英语国家概况(澳大利亚)
英语国家概况15Chapter17
The population has more than doubled because of the post-war immigration program since World War II.The oboriginal population has become more urbanized. Australia is the most sparsely populated of the inhabited continents. Multiculturalism was a policy in Australia.; 1)Diversity of Population:Australia is a country of immigration.There are 3 major contributors toAustralian's diverse population:the indigenous peoples,the British colonial past and extensive immigration from different countries and cultures. 2)Diversity of Language:while English is the dominant language in Australia,Australians speak over 200 languages collectively. 3)Diversity of Religion:The major religion in Australia is Christianity.The non-Christian religions include Judaism犹 太教，Hinduism印度教，Buddhism佛教and Islam伊斯兰教.
英美国家概况07 Australia
– On 13 May 1787
•ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱPenal Colony
– From 1788 – 1830s – For transported British convicts
Basic Information
• • •
– – –
Official name: the Commonwealth of Australia OZ/Aussie The National Flag:
– Tasmania
• 2 territories
• Capital: Hobart • Smallest state by area and by population
– Northern Territory – Australian Capital Territory (A.C.T.)
• Capital: Canberra • Capital: Darwin
• Religion
– No state religion – Christian 64%
• Roman Catholics 26% • Anglican 19%
– No religion 19% – Buddhism 2.1% – Islam 1.7%
• The population: 21,714,000 (51st in the world, estimated in 2009)
英语国家概况
Lesson 07 Australia
• Island of Australia
– Largest in the world
• Continent of Australia
– Smallest – Flattest – Driest
【全文】英语国家概况(澳大利亚)ppt
European Settlement
First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britain’s first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826)
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Major Cities
➢Canberra: Between Sydney and Melbourn. The name Canberra originally means meeting place in the Aboriginal language
➢Sydney: the capital city of New South Wales; Australia's largest and oldst city.
of Cape York Peninsula(约克角半岛
）.
Discovery and exploration
Exploration: 1.Development:During the 17th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the continent,no further detailed exploration. 2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.
英语国家概况之_澳大利亚.pptx
悉尼同性恋狂欢节 2月底开始，为期两周。阳光明媚、观念颠覆、大都市和同性恋。欢迎在 一年一度的同性恋狂欢节期间来到悉尼。无论您是何种性取向，也无论您 是什么年纪，都会喜欢上从二月底开始在市内迸发出的这种欢快迷人的能 量。
澳大利亚的文化是基于英国的基础之上，澳大利亚人的饮食 习惯和英国人类似。从第二次世界大战之后，世界各地的移 民陆续到来成为人口的多数。澳大利亚的饮食受到了来自世 界各地人们的影响。欧洲、中东、印度、亚洲等地的饮食都 是很常见的。麦子、大米、橙子、香蕉和葡萄是澳大利亚广 泛种植的作物，肉食是澳大利亚人饮食的主要部分。奶制品 如牛奶、乳酪也食用很多。肉食烧烤很受欢迎。澳大利亚还 生产大量的葡萄酒，人们喜欢在吃饭的时候饮用葡萄酒或是 啤酒。澳大利亚还有一些当地特有的食品。丛林野食是一种 在土著人饮食基础上产生的食品 ,是用很种野草、野菜、野果 和野生动物肉制成的。
3月28－31日：复活节 从28日耶稣受难日开始，为期4天。 4月25日：澳纽兵团日 为纪念一站中被英国借派的澳大利亚新西 兰联合军在土耳其卡利波里半岛的决死登 陆而设。 6月9日：女王诞生日，伊丽莎白女王生日 假日设在6月的第二个周一以便连休，只有 西澳大利亚是9月29日。 12月26日：开盒节 打开圣诞所赠礼盒的日子，在南澳大利亚， 称为“宣告节”。全国共同的节日为9天， 另外各州也自行设立节日：点缀堪培拉每 年九月中，堪培拉都会举办春季花展。湖 畔的公园和花园都会种满色彩缤纷的花卉， 包括数以千计的郁金香，你又岂能错过。
SOME FLOWERS 木兰 雏菊 紫罗兰 罂粟 兰 花 小苍兰 薰衣草 郁金香 小石竹 薄荷 常春藤
Some animals
美丽的大堡礁风光 大堡礁（英文： Great Barrier Reef Queensland, Australia法文： Grande barriè de re corail）是世界上最 大、最长的珊瑚礁群， 是世界七大自然景观 之一，也是澳大利亚 人最引以为自豪的天 然景观。又称为“透 明清澈的海中野生王 国”。
澳大利亚英文简介
澳大利亚英文简介澳大利亚联邦，世界上唯一国土覆盖一整个大陆的国家，是一个奉行多元文化的移民国家，下面是店铺给大家整理的澳大利亚英文简介，供大家参阅!澳大利亚简介The Commonwealth of Australia (Australia), referred to as Australia. Its territory area of 7686850 square kilometers, surrounded by the sea, is the world's only land covering a continent of the country. Australia, which has many unique flora and fauna and natural landscapes, is a multicultural immigrant country.The term "Australia", originally intended as "the continent of the South", is made up of the Latin terraaustralis (land of the south). Europeans found the continent in the 17th century, mistakenly thought it was a piece of land through the Antarctic, hence the name "Australia".Australia is a highly developed capitalist country, the capital of Canberra. As the second most economically developed country in the southern hemisphere and the 12th largest economy in the world, the world's fourth largest exporter of agricultural products, which is also the world's largest producer of minerals, is called "the country sitting on the tub." At the same time, Australia is also the world's number of sheep and the largest number of sheep export countries, also known as "riding in the sheep back country." Australia is highly urbanized and nearly half of the country lives in two major cities in Sydney and Melbourne, where several cities have been rated as one of the most livable places in the world. It is also a sports power, perennial held a number of global sports events. Australia is a founding memberof the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and a member of the United Nations, the G20, the Commonwealth, the Pacific Security Treaty, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Pacific Islands Forum.