自考国际商务英语试卷_全国7月自考试卷
自学考试国际商务英语历年真题及答案
国2011年4月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语及答案课程代码：05844 Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%) 1. in a detour 迂回 2. competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值 3. consignor 寄售人 4. customer mobility 客户流动性 5. escape clauses 豁免条款 6. share holders 股东 7. potential loss 潜在损失 8. carrying vessel 运载船只 9. negligent 粗心大意 10. specific duty 从量税 Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%) 11.债权国 The credit country 12.国际合同 International contract 13.定期付款/分阶段付款 Term payment 14.被保险人 The insured 15.人口计划 The population plan 16.特惠税 The preferential duty 17.基础设施项目 Infrastructure construction project 18.装箱单 Shipping list 19.破产 Disrupted 20.土地和劳动力 Land and labor forceⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%) 21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation 22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad 23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged ordecided upon 24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service 25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc. 26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the customer 27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings 28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many people disagree with 30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached or entered or used Ⅳ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of timeafter representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit 可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote 直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundredunit, is marked with equivalent amount of home currency.34. acquisition 收购Buying existing facilities35. GATT 关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade. V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued” policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive. Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution.Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and to provide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外贸英语写作考试历年真题常考点试题4带答案
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外贸英语写作考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Our country is no longer what it _____.ed to beB.would beed toD.is2.There are over six ________ students _____ part in the entrance exam in Dongcheng on May the second.A.hundred, to takeB.thousands of, takingC. thousand, takinglion, take3.--Look! That man looks like Mr White.--It _________ be him. Mr White _________America yesterday.A.can ’ t, went toB.can’t, has gone toC. mustn ’ t, has been toD. mustn’ t, went to4._____ seen ,it will never be forgotten.A.OnceB.AfterC.ThoughD.UnlessA.more badlyB.much betterC.much badlyD.much worse6.I'm sorry I've forgotten to post your letter .—Never mind . _____ post it myself .A.I'm going toB. I am about to go andC..I'll go andD.I am to go to7.______ progress you have make this term!A.How bigB.What greatC.How rapidD.What a rapid8.Children should _________waste water.A.tell not toB. be told don’C.be told to don’D. be told not to9._____ of the two brothers would like to take _____ of the two apples on the table .A.None ,the biggerB.No one ,a biggerC.Each ,the biggestD.Neither ,the bigger10.I think this pair of shoes doesn ’t fit you. It ’s a bit large. You’d better get a _____.A.smallB.small oneC.smaller pairD.smaller one11.--Can I speak to Mr Smith, please?--_________. He is giving a talk at a meeting.A.I think so.D. I ’ m afraid not.12.The Great Wall in China is one of the few _____ objects on the earth _____ from the moon .A.man-made ,that can be seenB. man-making ,that can seeC.men-made ,that can be seenD.man-make ,which can see13.Generally , the weather in Britain is_____ too cold in winter _____ too hot in summer .A.not only ,but alsoB..neither ,norC.either ,orD.both ,and14.--Mike, you’ ve got so many beautiful stamps.--Yeah. I _________ collect stamps when I was in primary school.A.was used toB. used toC.am used toD. used15.The shoes are made in Wuxi City , ______ is famous for it's products of light industry .A.whereB..itC.thatD.which16.We have ____vegetables in the fridge for dinner.Go to the market to buy some_____.A.few, cabbagesB. little, meatC. little, tomatoesD.few, eggs17.What _________ in Iraq? Have you read the _________ news?A.happened, lateB. was happened, laterC. happened, latestD.has happened, last18.The teacher asked the children_____ they_____ the things in the lad that morning .D.when did ,touched19.I'll never do ______ .A.things of this sortB.these sorts of a thingC.this sort of the thingD.this sort of a thing20.He asked me _________.A.who did kick the first goal in the World CupB.when was the APEC meeting heldC.when China became a member of the WTOD.where will the 2008 Olympics be held.