)if PJtecaus?14.[A]exhatists [Blftildw [C]pjecedes P]suppresses15.[A]rto PJfruw [C]towards (DJbeyond15.[A]fcich[3JUic [CJpick PJtoii17.[A]di5appoiated [B Je)cctted (CJoviul [D]mdiffrrext18 [A Jadapted [B]c«ered rC]n»nfd[D]reactedl?.[A]jugge$uag [3'ic(puixg [C]meuu«mg [D>mKbujg2O.[A]EvemvaK (3]Con$ec^endy (CJSmlarly pjCoa^eiseivSectkm II Reading Compr»herKionPan ADirections：Read the fblowng fotr texts Anwer the quescons below eart. text by choosng [A ]• (3 J・ |C or [D], Markyojr answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 prats)TealThe decision of the NewY otk Plihannonic s hst A^n Giber： is iU next munc director ius beet the nlk of 血？chsstcal-cusi: uorld ever since :he tudoen amouncexnent of lis appculrsent m 2009 Fcr the ms: part fte re^onse has been fi^ onble, to siy the least. oouy * At last!Anfhorn, Tctrmxini, a erticOne of tte reascosvtivne apoantroent came as $u:li a surprise, hg’m is thitCklOen s comparativetv Lirfle knom EvenTommasmi. utic tad advocatedGlben s app "Times, calls him an unpretentious musician with no atr of ihe famidabte cccJi adesaijiion ofthe next nusk dbecia of an orchesua ilat has hiiteno been led tG USQV and PierreBaileZt hat seems kkely to have strn* atleast some Traes readers as flint paseFor ray pan. I haw no idea wfieiher Git>en is agreatonduczor cr evena good me. To * sure, he perfbnns anirnpressi\e varjety of interesting conpos-tioas. but it is nocmcessan- for me c it A ven* Fisher Hal? or anwtierr else, w hear iireresung orctestral irusic. AU I have to do is t( go to my C D shelf, oi tool up my computer aod aownXad sill more recw<J?4 music ftom ilm? xDewed ecneer^oers rejdy that re ccrda^s are M sibstiute forSve peribrraanee aremissng die pcenL Far the tune, anenacn. and money of the an<o\nng pubic •classical nstnunentalists mist conpete na on^* wth opera houses, cknce troipes. theaw companies. an( muaurm, but also wh the recorded performances of th^ great dassica! mu^cuns of the 2Cth century There recordnj$ are cheap - available everywhere ・ a nd ven- often tnudi i 専Mr tn irtsoc qua in* than today sirep*ffcnnan:es： mo^over. they can be 'cmstmfd at a tin* ind place ol fit Istenjr's choosing. He w* spread availability cf ;uch recordngs has thus brought abcot acnas h tte insatudon of h aadiricnal c^ssical concenOne possible response is forda»icalperfornvrs to prograni anraetve new music hat a not wt amiable on record. Glbert's own intere st a new muse been noted： Alex Roas, a das acai-music critic, has desxbedhxm as a nun wfo is capable of liinre the Phlhannoai: s:。
新东方考研：2011考研英语二真题及答案（完整版）
新东⽅考研：2011考研英语⼆真题及答案(完整版) Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughwlessC.pointlessD.helplesspromiseD.proposalrmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.overpared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize 10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered 11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in 12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrast peting14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience 15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across 16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united 17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually 18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm 19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible 20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points) Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms. But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . [A]gaining excessive profits [B]failing to fulfill her duty [C]refusing to make compromises [D]leaving the board in tough times 22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be . [A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives [C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers 23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to . [A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings [C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits 24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors . [A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm [C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm 25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is . [A]permissive [B]positive [C]scornful [D]critical Text 2 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commissionlaunched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. 