澳大利亚历史沿革The word Australia is intended to be the "southern continent", from the Latin terraaustralis (the land of the South). As early as 40,000 years ago, indigenous people would multiply on Australia's land, with a total of 413,000 Australians (2001 census data).In 1606, the ship of the Spanish navigator, Luis Vaezde T orres, passed the strait between Australia and New Guinea. In the same year, Duyfken, the Dutchman William Chancellor, was involved in Australia and was For the first time there are recorded alien people who landed in Australia and named it here for "New Holland".In 1770, the British navigator Captain Cook (Captain James Cook) found the east coast of Australia, named it "New South Wales" and announced that this land belongs to the United Kingdom.The British first put Australia as a place where the prisoners were exiled. On January 18, 1788, a fleet of six ships, led by Captain Philip, arrived in Australia's Botany Bay, where there were 736 prisoners. Eight days later, on January 26, 1788, they officially established the first British colonial area in PortJackson, Australia, where the population grew and became the largest city in Australia, Sydney, the name is to commemorate the British Minister of the Interior Sydney (Sydney). January 26 each year to become Australia's National Day (AustraliaDay).In 1790, the first free immigrants from the United Kingdommoved to Australia, with Sydney as the center, gradually to the inland development, to 1803, the colonial area has been extended to today's Tasmania. The earliest inhabitants of Australia are indigenous.In 1900 the inhabitants of all six colonies held a one-to-one referendum, using a vote to decide whether to reorganize the six colonies into a federal state, the result of which was to be unified in six places and to establish a single Australian federation. In July, the British Parliament passed the Australian Federal Constitution and the British Dominion Ordinance.January 1, 1901, Australia's colonial areas to the state, the six colonial areas to become a federal, the establishment of the Australian Commonwealth. While passing the first constitution.In 1927, the Australian capital moved to Canberra.In 1931, the British Parliament passed the "Westminster Act", so that Australia gained internal and political autonomy, become an independent state in the Commonwealth.In 1986, the British Parliament passed the "Australian Relations Act", Australia to obtain full legislative and judicial final.In the 1850s, gold was found in New South Wales and Victoria. A large number of gold rush from Europe, the Americas and China flocked. The population of Australia surged from 400,000 in 1850 to 1.1 million in 1860. Since then many important gold mines have been discovered one by one, and found a lot of mineral deposits, these discoveries, so that Australia quickly get rich and development.澳大利亚文化the filmAustralian films are influential in the world. Before the Second World War, Australia began to produce films, many ofthem excellent works. After the Second World War the Australian film industry in a standstill. It was not until the 1970s that the Australian film development company was set up by the leader of the Labor Party, led by Labor's leader, who was renamed the Australian Film Commission (AFC). The film committee has set up the government's own film production agency, the Australian Film Board, shooting a large number of films, becoming the first round of the history of Australian film production heat. Newspaper columnist and advertising giant Philip Adams was one of the celebrities who were actively involved in the film's hot.So far, Australian producers and directors have won an indisputable position in the global film industry with their unique style, and have a strong impact on Hollywood, and many Hollywood studios indicate the need for Australian actors to star in. The Australian traveler in Hollywood is therefore known as "Eucalyptus Leaf Help", including a number of presenters, directors and actors who are now active in Hollywood. The famous directors include Baz Rulman, Alex Prius, George Miller and Wen Ziren. Famous actors include Russell Crowe, Nicole Kidman, Kate Blanchett, Hugh Jackman and Gay Pierce, etc., Heath Ledger, Sam Worthington.LiteratureIn 1973, the Australian government established the Arts Council Literary Committee, literature began to develop, local literature has a certain international influence, such as Marcus Clark in 1874 to create "life imprisonment." In the late nineteenth century, the Australian jungle poets began to get out of the shadow of British traditional culture by seeking more "Australian" sense of belonging. Since the 1920s, the outstanding Australian literature has "Koonaldu", "Kabri Connie" and "Poor fellow, myhometown".MediaAustralia has four press groups: Herald and Time magazine group, Murdoch news company, Fairfax and Parker News joint holding company. Among them, Murdoch news company developed the fastest, now also bought the British "The Times" and the United States "New York Post", has become an international newspaper group. The main newspapers are: "Australian newspaper", "Sydney Morning Herald", "Century", "Financial Review", "Canberra Times." Australia has more than 1,400 journals, "Australian Women's Weekly" is the largest circulation of publications. "Gazette" magazine (founded in 1880) is one of the oldest publications. The Australian news agency is Australia's largest news agency, headquartered in Sydney, 1964 and Reuters became associates.physical educationAustralia is a big sport, sports are quite popular. International sports arena, Australia's cricket, hockey, basket tennis, rugby and federated rugby have first-class levels; bicycles, rowing, swimming are also among the best in the world. Other domestic sports include Australian football, soccer, horse racing, racing, tennis, basketball, golf and track and field.Australia has hosted two summer Olympic Games, namely the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Australia's medal in the Olympic Games has long been the top five in the world, swimming and track and field projects usually