第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.The baby always sleeps with his eyes half_____ .A.openB.openingC.to openD.opened2.In the end I ______ a good effort to pass the examination .A.didB.hadC.madeed3.We _________ the lessons _________ of last month.A.finished, in the endB.had finished, to the endC. had finished, by the endD. will finish, at the endB.a ,the nextC.x ,next toD.the ,next to5.Pop music is _____ he likes most .A.musicB.the musicC.oneD.the music C.one6.You'd better stop doing the job if it goes______ your will .A.withB.awayC.againstD.for7.We need friends to ________, or we will feel lonely.A.chatB. chat toC. danceD.dance to8.How long did the concert ______ ?A.gostC..takeD.make9.—Why have you changed so much ?—You don't know I ______ a hard life in the last ten years .A.hadB.ledC..had livedD.have led10.The progress he has made in maths is much greater than ______ in English .A.the oneB.thatC.he hasD..itA.had to beB.would likeC.feel likeD.prefer to12.Only 5 _____ of the population of America _____ farmers .A.percent ,areB.percents ,isC.percent ,isD..percents ,are13._____ girl in white is _____ friend of mine. And we are also classmates.A.The ,theB. A, theC.A , /D.The, a14.—Would you mind my sitting here ?— ______ .A.Yes ,sit hereB.No ,you can'tC.No ,of course notD.Yes ,you are welcome15.The sign at the entrance to the building says “The pets _____________!”A. Keep outB.Keep onC.Keep offD. Keep away16.There are many islands______ the coast of China.A.inB.fromC. offD.away17.The doctor let the patients ______the soft music, because it helped make them _____.A.listen , relaxingB.to listen to, stressingC.listen to, stressedD. listen to, relaxed— ______ .A..I don't think we have had much snowB.The storm won't last too long .C.It's going to be very cold and cloudyD.We are to be caught in a heavy rain19.--It ’ s said that all the hotels are fi lled with tourists. - -Don’ t worry! I _________ a room in Mianzhou Hotel.A.have bookedB. will bookC. boughtD. am asking20.Will it be_____ before the professor returns ?A.some timesB.sometimeC.some timeD.sometimes第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： A4.参考答案： A6.参考答案： C7.参考答案： B8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： D10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： D12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： B14.参考答案： B15.参考答案： D16.参考答案： A19.参考答案： A20.参考答案： C第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： C4.参考答案： D5.参考答案： B6.参考答案： C9.参考答案： D10.参考答案： B11.参考答案： C12.参考答案： C13.参考答案： D14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： C17.参考答案： D18.参考答案： C19.参考答案： A20.参考答案： C。
商务英语自考试题及答案
商务英语自考试题及答案****一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is NOT a common business greeting?A. Good morningB. How do you doC. Nice to meet youD. What's up答案：D2. In a business meeting, which of the following is NOT appropriate behavior?A. Arriving on timeB. Taking notesC. Interrupting othersD. Asking questions答案：C3. What is the most important factor in business negotiations?A. PreparationB. PersuasionC. BargainingD. Closing the deal答案：A4. Which of the following is NOT a typical business document?A. Business proposalB. Sales reportC. NovelD. Financial statement答案：C5. What is the best way to start a business presentation?A. By telling a jokeB. By stating the objectiveC. By sharing personal storiesD. By asking questions答案：B6. In business correspondence, which of the following is NOT a polite way to end a letter?A. Yours sincerelyB. Best regardsC. See you soonD. Yours faithfully答案：C7. What is the main purpose of a business plan?A. To secure fundingB. To outline goalsC. To describe productsD. To list expenses答案：A8. Which of the following is NOT a key element of a successful marketing strategy?A. Market researchB. Product differentiationC. Pricing strategyD. Employee training答案：D9. What is the most effective way to handle a customer complaint?A. Ignoring itB. Apologizing and offering a solutionC. Defending the companyD. Blaming the customer答案：B10. What is the primary goal of a business ethics policy?A. To increase profitsB. To improve customer satisfactionC. To ensure legal complianceD. To foster a positive work environment答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. When making a business phone call, it's important to introduce yourself and state the _______ of your call clearly.答案：purpose12. In business writing, the KISS principle stands for "Keep It Simple and _______."答案：Straightforward13. A _______ is a formal request for a meeting, usually sent in advance.答案：agenda14. The _______ clause in a contract outlines the terms under which the contract can be terminated.答案：termination15. A _______ is a type of insurance that covers a business's financial losses due to the inability to operate after a disaster.答案：business interruption16. The _______ is the part of a business plan that describes the company's mission and vision.答案：executive summary17. In a business context, _______ refers to the process of identifying and understanding the needs of customers.答案：market research18. A _______ is a financial statement that shows a company's revenues, expenses, and profit or loss over a specific period.答案：income statement19. _______ is the practice of offering a product or service at a low price to attract customers, with the intention of making a profit on subsequent sales.答案：loss leader20. The _______ is the part of a business plan that outlines the company's marketing and sales strategies.答案：marketing plan三、阅读理解题（每题5分，共30分）阅读以下商务场景对话，回答问题。