26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper . [A]neglected the sign of crisis [B]failed to get state subsidies [C]were not charitable corporations [D]were in a desperate situation 27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . [A]readers threatened to pay less [B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs [C]journalists reported little about these areas [D]subscribers complained a b o u t s l i m m e r p r o d u c t s b r b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 2 8 . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i r A m e r ic a n c o u n t e r p a r t s , J a p a n e s e n e w s p a p e r s a r e m u c h m o r e s t a b l e b e c a u s e t h e y . b r bd s f i d = "2 1 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 [ A ] h a v e m o r e s o u r c e s o f r e v e n u e b r b d s f i d = " 2 13 " > b r b d s f i d = "2 1 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] h a v e m o r e b a l a n c e d n e w s r o o m s b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 [ C ] a r e l e s s d e p e n d e n t o n a d v e r t i s i n g b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 [ D ] a r e l e s s a f f e c t e d b y r e a d e r s h i p b r b d s f i d = " 2 1 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 2 9 . W h a t c a n b e i n f e r r e d f r o m t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h a b o u t t h e c u r r e n t n e w s p a p e r b u s i n e s s ? b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > 0 0 [ A ] D i s t i n c t i v e n e s s i s a n e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e o f n e w s p a p e r s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 23 " > b r b d s f i d = " 22 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] C o m p l e t e n e s s i s t o b l a m e f o r t h e f a i l u r e o f n e w s p a p e r . b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 5 " > b r b d s fi d = " 2 2 6 " > 0 0 [ C ] F o r e i g n b u r e a u s p l a y a c r u c i a l r o l e i n t h e n e w s p a p e r b u s i n e s s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > 0 0 [ D ] R e a d e r s h a v e l o s t t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n c a r a n d f i l m r e v i e w s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > 0 0 3 0 . T h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e t i t l e f o r t h i s t e x t w o u l d b e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > 0 0 [ A ] A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r s : S t r u g g l i n g f o r S u r v i v a l b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r s : G o n e w i t h t h e W i n d b r b d s f id = " 2 3 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 6 " > 0 0 [ C ] A me r i c a n N e w s p a p e r s : A T h r i v i n g B u s i n e s s b r b d sf i d = "2 3 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 8 " > 0 0 [ D ] A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r s : A H o p e l e s s S t o r y b r b d s f i d = " 2 3 9 " >b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 0 " > 0 0 T e x t 3 b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 2 " > 0 0 W e t e n d t o t h i n k o f t h e d ec ade s i m m e d i a t e l yf o l l o w i ng W o r l d W a r I I a s a t i m e o f p r o s p e r i t y a n d g r o w th , wi t h s o l d i e r s r e t u r n i n g h o m e b y t h e m i l l i o n s , g o i n g o f f t o c o l l e g e o n t h e G . I . B i l l a n d l i n i n g u p a t t h e m a r r i a g e b u r e a u s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 4 " > 0 0 B u t w h e n i t c a m e t o t h e i r h o u s e s , i t w a s a t i m e o f c o m m o n s e n s e a n d a b e l i e f t h a t l e s s c o u l d t r u l y b e m o r e . D u r i n g t h e D e p r e s s i o n a n d t h e w a r , A m e r i c a n s h a d l e a r n e d t o l i v e w i t h l e s s , a n d t h a t r e s t r a i n t , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e p o s t w a r c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e f u t u r e , m a d e s m a l l , e f f i c i e n t h o u s i n g p o s i t i v e l y s t y l i s h . b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 6 " > 0 0 E c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n w a s o n l y a s t i m u l u s f o r t h e t r e n d t o w a r d e f f i c i e n t l i v i n g . T h e p h r a s e l e s s i s m o r e w a s a c t u a l l y f i r s t p o p u l a r i z e d b y a G e r m a n , t h e a r c h i t e c t L u d w i g M i e s v a n d e r R o h e , w h o l i k e o t h e r p e o p l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e B a u h a u s , a s c h o o l o f d e s i g n , e m i g r a t e d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s b e f o r e W o r l d W a r I I b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 8 " > 0 0 a n d t o o k u p p o s t s a t