bring many medals. In addition, Australia is one of the holy places of global tennis, one of the four Grand Slam of the Australian Open in January each year in Melbourne. Melbourne's Abel Park track is the first race of Formula One racing (F1). Australia's watersports is very powerful, long-term in the Olympic Games to achieve good results, "water lion," said.FootballAustralianRulesFootball is unique to Australia and the Australian Australian Football Federation (AFL) is very popular. Now the British football is also popular, the establishment of the A-League British Football League. In recent years, the Australian national soccer team has become one of the most popular group sports teams in Australia. In 2006, it joined the Asian Football Association and performed well in the 2006 World Cup soccer tournament. After entering the 16th, the Australian national football team lost to the world champion Football team, in 2009 is the World Cup top ten semi-finals eight unbeaten record once again into the 2010 World Cup finals in South Africa, but eventually still in the first ring was eliminated.TennisAustralia is a big tennis player, there are a number of Grand Slam tennis stars, such as Bo Kashi, Rhodes Lavo, Patrick Lough, Leiden Hewitt, Alicia Molik, Sa Mansa Stosur, Margaret Colt, John Newcomb and so on.Australia's sports clubs are scattered throughout the country, and some high school and university sports clubs produce most of the sports elite for the country. In this regard, Australia is similar to the sporting country of the United States. Australian Tennis Open (English: AustralianOpen, referred to as: Australian Open) is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. The match is usually held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in the last two weeks of January each year, and is one of the first to be held in the annual Grand Slam.The Australian Open was founded in 1905 and has a historyof more than 100 years. But compared with the other three Grand Slam events, the Australian Open is still the youngest. At the beginning of the competition was named the "Australasian Championship" (AustralasianChampionships); in 1969, the game into the "Open era." Since 1988, the competition has been carried out on the outdoor hard earth court in Melbourne Park.Competition with men's singles and doubles, women's singles and doubles and mixed doubles and other projects. The men's singles championship trophy is the NormanBrookesChallengeCup, the women's singles championship trophy is the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup (DaphneAkhurstMemorialCup).SwimIan James Thorpe is Australia's swimming star, has won five Olympic gold medals, is Australia's highest record so far.living habitAlthough Australia is often portrayed as a country dominated by rural areas, in fact, the dominant is the urban culture and metropolitan way of life, including the enjoyment of the world's delicacies.Australians like to drink beer, leisure time, especially the weekend, many people like friends and friends to the bar drinking chat, enjoy music, or to the park barbecue. Australia's cities give people a sense of openness, there are many open parks and green dotted the meantime. The vast majority of parks in Australia are free, the park is not even the walls, all the way out of the park path. Convenient transportation can also take people effortlessly into the national parks in the suburbs of the city.Unrestrained is the best general for Australians, Australia has a particularly strong atmosphere of freedom and freedom.People call their names every day (only called names, not names), between bosses and employees, between teachers and students. In the two cities of Sydney and Melbourne city center, usually at noon can usually see wearing a suit of white-collar workers or white-collar beauty and friends and colleagues together, sitting on the steps in front of the building to eat a simple lunch, such as sandwiches or hot dogs , White-collar people sitting on the street to eat lunch, the same is a modern metropolis, the same scene in Tokyo or Hong Kong such a place is unimaginable.Recreational activitiesAustralians love outdoor life, for example: climb the Sydney Bridge, three hundred and sixty degrees to enjoy the magnificent view of Sydney Harbor. Swim with dolphins, visit penguin paradise, come to Australia to see wild animals, ride camels walk, ride, adventure, all kinds of exciting activities everything.The Australians are both cheerful and Westerners. They are interested in sports, such as surfing, windsurfing, horse racing, fishing, bowling, Australianrulesfootball, cricket, rugby, netball and swimming There are many enthusiasts.。
英语国家概况之澳大利亚 共19页
The Australian economy has been performing nominally better than other economies of the OECD and has supported economic growth for 16 consecutive years.
Travel Great Barrier Reef
Travel Great Ocean Road
Travel Sydney Opera House
Travel Twelve Apostles
thanks
谢谢！
Australia Day
• On 26 January each year, Australians celebrate Australia Day. Australia Day is a public holiday in every state and territory in Australia.
Australia’s farms mostly locate on the middle and western area, where feeds swarms of cattle and sheep.
The climate is very suitable.
As for the economy in Australia:
商务英语英语国家概况 澳大利亚
The Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁) is not just one reef but actually a series of over 2,000 reefs stretching (延 伸)for more than 2,300 kilometres. It is the world’s largest coral (珊瑚) reef.
