地震术语英语

Seismic地震abnormal events: Coherent events which are not reflections. Refraction, reflected refractions, diffractions, surface waves, and sometimes multiple reflections are included (though there’s nothing ―abnormal‖ about any of these ).异常同相轴：相干非反射同相轴，包括折射波、反射折射波、绕射波、面波，往往也包括多次反射波（尽管这些波本身无任何异常）。

absorption: A process whereby some of the energy of seismic wave is converted into heat while passing through a medium. Absorption for seismic waves is perhaps of the order of 1/2 db/cycle. Sometimes claimed to be proportional to the frequency squared rather than linear with frequency. See Q.吸收作用：为地震波通过某一介质时，其一部分能量转化为热量的一个过程。

地震波吸收衰减约为每周期1/2 分贝，有时表述为吸收与频率的平方成正比，而不是与频率成简单的线性正比关系。

见品质因数Q。

acoustic:Sonic; pertaining to sound. Usually refers to compressional P waves, sometimes restricted to P-waves in fluids (liquids and gases ), sometimes generalized to include other elastic wave types.声学的，声的：声音的，声速的；属于声学范畴。

通常指压缩纵波，有时仅指在流体中传播的纵波（液体和气体），广义上也包括其它类型的弹性波。

acoustic impedance: Seismic velocity multiplied by density.Reflection coefficient depends on changes in acoustic impedance.声阻抗，波阻抗：地震波速度乘以介质密度。

反射系数依赖于波阻抗的变化。

acoustic wave: 1.Sonic wave. An elastic wave train, sometimes restricted to propagation though a fluid. 2. The wave train generated and detected by a sonic-logging sonde（see acoustic log）. The wave train is a composite of various modes of energy transfer. The first arrival usually results from compressional (P- or longitudinal ) waves traveling in the formation; the inverse of its velocity is measured by the sonic log.A second arrival is sometimes identified as shear (S-) wave travel in the formation; it represents a pseudo-Rayleigh wave which travels at approximately the velocity of S-waves. Compressional waves traveling through the mud usually have relatively high frequency content; they are sometimes called fluid waves. One or more modes of high-amplitude, low-frequency tube waves (sometimes called Stoneley waves ) are usually very distinct arrival. 3. More generally, an elastic wave or seismic wave.声波，地震波：1. 声波。

有时仅指在流体中传播的弹性波列。

2.由声波测井电极系产生并检测到的波列（见声波测井）。

该波列是由各种不同能量的波复合而成的。

初至波通常是在岩石中传播的压缩（P-或纵）波；其波速的倒数是通过声波测井而测到的。

续至波往往被看作在岩石中传播的剪切（S-）波；它表现为一个以近似S-波速度传播的伪-瑞雷波。

通过软泥层的压缩波通常具有相对较高的频率成分；往往被称为流体波。

一个或更多强振幅、低频率的管波（也称斯通利波）的波至通常特别明显。

3. 更一般的指弹性波或地震波。

air gun: 1. A marine seismic source which injects a bubble of highly compressed air into the water. Oscillations of the bubble as it alternately expands and contracts generate a sonic wave whose frequency depends on the amount of air in the bubble, its pressure, and the water depth (or water pressure ). Arrays of guns of different sizes are sometimes used so that a broader frequency spectrum will be generated. Different from gas gun. 2. Air guns have also been adapted for lowering in a borehole or pushed down into the marsh. The adaptations prevent mud, sand, etc., from entering and fouling the air gun. 3. Air guns are also used in small tanks of water which are set on the surface of the ground as a seismic source on land.空气枪：1.通过向水中排放高压气泡的一种海上地震震源。

气泡交替收缩和膨胀的振动可产生声波，该声波的频率取决于气泡中空气量、压力和水深（或水压）。

通常使用大小不同的空气枪阵列来得到更宽的频谱。

它不同于单个气枪震源。

2.空气枪通过改进后，可适用于钻孔和沼泽地区。

这种改进可阻止泥浆、沙等进入和阻塞空气枪。

3. 空气枪也可以放在地表小型水池中作为陆上地震震源。

air wave: Energy from the shot which travels in the air at the velocity of sound:1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F ft/sec, where F=F ahrenheit temperature, or 331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C m/sec, where C=Centigrade temperature.空气波：爆炸产生的能量在空气中以声速传播：1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F英尺/秒，其中F为华氏温度，或331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C 米/秒，其中C为摄氏温度。

angle of incidence:The acute angle which a raypath makes with the normal to an interface. This is the same angle as an approaching wavefront makes with an interface in an isotropic medium. The angle between the raypath and the normal is the angle of incidence in the anisotropic case, the raypath not necessarily being perpendicular to the wavefront in this case. The angle of incidence may be complex for electromagnetic waves.入射角：射线路径与界面法线所成的锐角。

在各向同性介质中它等于波阵面与分界面的的夹角。

在各向异性介质中，射线路径与界面法线的夹角为入射角，而此时射线路径与波阵面不一定是正交的。

对于电磁波来说它的入射角为复角。

apparent velocity: 1. The velocity which a wavefront appears to have along a line of geophones. If the wavefront makes the angle θwith the spread and the true velocity of the wavefront if V, then the apparent velocity is V/cosθ. 2. The inverse of the slope of a refraction time-distance curve.视速度：把波阵面看作沿地面测线传播时的速度。

如果波阵面与检波器排列的夹角为θ，设真速度为V，则视速度为V/cos θ。