A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t u r e s c h o o l s . T h e s e d e s i g n e r s c a m e t o e x e r t e n o r m o u s i n f l u e n c e o n t h e c o u r s e o f A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t u r e , b u t n o n e m o r e s o t h a t M i e s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 4 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 0 " > 0 0 M i e s s s i g n a t u r e p h r a s e m e a n s t h a t l e s s d e c o r a t i o n , p r o p e r l y o r g a n i z e d , h a s m o r e i m p a c t t h a t a l o t . E l e g a n c e , h e b e l i e v e d , d i d n o t d e r i v e f r o m a b u n d a n c e . L i k e o t h e r m o d e r n a r c h i t e c t s , h e e m p l o y e d m e t a l , g l a s s a n d l a m i n a t e d w o o d - m a t e r i a l s t h a t w e t a k e f o r g r a n t e d t o d a y b u y t h a t i n t h e 1 9 4 0 s s y m b o l i z e d t h e f u t u r e . M i e s s s o p h i s t i c a t e d p r e s e n t a t i o n m a s k e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s p a c e s h e d e s i g n e d w e r e s m a l l a n d e f f i c i e n t , r a t h e r t h a n b i g a n d o f t e n e m p t y . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 2 " > 0 0 T h e a p a r t m e n t s i n t h e e l e g a n t t o w e r s M i e s b u i l t o n C h i c a g o s L a k e S h o r e D r i v e , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e s m a l l e r - t w o - b e d r o o m u n i t s u n d e r 1 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e f e e t - t h a n t h o s e i n t h e i r o l d e r n e i g h b o r s a l o n g t h e c i t y s G o l d C o a s t . B u t t h e y w e r e p o p u l a r b e c a u s e o f t h e i r a i r y g l a s s w a l l s , t h e v i e w s t h e y a f f o r d e d a n d t h e e l e g a n c e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s d e t a i l s a n d p r o p o r t i o n s , t h e a r c h i t ec t u r a l e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e a b s t r a c t a r t s o p o p u l a r a t t h e t i m e . b r bd s f i d = " 2 5 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 54 " > 0 0 T h e t r e n d t o w a r d l e s s w a s n o t e n t i r e l y f o r e i g n . I n t h e 1 9 3 0 s F r a n k L l o y d W r i g h t s t a r te d b u i l d i n g m o r e m o d e s t a n d ef f i c i e n t h o u s e s - u s u a l l y a r o u n d 1 , 2 0 0 s q u a r e f e e t - t h a n t h e s p r e a d i ng t w o - s t o r y o n e sh e h a d d e si g n e d i n t h e 1 8 9 0 s a n d t h e e a r l y 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . b r b d s f id = " 2 5 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 6 " > 0 0 T he C a s e S t u d y H o u s e s c o m m i s s i o n e df r o m t a l e n t e d m o d e r n a r c h i t e c t s b y C a l i f o r n i a A r t s &a m p ; A r c h i t e c t u r e m ag a z i n e b e t w e e n 1 9 4 5 a n d 1 9 6 2 w e r e y e t a n o th e r h o m e g r o w ni n f l u e n c e o n t h e l e s s i s m o r e t r e n d . A e s t h e t i c e f f e c t c a m e f r o m t h e l a n d s c a p e , n e w m a t e r i a l s a n d f o r t h r i g h t d e t a i l i n g . I n h i s C a s e S t u d y H o u s e , R a l p h e v e r y d a y l i f e f e w A m e r i c a n f a m i l i e s a c q u i r e d h e l i c o p t e r s , t h o u g h m o s t e v e n t u a l l y g o t c l o t h e s d r y e r s b u t h i s b e l i e f t h a t s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y w a s b o t h d e s i r a b l e a n d i n e v i t a b l e w a s w i d e l y s h a r e d . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 8 " > 0 0 3 1 . T h e p o s t w a r A m e r i c a n h o u s i n g s t y l e l a r g e l y r e f l e c t e d t h e A m e r i c a n s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 5 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] p r o s p e r i t y a n d g r o w t h b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] e f f i c i e n c y a n d p r a c t i c a l i t y b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] r e s t r a i n t a n d c o n f i d e n c e b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] p r i d e a n d f a i t h f u l n e s s b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 8 " > 0 0 3 2 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c a n b e i n f e r r e d f r o m P a r a g r a p h 3 a b o u t B a u h a u s ? b r b d s f i d = " 2 6 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] I t w a s f o u n d e d b y L u d w i g M i e s v a n d e r R o h e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] I t s d e s i g n i n g c o n c e p t w a s a f f e c t e d b y W o r l d W a r I I . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] M o s t A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t s u s e d t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] I t h a d a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e u p o n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t u r e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 8 " > 0 0 3 3 . M i e s h e l d t h a t e l e g a n c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n . b r b d s f i d = " 2 7 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 28 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] w a s r e l a t e d t o l a r g e s p a c e b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] w a s i d e n t i fi e d w i t h e m p t i n e s s b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] w a s n o t r e l i a n t o n a b u n d a n t d e c o r a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] w a s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e f f i c i e n c y b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 8 " > 0 0 3 4 . W h a t i s t r u e a b o u t t h e a p a r t m e n t s M i e s b u i l d i n g C h i c a g o s L a k e S h o r e D r i v e ? b r b d s f i d = " 2 8 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] T h e y i g n o r e d d e t a i l s a n d p r o p o r t i o n s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] T h e y w e r e b u i l t w i t h m a t e r i a l s p o p u l a r a t t h a t t i m e . b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] T h e y w e r e m o r e s p a c i o u s t h a n n e i g h b o r i n g b u i l d i n g s . b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] T h e y s h a r e d s o m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a b s t r a c t a r t . b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 8 " > 0 0 3 5 . W h a t c a n w e l e a r n a b o u t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e C a s e S t u d y H o u s e ? b r b d s f i d = " 2 9 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] M e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s w e r e w i d e l y u s e d . b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] N a t u r a l s c e n e s w e r e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] D e t a i l s w e r e s a c r i f i c e d f o r t h e o v e r a l l e f f e c t . b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] E c o - f r i e n d l y m a t e r i a l s w e r e e m p l o y e d . b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 8 " > 0 0 T e x t 4 b r b d s f i d = " 3 0 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 0 " > 0 0 W i l l t h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n m a k e i t ? T h e q u e s t i o n w o u l d h a v e s o u n d e d s t r a n g e n o t l o n g a g o . N o w e v e n t h e p r o j e c t s g r e a t e s t c h e e r l e a d e r s t a l k o f a c o n t i n e n t f a c i n g a B e r m u d a t r i a n g l e o f d e b t , p o p u l a t i o n d e c l i n e a n d l o w e r g r o w t h . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 2 " > 0 0 A s w e l l a s t h o s e c h r o n i c p r o b l e m s , t h e E U f a c e a n a c u t e c r i s i s i n i t s e c o n o m i c c o r e , t h e 1 6 c o u n t r i e s t h a t u s e t h e s i n g l e c u r r e n c y . M a r k e t s h a v e l o s t f a i t h t h a t t h e e u r o z o n e s e c o n o m i e s , w e a k e r o r s t r o n g e r , w i l l o n e d a y c o n v e r g e t h a n k s t o t h e d i s c i p l i n e o f s h a r i n g a s i n g le c u r r e n c y , w h i c h d e n i e s u n c o m p e t i t i v e m e m b e r s t h e q u i c kf i x o f d e v a l u a t i o n . b r b d s f i d = "3 1 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 14 " > 0 0 Y e t t h e d e b a t e a b o u t h o w t o s a v e E u r o p e s s i n g l e c u r r e n c y f r o md i s i n te g r a t i o n i s s t u c k . I t i s s t u c k b e c a u s e t h e e u r o z o n e s d o m i n a n t p o w e r s , F r a n c e a n d Ge r m a n y , a g r e e o n t h e n e e df o rg r e a t e rh a r m o ni z a t i o n w i t h i n t h e e u r o z o n e , b u t d i s a g r e e a b o u t w h a t t o h a r m o n i e s . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 6 " > 0 0 G e r m a n y t h i n k s t h e e u r o m u s t b e s a v e d b y s t r i c t e r r u l e s o n b o r r o w s p e n d i n g a n d c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s , b a r k e d b y q u a s i - a u t o m a t i c s a n c t i o n s f o r g o v e r n m e n t s t h a t d o n o t o b e y . T h e s e m i g h t i n c l u d e t h r e a t s t o f r e e z e E U f u n d s f o r p o o r e r r e g i o n s a n d E U m e g a - p r oj e c t s a n d e v e n t h e s u s p e n s i o n o f a c o u n t r y s v o t i n g r i g h t s i n E U m i n i s t e r i a l c o u n c i l s . I t i n s i s t s t h a t e c o n o m i c c o - o r d i n a t i o n s h o u l d i n v o l v e a l l 2 7 m e m b e r s o f t h e E U c l u b , a m o n g w h o m t h e r e i s a s m a l l m a j o r i t y f o r f r e e - m a rk e tl i b e r a l i sm an d e co n o m i c r i g o u r ; i n t h e i n n e r c o r e a l o n e , G e r m a n y f e a r s , a s m a l l m a j o r i t y f a v o u r F r e n c h i n t e r f e r e n c e . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 8 " > 0 0 A s o u t h e r n c a mp h e a d e d b y F r e n c h w a n t s s o m e t h i n g d i f f e r e n t : E u r o p e a n e c o n o m i c g o v e r n m e n t w i t h i n a n i n n e r c o r e o f e u r o - z o n e m e m b e r s . T r a n s l a t e d , t h a t m e a n s p o l i t i c i a n s i n t e r v e n i n g i n m o n e t a r y p o l i c y a n d a s y s t e m o f r e d i s t r i b u t i o n f r o m r i c h e r t o p o o r e r m e m b e r s , v i a c h e a p e r b o r r o w i n g f o r g o v e r n m e n t s t h r o u g h c o m m o n E u r o b o n d s o r c o m p l e t e f i s c a l t r a n s f e r s . F i n a l l y , f i g u r e s c l o s e t o t h e F r a n c e g o v e r n m e n t h a v e m u r m u r e d , c u r o - z o n e m e m b e r s s h o u l d a g r e e t o s o m e f i s c a l a n d s o c i a l h a r m o n i z a t i o n : e . g . , c u r b i n g c o m p e t i t i o n i n c o r p o r a t e - t a x r a t e s o r l a b o u r c o s t s . b r b d s f i d = " 3 1 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 0 " > 0 0 I t i s t o o s o o n t o w r i t e o f f t h e E U . I t r e m a i n s t h e w o r l d s l a r g e s t t r a d i n g b l o c k . A t i t s b e s t , t h e E u r o p e a n p r o j e c t i s r e m a r k a b l y l i b e r a l : b u i l t a r o u n d a s i n g l e m a r k e t o f 2 7 r i c h a n d p o o r c o u n t r i e s , i t s i n t e r n a l b o r d e r s a r e f a r m o r e o p e n t o g o o d s , c a p i t a l a n d l a b o u r t h a n a n y c o m p a r a b l e t r a d i n g a r e a . I t i s a n a m b i t i o u s a t t e m p t t o b l u n t t h e s h a r p e s t e d g e s o f g l o b a l i z a t i o n , a n d m a k e c a p i t a l i s m b e n i g n . b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 2 " > 0 0 3 6 . T h e E U i s f a c e d w i t h s o m a n y p r o b l e m s t h a t . b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 4 " > 0 0 [ A ] i t h a s m o r e o r l e s s l o s t f a i t h i n m a r k e t s b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 6 " >0 0 [ B ] e v e n i t s s u p p o r t e r s b e g i n t o f e e l c o n c e r n e d b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 8 " > 0 0 [ C ] s o m e o f i t s m e m b e r c o u n t r i e s p l a n t o a b a n d o n e u r o b r b d s f i d = " 3 2 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 0 " > 0 0 [D ] i t i n t e n d s t o d e n y t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e v a l u a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 2 " > 0 0 37 . T h e d e b a t e o v e r t h e E U s s i n g l e c u r r e n c y i s s t u c k b e c a u s e t h e d o m i n a n t p o w e r s . b r b d s f id = " 3 3 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 4 " > 0 0 [ A ] a re c o m p e t i n gf o r t h e l e a d i ng p o s i t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 5 " >b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 6 " > 0 0 [ B ] a r e b u s y h a n d l i n g t h e i r o w nc r i s e s b r bd s f i d = " 3 3 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 38 " > 0 0 [ C ] f a i l t o r e a c h a n a g r e e m e n t o n h a r m o n i z a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 3 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 0 " > 0 0 [ D ] d i s a g r e e o n t h e s t e p s t o w a r d s d i s i n t e g r a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 2 " > 0 0 3 8 . T o s o l v e t h e e u r o p r o b l e m , G e r m a n y p r o p o s e d t h a t . b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 4 " > 0 0 [ A ] E U f u n d s f o r p o o r r e g i o n s b e i n c r e a s e d b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 6 " > 0 0 [ B ] s t r i c t e r r e g u l a t i o n s b e i m p o s e d b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 8 " > 0 0 [ C ] o n l y c o r e m e m b e r s b e i n v o l v e d i n e c o n o m i c c o - o r d i n a t i o n b r b d s f i d = " 3 4 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 0 " > 0 0 [ D ] v o