● （Introduction）：
constitutional monarchy;
澳大利亚国家元首是英国女王，总督（Governor General） 代表女王执掌国家行政权。 Representative System of Democracy 行政、立法和司法三权分立。 行政事务由内阁（Cabinet）负责，内阁由总理（Prime Minister）主持。
● （Political Parties）：
澳大利亚工党（Australian Labor Party）：澳大利亚 第一大党。 自由党（Liberal Party）：曾多次执政。 国家党（National Party）：澳大利亚第三大党。 民主党（the Australian Demomine car
• The 1850 gold rushes attracted a flood of selffunded immigrants. It also opened up the land as not only a source of agricultural but also of mineral wealth: gold, silver, iron ore, nickel and alumina became major export industries by the end of the 20th century. Today minerals form the largest part of the export trade.
英语国家概况Unit4Australia--生词及课后题答案
Unit 4 Australia Words:Unit 1 The Land and the Peoplehemisphere n. 半球mainland n. 大陆elevation n. 海拔plateau n. v. 高原,稳定期outback n. the outback（澳大利亚的）内地内陆地区massive a. 极大的；结实的；强有力的monolith n. 独块巨石gulf n. 海湾；波斯湾intermittent a. 间歇的；断断续续的artesian well n. 自流井basin n. 盆地gorge n. 峡谷；峡range n. 范围abundant a. 丰富的；充足的hemisphere n. 半球span v. 横跨；跨越unreliable a. 不可信任的；不可靠的distribution n 分布；分配distinct a. 独特的；明显的climatic a. 气候的；水土的tropic n. 热带sub tropic n. 亚热带subtropical a. 亚热带的the Mediterranean n. 地中海气候arid a. 干旱的sub-arid a. 半干旱的fringe n. 边缘regime n 状况；状态graze v. 放牧principally ad.. 主要地cereal a. 谷物的intensive agriculture 密集型农业extensive a. 粗放的；广博的；大量的extensive grazing 粗放型牧业dairy farming n. 乳品产业grazing enterprise n. 牧业isolate v. 隔离；孤立；脱离harsh a. 荒芜的；苛刻的；残酷的plant community 植物群落flora n. 植物群；植物区系diverse a. 多变的；不同的alpine a. 高山性的heath n. 荒野；石南树丛evergreen a. 四季常青baobab n. 狐猴面包树distinctly ad.. 独特地；难得地；明显地primitive a. 原始的；古老的mammal n. 哺乳动物marsupial n. 有袋动物kangaroo n 袋鼠koala n 考拉（树袋熊）wombat n. 袋熊derive v. 起源pouch n. 袋鼠类的袋teat n. 乳头nourish v. 滋养；养scrub n. 低矮丛林,密灌丛sparsely ad 稀少地；稀疏地Perth n. 珀斯（澳大利亚西南的重要城市）supplier n. 供应商；供应者；原料供应国bulk n. 大量mineral n. 矿物ore n. 矿石aluminum n. 铝steel n. 钢nickel n. 镍titanium n. 钛earth n.难以还原的金属氧化物（如氧化铝）diamond n. 砖石petroleum n. 石油essence n. 实质comprise v. 包含；包括；由---组成；构成Canberra 堪培拉（澳大利亚首都）populous a. 人口稠密的cosmopolitan a. 世界性的parkland n. 适建公园的土spectacular a. 壮观的；惊人的coastal a. 海岸的heritage n. 遗产；传统colonial a. 殖民地的n. 殖民地居民spring up 突然兴起federation n. 联邦；联邦政府Bass Strait 巴斯海峡hydroelectric a. 水力发电的inn n. 旅馆；客栈era n. 时代reputation n. 名声renowned a. 著名的；有声望的yacht n. 游艇；快艇racer n. 比赛Hobart n. 霍巴特（塔斯马尼亚首府）aborigine n. 土著人Brisbane n. 布里斯班Adelaide n. 阿德莱德ethnic a. 人种学的aborigine n.. 土著居民proportion n. 比率territory n. 领土；领地；领域urbanize v. 使都市化populous a. 拥挤的；人口稠密的unify v. 使一致；统一totem n. 图腾像kinship n. 相似的affinity n. 吸引力；亲密关系marginalize v. 忽视；忽略forcibly ad 强行地disperse v. 驱散；分散；使四下散开Unit 2 Historyhabitation n. 住所penal a. 刑事的alleviate v. 减轻hold-up 阻碍habitual a. 经常convict n. 囚犯slum n. 贫民窟offender n. 触犯者prevalent a. 普遍的；流行的etch v. 铭记；蚀刻lineage n. 家系；宗系stain n. 耻辱；瑕疵descend v. 降格；下降demography n. 人口统计学aftermath n. 后果economic depression 经济萧条triple v. 增至三倍formation n. 组成semi-skilled a. 半熟练的capable a. 有能力有才能informed a. 有学识的squatter n. 擅自占用他人房子（或土地）jury n. 陪审团mount v. 增加say n. 发言权constitution n. 宪法parliament n. 议会；最高法院aborigine n. 土著居民original a. 土著的ballot n. 选票；投票数catastrophe n. 大灾难indigenous a. 本地的conquest n. 攻占；征服smallpox n. 天花measles n. 麻疹influenza n. 流行性感冒vitality n. 生命力exemplify v. 举例；说明craft n. 行会stonemasons n. 石匠shearer n. 修剪工wharf n. 码头discernible a. 区别的dissatisfied a. 不满意的；不高兴的resurgence n. 再现；复活；再起fundamental a. 基本的；根本的motherhood n. 母性；母亲身份conservation n. 保存；保持；保护surge n. 巨涌；大浪；汹涌澎湃conservatism n. 守旧性；保守主义legislation n. 立法；法律privatization n. 私有化nationalist n. 民族主义者；国家主义者；sentiment n. 感情；情绪；观点；情操logo n. 商标，徽标；标识语identity n. 身份；同一性，一致；恒等式constitutional a. 宪法的；n. 保健散步monarchy n. 君主政体；君主政治；君主pinnacle n. 小尖塔；尖峰；高峰；极点v. 造小尖塔；置于尖顶上；置于高referendum n. 公民投票权prior a. 在先的；在前的poll n. 民意测验；投票；投票数；投票engagement n. 约会；交战；婚约；诺言minimalist n. 极简抽象派艺术家；最低限proposal n. 提议；建议；求婚radical a. 根本的；激进的；彻底的prominent a. 突出的，显著的；杰出的tremendous a. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的maintain v. 维持；维修；供养；继续engage v. 雇佣；吸引；占用；使订婚strategic a. 战略上的；战略的investment n. 投资；投入taxation n. 课税，征税；税款telecommunication n. 电讯；远程通信outsource v. 把…外包sustain v. 支撑；承担；维持；忍受coalition n. 联合；结合，合并parliamentary a. 议会的；国会的federal a. 联邦的；同盟的pledge n. 抵押；保证；抵押品；典当物initiate v. 开始，创始；发起Unit 3 Economyreign v. 统治；盛行infertile n. 贫瘠的livestock n. 家禽graze v. 放牧；喂草constitute v. 构成cereal n. 谷类食物concentrated a. 浓缩的；集中的sugarcane n. 甘蔗temperate a. 温带的tropical a. 热带sorghum n. 高梁oilseeds n. 亚麻子plantation n. 种植园pulp n. 浆状物；纸浆；果肉consolidated a. 加固的marine a. 海生的comparatively a. 相对的lobster 龙虾n.prawn n. 明虾abalone n. 石决明（鲍鱼）tuna n. 金枪鱼scallop n. 扇贝edible a. 可以食用的bream n. 鲤科淡水鱼cod n. 鳕鱼flathead n. 扁头鱼mackerel n. 鲭鱼perch v. 鸟的栖息地salmon n. 三文鱼category n. 类别tantalum 【化】钅旦uranium 【化】铀zinc 【化】锌deposit n. 放置；使沉淀；贮藏cobalt 【化】钴manganese 【锰】nickel 【锰】鎳metallic a. 金属制品的aluminum 【美】铝substantial a. 物质的，实质的，本质的textile n. 纺织业；纺织品appliance n. 用具；器具；装置jet aircraft 喷气式飞机synthetic fiber 合成纤维hydroelectric power 水力发电petrochemical a. 石油化学的smelted aluminum 精炼的铝phosphate fertilizer 磷肥pastoral a. 田园的power cable 电缆electrolytic a. 电解的confectionery n. 甜食生产业bureau n. 局vigorous a. 蓬勃的winery n. 酿酒厂closure n. 关闭停工sponsor n. 赞助商transoceanic a. 横渡海洋的monopoly n. 垄断权hallmark n. 特点utility n. 公用事业implementing a. 执行性的oversee v. 监督engagement n. 保证federal a. 国家的multilingual a. 