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】We take the liberty____writing to you with a hope to get your best offers for Chinese bicycles.A.toB. inC.ofD.with2.【单选题】The letter we sent last week is an enquiry _______ color TV sets.A.aboutB. forC.ofD.as3.【单选题】Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit ______ you.A.getsesC.arrivesD. reaches4.【单选题】We agree to the amendments to the contract _____requested in your letter of May5.A.asB.likeC. to beD. when5.【单选题】Our bank offers minimum interest ______ for seller financing and for loans of cash.A.levelsB.ratesC.basesD.percentage6.【单选题】We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking____the safe arrival of all your orders in the future.A.insureB. assureC.sureD.ensure7.【单选题】On receipt of your instruction, we shall carry out this order ______.A.in returnB.without least delayC.with least delayD.without delays8.【单选题】The importer will go to the wharf and____delivery of the goods.A.makeB.effectC.fulfillD.take9.【单选题】After unpacking the case we found the goods did not____with the original sample.pareB. matchC.agreeD.measure10.【单选题】____shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment.A.RegardingB.CoveringC.ConcerningD. Referring11.【单选题】We cannot accept any fresh orders _______ heavy commitments.A.due toB.owing toC.becauseD.on account of12.【单选题】Because there is no direct steamer from here to your port, we suggest that you____trans-shipment at Hong Kong.A.may acceptB.acceptC.must acceptD. can accept13.【单选题】Many international companies produce a large number of products, often divided into product________.A.categoriesB.mixC.brandsD.lines14.【单选题】We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A.openingB.opportunityC. stepD.advantage15.【单选题】We have received your enquiry of October 15_____we learn that you are interested in our Sewing Machines.A.from whichB.in whichC. whichD.at which16.【单选题】______our catalogues for your reference.A.EnclosingB. Please find encloseC.Enclosed please findD.Enclosure17.【单选题】No discount will be allowed ____ you could place an order for more than 5,000pcs.A.untilB. exceptC.besidesD.unless18.【单选题】The credit of letter will be confirmed by the Bank of China, Shanghai, that will _______your draft on the documents at sight for the amount of your invoice.A. acceptB.pay forC. receiveD.obtain19.【单选题】To comply with your request, we are quoting you _____.A.as followingB.as followC. as followsD.follow20.【单选题】As we are ____ the market for Table cloth, we should be glad if you would send us your best quotation。
自学考试国际商务英语历年真题及答案(2006年4月—2013年7月)
全国2013年7月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码：05844课程代码：05844请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上。
注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2. 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）1. territory economies 区域经济体2. absolute advantage 绝对利益3. double assurance of payment 双重保证付款4. counter trade 对销贸易5. contract carrier 契约承运人6. transferable credit 可转让信用证7. anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施8. certificate of quality 质量证明书9. value chain 价值链10. clean draft 光票Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）11. 优惠期/宽限期grace period12. 清关custom clearance13. 分批装运partial shipment14. 即期信用证sight credit15. 保险单insurance policy16. 买入价buying rate17. 所得税income tax18. 消费主义/消费Consumerism19. 许可经营licensing20. 投资收益return on investmentⅢ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）e21. specific duties a. purchasing power parityd22. gold reserves b. getting goods off a carrieri23. royalty c. money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and servicesa24. PPP d. the stock of gold coin and bullion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standardj25. clean credit e. duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size, etc. of the goodsh26. intellectual property f. absolutely necessaryb27. unload g. the person to whom a draft is drawng28. drawee h. certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copyrightc29. money circulation i. money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu., at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the productf 30. indispensable j. a credit that does not require shipping documents for paymentⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English （10%）31. shipping markswhat is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation32. underwritera person who carries on insurance as a business33. mobilitycapacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place34. reimbursepay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent35. CIFCost Insurance and FreightⅤ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）36. What does the term “Triad” refer to? What is meant by Quad?The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities.Some people extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.37. What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.38. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms?The prupose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade39. What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?a.international balance of payment. It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand offoreign exchange.b.Inflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currencyand the competitiveness of the commodity.c.Interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attractshort term international fund, increasing the exchange rate o f one’s own currency and viceversa.The above factors may work alone or collectively.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （15%）40. MFN means most-favored-nation which is a tariff treatment. It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariff code. It is important to understand that the term most-favored-nation gives the impression that the tariffs involved are the lowest, it is in fact not the cast. MFN is not really special but is just normal trading status. GSP(generalized system of preferences) establishes even lower tariffs than MFN.最惠国待遇意味着大多数最惠国关税待遇，这是一个。
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《国际商法》考试试题及答案解析
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《国际商法》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________1、The wounded soldiers would recover quickly if they were well ________.A、nourishedB、stuffedC、tamedD、ventured正确答案：A答案解析：暂无解析2、_______ at all is worth doing well.A、WhateverisworthdoingB、ThatisworthdoingC、WhatisworthdoingitD、Whateverisworthdoingit正确答案：A答案解析：暂无解析3、He declined _______ more about it.A、sayB、tosayC、saidD、saying正确答案：B答案解析：暂无解析4、On average about ￡5000 a year is spent on each private school pupil,_______ the amount spent on state school pupils.A、astwiceasB、twicemoreasC、morethantwiceD、moretwicethan正确答案：C答案解析：暂无解析5、So far scientists have only acquired ________ understanding of the physical processl B、talkedC、talkD、totalk正确答案：A答案解析：appreciatedoingsth.愿意，喜欢做某事。
句意：人们喜欢同他交谈是因为他既博学又幽默。
7、It is obvious how bad movies will impact ________ children.A、onB、toC、withD、in正确答案：A答案解析：impact有时也可以当作一个动词来用，与之搭配的介词仍然是on。
7月自考经贸知识英语试题及答案解析
全国2018年7月自考经贸知识英语试题课程代码：00095I. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right:(5%)( ) 1. discrimination A. introduction of something new( )2. maturity B. a practical advantage given to one over others( )3. innovation C. the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due( )4. preference D. the total annual income of a state( )5. revenue E. treatment or distinction in favor of or against a person, group, etc., not based onindividual meritII. Translate the following words and expressions:(10%)(i)From English into Chinese:6. title of the goods7. partial shipment8. contract proper9. gold tranche10. board of directors(ii)From Chinese into English:11. 无形贸易12. 承运人13. 成本节约14. 可保利益15. 外汇III. Make brief explanations of the following and give the full term of the abbreviation in English: (20%)16. sight draft17. tariff18. consignee19. principle of indemnity20. EXWIV. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate wordfrom the list（You can only choose 10 from the following 12 words in the box）: (10%)International trade is often explained by the theory of comparative advantage, also called the comparative cost theory. This (21)___________was developed by David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and (22)___________economists in the nineteenth century. The theory (23)___________that different countries orregions have different (24)___________possibilities. A tropical climate is better suited for growing bananas (25)___________a cold one. A country like Norway could produce bananas in hot houses, (26)___________it is cheaper for Norway to (27)___________bananas than to produce them. Thus, climate establishes a trade pattern between a northern and a southern country. In other cases the availability of natural resources may be a trade factor.The theory of comparative cost points out that trade between countries can be (28)___________for all, even if one of the countries can produce every commodity more cheaply. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the (29)___________of producing a commodity, even the poor country can (30)___________a comparative advantage in producing it.V. Translate the following into English :(25%)31. 低收入国家的经济繁荣也会给发达国家带来好处。
