教师心理学复习

1. awhat makes a good teacher?①Attitude warmth humor the ability to care about people self-discipline, enthusiasm, contagious speaking ability.②Knowing the subject matters.③Mastering the teaching skills. Good teachers know their subject matter and have mastered pedagogical skills. they accomplish all the tasks involved in effective instruction with warmth, enthusiasm, and caring. they combine research and common sense.2. components of good teaching?①Decision making: knowledge of subject and teaching resources②Self-knowledge and self-regulation: knowledge of students and their learning ③Reflection: critical thinking and problem-solving skill ④Application of education research: teaching and communication skill3. principle and laws and theory(the goal of research ineducationalA principle explains the relationship between factors, such as the effects of alternative grading systems on student motivation. Laws are simply principles that have been thoroughly tested and found to apply in a wide variety of situations. A theory is a set of related principles and laws that explains a broad aspect of learning behavior, or another area of interest without theories the facts and principles that are discovered would be like disorganized speaks on a canvas. Theories tie together these facts principles to give us the big picture. However the same facts theorists and principles may be interpreted in different ways by different theorists.4.how to be an intelligent consumer of educational psychology researchBe a consumer of relevant research.//be an intentional teacher.//share your experiences.4. what research methods are used in educational psychology?Experiments.//correlational studies.//descriptive research.//action research4. what are some view of human development?Jean pia get’s theory of cognitive and moral development. //Lev vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development. //Erik erikson’s theory of personal and social development.//Lawrence kohlberg’s theories of moral development5. piaget’s stages of cognitive development sensorimotor(0-2years) preoperational(2-7) concrete operational(7-11) formal operational(11-adulthood)6. educational implications of piaget’s theory?①A focus on the process of children’s thinking, not just its products.② Recognition if the crucial role if chi ldren’s self-initiated active involvement in learning activities. ③A deemphasis on practices aimed at making children adult like in their thinking.④Acceptance of individual differences in developmental progress.7. vygotsky’s work is based on two key ideas?First , he proposed that intellectual development can be understood only in terms if the historical and cultural contexts children experience. Second he believed that development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with the symbols that culture create to help people think, communicate, and solve problems for example, a culture’s language, writing system, or counting system.8. erikson’s stages of personal and socialdevelopment?trust vs mistrust (0-18) autonomy vs doubt (18-3) initiative vs guilt (3-6) industry vs inferiority (6-12) identity vs role confusion(12-18) intimacy vs isolation(young adulthood) generativity vs self-absorption(middle ad-) integrity vs despair(late ad-)9. piaget’s stages of moral development? Heteronomous morality autonomous marality10. kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning 三水平六阶段三水平：preconventional level conventional level postconventional level六阶段：s1: punishment and obedience orientation s2:instrumental relativist orientation s3:”good boy-good girl”orientation s4:”law and order”orientation s5:social contract orientation s6:universal ethical principle orientation11. how do children develop during the preschoolrears?Cognitive development physical developmentsocioemotional development12. what kinds of early childhood education programsexist?①Day-care programs.②Preschools.③Compensatory preschool programs.④Early-intervention.⑤Kindergartenprograms.⑥Developmentally appropriate practice13. helping children develop social skills?Reinforcing appropriate social behavior.//Modeling.//Coaching 14. jams marcia’s four identity statuses? Foreclosure.// Identity diffusion.// Moratorium. //Identity achievement 15. problems of adolescence？Emotional disorders. Bullying. Dropping out. Drug and alcohol abuse. Delinquency. Risk of pregnancy. Risk of aids16. the individual component of culture?Social class/nationality/race/ethnic group/abilities and disabilities/religion/geographic region/gender17. key dimensions of multicultural education①knowledge construction:refeir to teachers helping children understand how knowledge is cerated and how it is influenced by the racial of individuals and groups②equity pedagogy: refer to the use of teaching techniques that facilitate the academic success of student from different ethnic. ③an empowering school culture: one in which school organization and practices are conducive to the academic and emotional growth of all students.④prejudice reduction: is a critical goal of multicultural education ⑤content integration:is teacher’s use of examples,data,and information from a variety of cultures.18. the eight intelligences?Logical mathematical/linguistic.musical./naturalist/spatial/bodily kinesthetic/interpersonal/ intrapersonal19. what are some principles of behavioral learning? The role of consequences/ reinforcers/ pinishers/ immediacy of consequences/ shaping/ extinction/ schedules of reinforcement/ maintenance/ the role of antecedents论述1. Socioemotional developmentA young child’s social life evolves in relatively predictable ways. The social network grows from an intimate relationship with parents or other guardians to include other family members, nonrelated adults, and peers. ①Peer relationships. During the preschool years, peers begin to play an increasingly important role in children’s social and cognitiv e development. Peer relationships help young children to overcome the egocentrism that piaget described as being characteristic of preoperational thinking.②prosocial behavior. Prosocial behaviors are voluntary actions toward others such as caring, sharing,comforting,and cooperation. Research on the roots of prosocial behavior has contributed to our knowledge of children’s moral as well as social development.③Play. play is important for children because it exercises their linguistic, cognitive and social skills and contributes to their general personality development. children use their minds when playing, because they are thinking and acting as if they were another person.2. promoting the development of self-esteemGrowing importance of peers: the influenc e if the child’s family, which was the major force during the early childhood years, continuws in importance as parents provide role in terms of attitudes and behaviors. //Friendship in middle childhood: friendship is the central social relationship between peers during childhood, and it undergoes a series of changes before adulthood. Friends are also cognitive resources when they teach or model specific intellectual skill.// Peer acceptance: one of the most understood and perhaps important aspects of peer relations in middle childhood is peer acceptance, or status within the peer group. Many characteristics seem to be related to peer acceptance, including physical attractiveness and cognitive abilities.2. how do students differ in intelligence and learning styles? S tudents differ in their ability to deal with abstractions, to solve problems, and to learn. They also differ in any number of specific intelligences, so accurate estimations of intelligence should probably rely on broader performances than traditional IQ tests allow. Therefore teachers should not base their expectations of students on IQ test scores. S tudents differ in their prior learning and in their cognitive learning styles. Field-dependent people tend to see patterns as a whole and do better with people and social relationships. Individual preferences in learning environments and conditions also affect student achievement.。