使用多种语言的affiliated with 与….有密切联系minority n. 少数noteworthy a. 值得注意的export-orient a. 面向出口的implement n. 工具colonial a. 殖民地当的diverse a. 不同的monetary a. 金融的Unit 4 Government and Politicsframework n. 构架；结构democracy n. 民主制度；民主政体monarchy n. 君主制virtual a. 实际上的enact v. 制定（法律）concurrent a. 并存的；同时发生的；一致的discharge v. 允许离开impeachment n. 弹动senate n. 参议院chamber n. 立法机关；议会dissolution n. 解散scrutinize v. 详细检查taxation n. 征税；税款originate v. 开始；发源reside v. 居住；定居ultimate a. 最终的；最后的inquiry n. 打听；询问incompetence a. 不胜任safeguard v. 保护；维护corrupt a. 贪污的；腐败的expenditure n. 支出；开支derive v. 源于从…取得constitutional a. 受宪法限制的；有关宪法的coalition n. 联盟exert v. 运用expertise n. 专门技能ratification n. 签署；批准delegate n. 代表；授权于ritual n. 仪式；例行习惯statutory a. 法定的colony n. 殖民地ideological a. 思想体系的inaugurate v. 为…举行就职典礼eligible a. 允许做…的personnel n. 全体职员turnout n. 出席人数stipulate v. 规定；讲明judiciary n. 司法部tenure n. 任期使用权validity n. 具有法律效力有效tribunal n. 审裁团maintenance n. 保养维修赡养费抚养费matrimonial a. 婚姻生活的custody n. 监护权Intermediate n. 中间的中级的magistrate n. 地方法官hierarchy n. 等级制度Unit 5 Social and Cultural life institutionalize v. 制度化vestige n. 遗迹，痕迹assimilation n. 同化implement v. 实施，执行n. 工具，器具catchword n. 口号cohesion n. 凝聚Australia Institute of Multicultural Affair （AIMA）澳大利亚多元文化交流事务所cohesion n. 凝聚populist n. 民粹主义marginalize v. 边缘化tertiary a. 三级的Bachelor's degree 学士学位graduation thesis 毕业论文postgraduate 研究生master's degree 学士学位doctorate n. 博士学位competency n. 能力，胜任distribution n. 分布notable a. 显着sparsely ad. 人口稀少maternity n. 产假psychiatric n. 精神科impairment n. 减值disperse v. 驱散Herald Sun先驱太阳报Sun News Pictorial 太阳新闻画报genre n. 类型yacht n. 游艇netball n. 投球aussie n. 澳元；澳大利亚人metropolitan n. 大都市orchestra n. 乐队Good Friday n. 耶稣受难日commemorate v. 纪念The Adelaide Festival of Art:阿德莱德艺术节ExercisesUnit 11. What are the most prominent physical features of the Australian continent?It was divided into three physically distinct regions: the western plateau, the central lowlands and the eastern highlands. The western plateau is a vast desert and semi-desert region that covers about 60 percent of the land area, located on the plateau are the coun try’s four major deserts: the Gibson, Great Sandy, Great V ictoria and Simpson. The central lowlands stretch from the gulf of Carpentaria in the north to the western Victoria in the south, accounting for about one forth of Australia. The climate is hot rainfall is frequently. The eastern highlands extend from the Cape Y ork, Peninsula in north-eastern Australia to the southern coast of Tasmania and covers about 15 percent of Australia2. How is Australia geographically divided?The Australia continent can be divided into three physically distinct regions: the West Plateau,the Central lowlands, and the Eastern highlands.3. What are the major characteristics of these geographical regions?(1) The Western Plateau is a vast desert and semi-desert region that covers about 60 percent of the land area. Most of the land is flat.(2)The Central Lowlands: the land is generally flat with an average elevation of only 152 meters. The climate is hot; rainfall is infrequent; much of the land is dry and desert and many of the rivers flow only intermittently.(3)The Eastern Highlands consist mainly of high plateaus with many gorges, hills and low mountain ranges.4. What are the distinctive features of Australian climate?(1) “The land in the sun”: Australia has an average of 5 hours of sunshine daily. Most of the land enjoys abundant sunshine.(2) Located in the southern hemisphere, Australia has the seasons opposite to those of the northern hemisphere.(3) Generally, Australia is a dry continent, where rainfall is unreliable. The distribution of the rainfall is rather uneven with the high rainfall in the north, the east and the southwest coasts.5. How does climate influence Australian agriculture?Agriculture land use is heavily influenced by this climate regime. Generally, the tropical north is suited to grazing, principally cattle, as well as the production of fruit and sugarcane. The major land uses in the subtropical and Mediterranean climates in the south are cereal cropping as well as sheep and cattle grazing. The Murray-darling basin in the southeast has a large irrigationinfrastructure, supporting the production of fruit, vegetables, rice and many other intensive agricultural activities. Agriculture in the arid zone involves extensive grazing, where sheep and cattle are reared at relatively low densities if less than one sheep per 10 heads. The higher rainfall zones are suitable for dairy farming as well as more intensive grazing enterprises that produce meat.6. What make the Australian continent home to a variety of unique native plants and animals?Australia has been isolated for thousands of years, thus, plants and animals have been able to develop independently to suit the often harsh natural conditions. Due to the wide ridge of different environments and plant communities, the native flora of Australia is the most diverse and varied in the world, growing in tropical rainforest, stony inland deserts, alpine meadows and sandy heath lands.The animals of Australia are particularly interesting, because many of them are distinctly primitive. There are groups of animals whose relatives have long