t i n g r i g h t s o f t h e E U m e m b e r s b e g u a r a n t e e d b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 2 " > 0 0 3 9 . T h e F r e n c h p r o p o s a l o f h a n d l i n g t h e c r i s i s i m p l i e s t h a t _ _ _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 4 " > 0 0 [ A ] p o o r c o u n t r i e s a r e m o r e l i k e l y t o g e t f u n d s b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 6 " > 0 0 [ B ] s t r i c t m o n e t a r y p o l i c y w i l l b e a p p l i e d t o p o o r c o u n t r i e s b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 8 " > 0 0 [C ] l o a n s w i l l b e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o r i c h c o u n t r i e s b r b d s f i d = " 3 5 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 0 " > 0 0 [D ] r i c h c o u n t r i e s w i l l b a s i c a l l y c o n t r o lE u r o b o n d s b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 1 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 2 " > 0 0 40 . R e g a r d i n g t h e f u t u r e o f t h e E U , t h e a u t h o r s e e m s t o f e e l _ _ _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 3 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 4 " > 0 0 [ A ] p e s s i m i s t i c b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 5 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 6 " > 0 0 [ B ] d e s p e r a t e b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 7 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 8 " > 0 0 [ C ] c o n c e i t e d b r b d s f i d = " 3 6 9 " > b r b d s f i d = " 3 7 0 " > 0 0 [ D ] h o p e f u l b r b d s f i d = " 3 7 1 " > / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _ b t n " c l a s s = " " b d s f i d = " 3 7 2 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n l e f t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - t a r g e t = " # c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = " d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 3 7 3 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 3 7 4 " >。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many years ago, I visited an old university friend who was studying medicine in London. He took (1) of his university's medical department and showed me around the research labs. As we were about to leave the cancer laboratory, I noticed a (2) piece of paper attached to the wall. It had a list of chemical substances and the respective (3) on cancer cells. The exact values were noted down, including the concentration of each chemical, the time of incubation (培养期) and the size of the cancer cell culture plate. It was clear that someone had been (4) a serious experiment.When I asked my friend about it, he smiled and told me something which I have never (5) . The paper contained the complete results of a very important (6) experiment and it was someone's (7) to update the online laboratory notebook. This was a record of the steps followed, the results obtained, and any other (8) information. The idea was to help everyone in the lab stay updated on the progress of the (9) . I was very impressed by the responsibility shown by the person who conducted the experiment and, of course, by the general idea of (10) a notebook that could be accessed by everyone in real-time.Unfortunately, the (11) of this great idea is not yet mature. The idea that a lab notebook could be online goes (12) the traditional view of a personaland (13) place where researchers could record their thoughts, ideas and results. But today's labs (14) a different picture. Many labs employ researchers from different parts of the world, connected with existing and emerging (15) for collaboration. A worldwide accessible notebook is therefore not a bad idea and, as a matter of (16) , it is already a reality in some laboratories around the world.In some labs, a notebook is only accessible via their secure network (17) a username and password. Others are looking at public ways to grant access. Similarly, some labs have entire lab management (18) that include the sharing of notes, protocols and results. Other labs intend to add this functionality very soon. There are still (19) to be resolved, mainly regarding security and privacy issues, but the general trend is undeniably (20) the switch from paper to digital notebooks.1. A full B advantage C control D medicine2. A folded B misplaced C crumpled D dusty3. A research B professions C influences D effects4. A experimenting B employing C conducting D exploring5. A heard B believed C discovered D forgotten6. A laboratory B chemical C medicinal D scientific7. A purpose B background C spotlight D duty8. A relevant B