全国自考(国际商务英语)-试卷9
全国自考（国际商务英语）-试卷9(总分：92.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词组英译汉(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.trade fairs（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：贸易洽谈会）解析：解析：trade意为“贸易”；fair意为“展览会，洽谈会”。
2.production approach（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：生产方式）解析：解析：production意为“生产”；approach意为“方式，方法”。
3.in bulk（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：散装）解析：解析：bulk意为“散装的”。
weight（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：净重）解析：解析：固定译法，专业商务术语，详见教材常见商务词语表。
5.confirmed letter of credit（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：保兑信用证）解析：解析：同定译法，专业商务术语，详见教材第十二课单词表。
6.counter offer（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：还盘）解析：解析：固定译法，专业商务术语，详见教材第八课单词表。
7.specific duty（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：从量税）解析：解析：specific意为“具体的”；duty意为“税收”。
8.short-sea maritime transport（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：近海运输）解析：解析：short-sea意为“近海的”；maritime意为“海事的”；transport意为“运输”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
自考国际商务英语试卷_全国2009年7月自
考试卷
全国2009年7月自考国际商务英语试卷
课程代码：05844
Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese （10%）
1. copyright
2. per capita income
3. non-discrimination principle
4. broker
5. exchange rate
6. deferred payment
7. common carrier
8. contracting parties
9. validity period
10. ad valorem duty
Ⅱ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English（10%）
11. 比较利益（优势）
12. 跨国公司
13. 专业化
14. 金融市场
15. 循环信用证
16. 空运提单
17. 有价证券
18. 间接标价
19. 有形贸易
20. 发票
Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right（10%）
21. firm offera. a subsidiary company controlled by another
22. shipping marks b. all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other
than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.
23. affiliatec. capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from
place to place
24. insurance policy d. of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and
services
25. reimburse e. large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road,
rail and radio communications, etc. needed to support
economic
activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce
26. infrastructure f. pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent
27. protectionism g. the theory of the system of developing home industries through
duties and other means imposed on competitive imports
28. mobility h. an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer
29. non-tariff barrier i. what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for
identification in the course of transportation
30. purchasing power j. a document used for covering possible risks
Ⅳ. Make brief explanations of the following terms in English （10%）
31. clean credit
32. offeree
33. intellectual property
34. joint venture
35. gold reserves
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions in English（20%）
36. What are the 3 major functions of bill of lading?
37. Explain briefly the following terms: applicant; opening bank; beneficiary; advising bank; confirming bank.
38. What are the advantages of counter trade?
39. What is documentary collection? Point out the different types of it.
Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese （10%）
40. The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade. It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier. In this way he can carry out transactions with only a limited outlay of his own funds. A transferable credit may only be transferred once. The second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse.
41. A contract is an agreement by which two parties mutually promise to buy or sell some products. In practice, some informal contracts may be reached orally. This is understandable, but may lead to unfortunate consequences. A reasonable exporter should at least insist on strict observance
of the legal requirements in case of orders that are not routine transactions. When the goods ordered represent a considerable value, a formal contract embodying all terms of the agreement should be prepared in duplicate; each copy should be signed by both parties, and each party should retain a copy of the contract.
Ⅶ. Translate the following into English（30%）
42. 尽管中国取得了很大的成就，但仍然面临巨大的挑战。
一部分挑战和竞争来自于农业、银行业和保险业，还有一部分来自于一些国家所采取的贸易保护主义措施。
43. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。
而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。
44. 最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。
这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入为基础的。
45. 已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。
46. 国际货币基金组织旨在向那些在付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中期贷款。