since disappeared from other parts of the world. Many of the animals found in this country are unique. Australia is home to a variety of native mammals, both on land and in the surrounding oceans.7. To what extent have climate and environmental factors influenced the pattern of population settlement in Australia?As the northern and central parts of Australian continent are generally hot and dry and unable to support a large population, more than 80 per cent of Australians settle in the cooler coastal regions.8. Who are the indigenous peoples of Australia? And what are their major traditions?Aus tralia’s i ndigenous population is composed of aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, who are ethnically and culturally different from one another. Historically, aboriginal people are from mainland Australia and Tasmania. Aboriginal peoples are the original inhabitants. And Torres Strait Islanders come from the islands between the tip of Queensland and Papua New Guinea.Indigenous cultures today are diverse, constitutin g a vital part of Australia’s national identity. Though comprising over 500 to 600 distinct groups, aboriginal people possess some unifying links. Among these are a tribal culture of totem worship and strong spiritual beliefs that tie them to the land. The aboriginal peoples have maintained the traditions of Dreamtime.Unit 21. Who were the convicts sent to the British Australian colonies? What is the historical legacy of convictism in Australia?(1)As prisons in London and other cities were full, In 1779,a British government suggested that new prisons be set up in Britain’s colonies to take 1000 prisoners a year. A large number of prisoners were habitual offenders of theft and highway robbery. Most were young and single, including unskilled servants and urburan dwellers. Among these convivts, about 4000 were political offenders ,who had prostested against political and economic inequalities in England and Ireland.(2)The history of convictism in the British Australian colonies has been etched into the minds ofmost Australians. Many Australians trace their lineage back to colonial times, and the fact that most cases are related to one of the original British convicts invokes mixed feelings .Some Australians feel a sense of shame about the existence of British convicts in what is now Australia; others do not want to investigate their families’ origins, for fear that they could be descended from criminals.2. What was the Gold Rush in Australian history?The Gold Rush in the 1850s marked a turning point in Australia’s colo nial history, which led to an increased economic and political independence from Britain and a great debate about federation Moreover, the Gold Rush did not merely bring immediate and long-term changes to the economy; it chan ged people’s political a nd social attitudes as well.3. What were the major trends in Australians development from the 1860s to 1890s since the Gold Rush?Australia found itself pressing ahead with vigor and vitality in both urban and rural areas. Meanwhile, remote areas were also opened up. Australia had an economic boom at that time. During the 1880s, trade unions developed among shearers, miners, and wharf workers, and soon spread to cover almost all manual labors. During the 1890s, Australia had a economic depression The nationalism in various forms began to develop.4. What was the Federation Movement in Australian history? What political system was established after Australian Federation?The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate, self-governing British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed the commonwealth of Australia as a federation.After Australian federation, the constitution divided the powers of government between the state and the federal level. The federal government had control of defense, communication between the states, the postal system, customs, immigration, foreign affairs, welfare, and industrial matters that affected more than one state. Each state kept its own parliament, and had power over such matters within its own borders as education and police.5. What were the main reason s for Australia’s e ntry into World WarⅠand what was its impact on Australia?Most of the native-born Australians had British parents or grandparents. More importantly, Australian cultural ties with British were just as strong. They modeled their daily lives and the running of their country on customs and institutions. They spoke the same language, read English books and studied English history and literature at school. This familiarity and intimacy encouraged many Australians to call Britain “home” a nd most Australians did not see any contradiction in having dual loyalties, regarding themselves both as Australians and members of the British Empire. They were proud to belong to the British Empire.The impacts were: Australia was not attacked during the First World War, but there were severe disruptions to daily life. The enthusiasm and patriotic fervor declined during the war years as the community divided on such issues as loyalty, conscription and political matters.6. For Australia, what constituted the most important legacy of the