efficient C irrelevant D supportive9. A examination B experiment C discovery D application10. A protecting B saving C accessing D revising11. A understanding B application C expertise D achievement12. A beyond B against C upon D over13. A confidential B public C specialized D open14. A picture B scenario C strategy D figure15. A networks B fields C topics D tools16. A fact B principle C research D access17. A concerning B acknowledging C reinforcing D requiring18. A traditions B policies C environments D positions19. A issues B concerns C areas D procedures20. A promoting B preventing C encouraging D hindering参考答案：1. C control2. B misplaced3. D effects4. C conducting5. D forgotten6. A laboratory7. D duty8. A relevant9. B experiment10. C accessing11. B application12. A beyond13. B public14. B scenario15. A networks16. A fact17. D requiring18. C environments19. A issues20. C encouragingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1According to Thomas Edison, most inventions are 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. That may have been true in his day, but invention has changed radically in the past century. Today, it can be both more efficient and more frustrating, with inventors making errors such as forgetting the "ordinary skills" requirement for getting a patent and misreading established patents.Soon, these kinds of mistakes will be less likely, thanks to a new method developed by a researcher at the Fordham University School of Law in New York City.The method, known as "invention mining", is a way to find out possible inventions from huge databases of scientific information. Invention mining gives inventors many new veins to tap into - and makes it much easier to come up with new ideas.In the past, the first step of inventing something new was an exhaustive search through existing patents to make sure the proposed invention hadn't already been patented. But that traditional search couldn't effectively cover all the information needed, as it was only possible to cover a fraction of patents, university research papers, and other sources of technical information in any one search.However, invention mining can go through billions of records of technical information in one search. "Text mining is natural language processing, but invention mining is natural language processing on steroids （特效药）" says Professor Stempfle.According to his study, a successful search of one billion records using a properly formed claim will return about 3.15 million technical documents for review, and we usually only need to inspect about 150,000 of these to find a few that truly meet our needs.Invention mining can turn up scientific research and patents nobody ever knew existed. Stempfle's paper cited an example of a case study from Ford when a scientist was doing background research on fire protection systems: it found a solution that had been patented and then forgotten, dating back to an 1838 patent. "The inventors of the company that found this were excited," says Stempfle, but nobody else had ever heard of the invention. This would have been something that may not otherwise have been discovered."Invention mining gives small inventors a newfound power against large corporations," says Stempfle . "Say you're a small inventor with 20 patents, and then IBM thinks you're infringing on（侵犯） one of their patents. IBM can do a search through a million patents to find ground to say your patent is invalid. Using a tool like invention mining, you can look at the same million patents to come up with innovative ways to say the IBM patent is not reallya valid one. It really does level the playing field."21. Invention mining helps inventors to ________.A. identify and solve problems in the invention processB. establish the ordinary skills requirement for getting a patentC. read established patents with more efficiencyD. prevent scientific information from being forgotten22. Compared to the traditional search, invention mining ________.A. covers a wider range of technical informationB. is more time-consumingC. requires a larger database of scientific informationD. focuses on patents and university research papers23. What does Professor Stempfle suggest about invention mining?A. It should be used in the background research of fire protection systems.B. It should only be used by small inventors against large corporations.C. It should be improved through natural language processing.D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. What can be a drawback of invention mining?A. Certain patents are prone to being misread by inventors.B. It relies heavily on existing patents.C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.D. Some 19th-century patents may have been missed.25. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.B. To compare the merits of invention mining and traditional search.C. To introduce the researcher behind the invention mining method.D. To analyze the potential of invention mining in the future.参考答案：21. A. identify and solve problems in the invention process22. A. covers a wider range of technical information23. D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.25. A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (20 points)Text 2The saying "knowledge is power" is accurate in many situations. We tend to believe that the more information we have, the better decisions we can make. However, recent research suggests that this may not always be the case. In fact, having too much information can sometimes hinder our decision-making process and lead to poorer outcomes.One reason why an excess of information may be detrimental is that it can lead to information overload. When we are faced with too much information, we may struggle to process it all efficiently. As a result, wemay overlook important details or become overwhelmed, leading to decision paralysis. In this state, it becomes difficult to make any decision at all.Furthermore, having too much information can also lead to biased decision-making. When we have a lot of information, it is natural for us to focus on the information that supports our existing beliefs or preferences, while disregarding contradictory information. This confirmation bias can limit our ability to consider alternative perspectives and make well-rounded decisions.Another issue associated with an excess of information is the potential for analysis paralysis. This occurs when we spend excessive amounts of time analyzing and comparing different options, becoming so fixated on finding the perfect choice that we fail to make a decision altogether. The fear of making a suboptimal choice can act as a barrier to action, preventing us from moving forward and potentially missing out on valuable opportunities.While information is undoubtedly valuable, it is important to strike a balance and avoid becoming overwhelmed by an excessive amount of data. Recognizing the limitations of information and being mindful of its potential effects on decision-making can help ensure more effective and efficient choices.26. What is the author's main point about information?A. It is essential for making well-rounded decisions.B. It can lead to biased decision-making.C. It can hinder the decision-making process.D. It is necessary for finding valuable opportunities.27. What is "confirmation bias"?A. Overlooking important details due to information overload.B. Struggling to process excessive amounts of information.C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.D. Spending excessive time analyzing different options.28. What does the author mean by "analysis paralysis"?A. Being overwhelmed by contradictory information.B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.C. Considering alternative perspectives when making a choice.D. Being unable to distinguish between valuable and irrelevant information.29. According to the text, what is important when dealing with information?A. Finding the perfect choice.B. Overcoming decision paralysis.C. Recognizing the limitations of information.D. Analyzing and comparing different options.30. What is the tone of the text?A. OptimisticB. CautiousC. InformativeD. Argumentative参考答案：26. C. It can hinder the decision-making process.27. C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.28. B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.29. C. Recognizing the limitations of information.30. B. CautiousSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)传统教育系统中，作业被视为学生练习和掌握课堂知识的一种方式。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案【精选文档】
2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s）for each numbered black and markA，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（10 points）"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech。
But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across theWeb.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation’s cyberczar，offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place - a “voluntary identify” system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. Thesystem might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, andwould authenticate users at a range of online services。
2011年考研英语(二)真题及参考答案-新修正版
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，t he nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. S chmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。