Great Depression?The expansion of the welfare state and public services such as higher education, research and development and public housing constituted the main legacy of experiences of poverty during the Great Depression.7. What impact did post-WWⅡEuropean immigrants produce on Australian society?Australian actively sought these immigrants, who, in turn, helped Australian expand its economy and build its industrial infrastructure.The ethnic character of many areas of urban and rural Australia changed with this new wave of immigrants.Australia became a more complex society, the difference of various immigrant groups aroused fear and prejudice in some quarters of the older British, Protestant population. Australia gradually changed from a monocultural and inward-looking society into one with ethnic and cultural diversity.8. Why were the 1960s and 1970s known as the protest years in Australia?The issues of Aust ralia’s i nvolvement in the Vietnam War, relations with America and conscription divided the society. A broadening section of the society was critical of the government for Australia’s i nvolvement in the Vietnam War and for conscripting young men. Such criticisms represented changes in man y people’s values as they looked for a nswers to a wide range of social problems.Unit 31. What accounts for the largest area of land use in Australia agriculture?Livestock grazing accounts for the largest area of land use in Australian agriture and much higher rainfull and irrigated areas have been covered by pastures and grasses2. How important is wool export to the Australia economy today?.Today, Austraslia remains the world’s leading producer of wool, supplying 70percent of the global total ,which brings Australia the reputation of “country riding on sheepback”.3. What are Australia’s major export crops?Wheat. is the country’s leading grain crop and is grown in every state,with production concentrated in the wheat belts of the southeast and southwest. Up to four-fifth of the grain is exported mainly to East Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific region.4. Where do forestry and wood products rank in the Australian economy?At the beginning of the 20th century ,official estimates that a total of one-fifth of Australia’s land area was native forest.The forest and wood products industries, based on native and plantation forests account for account 1 percent of the GDP. And employment of 75000 people.Since World War II, several regions have been intensively exploited for wood pulp,partly for export to Japan.5. what are Australia’s most valuable fishery exports?The most valuable fishery exports are rock lobsters, prawns, abalone, tuna and other fin fish, scallops, and edible and pearl oyster. Other important species caught include bream, cod ,flathead, mackerel, perch, whiting, and Australian salmon.6. N ame Australia’s major mi neral resources and the main producing regions.Most significsntly, Australia has the world’s largest known recoverable resources of lead, mineral sands ,tantalum, uranium, silver ,and zinc. It is ranked in the world’s top six countries for recoverable deposits of black and brown coal, cobalt, copper, diamonds ,gold, iron ore ,manganese ore .Western Australia, traditionally known as “the state of excitement”,has the largest share by value of total national mineral production ,especially for the metallic minerals.Equally important, Much of Australian’s diamond comes from The giant Argyle Diamond Mine in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.7. What are Australia’s major ma nufacturing industries?The food industry is Australia’s largest manufacturing industry and the annual food export value amounts to about 1000million Australian dollars.Other major manufacturing industries include iron and steel, the electronic industry, wool processing, and the manufacture of textiles, domestic appliances, and wood and paper products.8 why are service industries so important now in Australia?The development of tourism industry, among other things ,is probably the most typical of the growing importance of service industry in the present day of Australian economy.The vigorous growth of tourism has tapped the expanding range of attractions in each state and terrirory—amusement and theme parks, zoos ,art galleries and museums ,national parks ,historical sites and wineriesUnit 41. What is the role of the Monarch in Australian political system?The monarch is represented by governors, she appoints a governor-general to represent her on the advice of election The governor-general is the symbolic head of the nation and is executive power of commonwealth. The governor-general has only formal powers and acts on the advice of ministers in virtually all matters.2. How to make an amendment to the Australian Constitution?The process for an amendment to the constitution is complex. A bill for an amendment must first be passed by an absolute majority of both houses of the national parliament. The second stage involves a referendum of all electors in all states. The proposed amendment needs a double majority---an overall majority vote in favour, and a majority in favour in at least four of the six states. This was incorporated as a means to protect the less populated states against domination by the electors in the states with a larger population3. How is the Australian Cabinet formed? What are its chief responsibilities?The prime minister appoints the most senior ministers to form the cabinet, which is often referred to as the engine-room of government. All the cabinet members must be members of parliament, and most often, the prime minister would appoint leading members in order to exert influence on the parliament.4. What power does the Federal Council have? Where is the power located?Make proclamations, regulations and ordinances, as delegated by various acts of parliament. Italso issues writs for elections, appoints public servant, judges and members of the armed forces. the power is located in the monarch’s representative act on the advice of minister.5. What is the Public Service? What is its role in the Australian Executive Government?The public service is also known as the bureaucracy. It comprises the government departments, either federally or in the states, and also includes the members of government business enterprises, statutory authorities and other agencies. The role of the public service is to advise the government on policy matters and to implement government decisions and parliamentary legislation6. What are the major political parties in Australia?Political parties are the most important actors in the Australian political system. By 1910, a two-way system was well established in Australia ,Labor versus Liberal. The Australia Labor Party is Australian’s oldest political patrty .It is a social democratic party, founded by the union movement, and represents the urban working class. The modern Liberal Party of Australia was founded by R.G. It represent business, the suburban middle class,and many rural people.7. What are the general requirements for a person to run for public offices such as the Australian Parliament?Under the Australian constitution, candidates for election must be Australian citizens and eligible to vote. Candidates must be nominated by a political party or by at least 50 electors of the electorate to be contested. Senators, members of states parliaments, public servants, defence personnel, and officers of the electoral commission are not eligible to become Members of the House of Representatives, and must resign their positions if they wish to be nominated for election to the house.8. What does the Australian Judic iary consist of? How does it operate at the federal and state levels?The judiciary consists of the high court, the federal court, the family court and the administrative appeals tribunal. In the case of federal judges, their security of tenure is guaranteed by the constitution. In the states and territories, legislation provides security of tenure for judges.。
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Geography & History
Geography
Location and Size Geographic Regions Climate Major Cities
Location & Size
Size—With a total area of 7.7 million square kilometers, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, the U.S. and Brazil
Climate
3、Australia is widely known as "the Dry Continent" due to its low rainfall.The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the equator.
4、The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australi's worst draught in terms of severity and scale.
coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a
(墨累达令流域)
3370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7 of the land area of Australia, is Australia's most important agricultural area. The name of this river basin is from the basin's two major rivers, the Murray and darling rivers.
Western Plateau •Central-Eastern Loelands the Eastern Highlands
Mount Kosciuszko(科修斯科山)
Southwest in Canberra of new south wales
The highest point in Australia and Oceania
Lake Eyre(艾尔湖)
The lowest point in the country
Some 12 meters below sea level
Climate
1、Southern Hemisphere ➢ January and February are the hottest summer months ➢ June and July are the coldest winter months 2、Vary greatly from region to region ➢ tropical area—hot all year without winter ➢ temperate regions of the south: ➢ enjoy a moderate climate, with hot summers and mild winters ➢ The coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of Tasmania and the southeastern portion of the mainland.
Major Cities
➢Canberra: Between Sydney and Melbourn. The name Canberra originally means meeting place in the Aboriginal language
➢Sydney: the capital city of New South Wales; Australia's largest and oldst city.
Early History
1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern
➢Melbourne: the capital city of Victoria; Australia's second largest city
➢Brisbane: the capital of Queenland; Australia's third largest city
History
Early History Discovery and Exploration European Settlement Colonization The Road Toward Federation Australia in the 20th Century
2228 meters above sea level
Poland explorer schmitz, lai kay found the mountain in 1839, and the polish hero named after (1746-1817).
Murray-Darling Basin
Location—Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The country is surrounded by sea on all s