生化 翻译
生化名解简答
生化名解简答1、pasteur effect(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)巴斯德效应在厌氧条件下，向高速发酵的酵母中通入氧，则葡萄糖消耗锐减，厌氧酵解积累的乳酸也迅速消失，这种现象称之为巴斯德效应2、glycolysis(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖酵解指葡萄糖或糖原在缺氧情况下（或氧气不足条件下）经过一系列反应分为乳酸和少量ATP的过程。
3、glycolytic pathway(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖酵解途径指糖原或葡萄糖分子分解至生成丙酮酸的阶段，使体内糖代谢最主要的途径。
231、tricarboxylic acid cycle(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)三羧酸循环简称TCA循环，是由四碳原子的草酰乙酸与二碳原子的乙酰CoA缩合生成具有三个羧酸的柠檬酸开始，经过一系列脱氢和脱羧反应又以草酰乙酸的再生成结束。
由于循环中首先生成含有三个羧基的柠檬酸，故被称为三羧酸循环或柠檬酸循环。
每循环一次，一分子乙酸被彻底氧化为等当量的CO2和H2O，并生成12分子ATP。
241、biological oxidation(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)生物氧化指有机物质在生物体内氧化分解的过程。
其在酶促作用下，逐步地分解有机物为CO2及H2O，同时吸收氧并伴随释放能量的过程。
2、uncouplersa(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)解偶联剂是指不抑制呼吸链上的电子传递体，但抑制ATP合成的物质如2，4-二硝基苯酚，这种物质呈脂溶性，能透过线粒体内膜，激昂膜外质子转移至膜内，消除质子浓度梯度，破坏ATP合成的条件。
25 1、gluconeogensis(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖异生指非糖物质（如丙酮酸、乳酸、甘油、生糖氨基酸等）转变为葡萄糖或糖原的过程。
机体只有在肝肾能通过糖异生补充血糖。
2、pentose phosphate pathway(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)磷酸戊糖途径指机体某些组织（如肝、脂肪组织等）以6-磷酸葡萄糖为起始物在6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶催化下形成6-磷酸葡萄糖进而代谢生成磷酸戊糖为中间代谢物的过程，又称为磷酸己糖旁路。
普通生化名词缩写
氨基酸：aa 或AA丙氨酸：Ala 、A天冬酰胺：Asn 、N天冬氨酸：Asp 、D谷氨酸：Glu 、E甘氨酸：Gly、G组氨酸：His 、H异亮氨酸：Ile 、I赖氨酸：Lys 、K甲硫氨酸：Met 、M脯氨酸：Pro 、P丝氨酸：Ser 、S色氨酸：Trp 、W酪氨酸：Tyr 、Y 等电：pI高效液相层析：HPLC二硫苏糖醇：DTT二硝基氟苯：( DNFB)磺酰氯：( DNS) 苯异硫氰酸：( PITC)肌红蛋白：Mb氧合肌红蛋白：MbO2蛋白质与蛋白质：Western DNA 与DNA：Southern 杂交十二烷基硫酸钠：(SDS)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳：(焦磷酸硫胺素( TPP) 黄素单核苷酸( FMN)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸( NAD) 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸酸吡哆醛( PLP) 四氢叶酸(THF)转移RNA：( tRNA)核糖体RNA：(rRNA)核内不均一RNA: ( HnRNA 成熟RNA前体精氨酸：Arg、R半胱氨酸：Cys 、 C谷氨酰胺：Gln 、Q亮氨酸：Leu 、L2,3-苯丙氨酸：Phe 、F苏氨酸：Thr、T 颉氨酸：Val 、V胰蛋白酶：Tryp 二磷酸甘油酸：( BPG) 丹DNA核磁共振：( NMR) 血红蛋白：Hb与RNA: Northern 杂交PAGE乳酸脱氢酶( LDH)NADP)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸( FAD) 辅酶( COA) 磷焦碳酸二乙酯( DEPC)信使RNA：(mRNA)二氢尿嘧啶环：( DHU) 溴化乙锭：( EtBr )磷酸肌醇：(IP 3)二酰甘油：(DAG)磷脂酰肌醇4，5-二磷酸：PIP2钙调蛋白：CaM环腺苷酸：cAMP核糖核酸酶：RNase脱氧核糖核酸酶:DNase核蛋白( DNP) 磷酸果糖激酶(PFK) 3-磷酸甘油醛(GAP二羟丙酮磷酸(DHAP糖酵解( EMP)戊糖磷酸途径( PPP) 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸( PEP) 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖(UDPG)谷丙转氨酶( GPT) 氨甲酰磷酸合酶I(CPSI) DNA 复制( DDDP)DNA转录(DDRP 逆转录( RDDP) RNA 复制( RDRP)cAMP 环腺苷酸HGP 人类基因组计划m GpppN 7-甲基鸟嘌呤- 三磷酸核苷CBP 帽结合蛋DHU FMN 黄素单核苷酸FAD CK 肌酸激酶PCR G-6-P 6- 磷酸葡萄糖PEK-1 6- 双氢尿嘧啶黄素腺嘌呤核苷酸聚合酶链反应磷酸果糖激酶-1TAC 三羧酸循环(TCA循环) GSH 谷胱甘肽UDPGZ尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸PKA蛋白激酶A“假尿嘧啶核苷LDH 乳酸脱氢酶FBP-2 果糖二磷酸酶-2PEP 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸UDPG 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖FA 脂肪酸FFA 游离脂肪酸PA 磷脂酸IP 3 三磷酸肌醇MVA甲羟戊酸CEFe-S 铁硫中心CoQ 胆固醇酯LRP LDL辅酶Q (泛醌)受体相关蛋白Cyt细胞色素OSCP寡霉素敏感蛋白DNP二硝基苯酚mtDNA 线粒体DNA CP磷酸肌酸ROS反应活性氧类（自由基）SOD超氧物歧化酶GPT谷丙转氨酶ALT丙氨酸转氨酶GOT谷草转氨酶AST天冬氨酸转氨酶IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸CPS-I氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶I AGA N- 乙酰谷氨酸OCT鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶5-HT5- 羟色FH 4四氢叶酸SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸NOS一氧化氮合酶HGPRT次黄嘌呤- 鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶PRPP 磷酸核糖焦磷酸6MP6- 巯基嘌呤MTX甲氨蝶呤5-FU 5-氟尿嘧啶FUTP三磷酸氟尿嘧啶核 E.coli大肠杆菌dNTP脱氢三磷酸核苷（N 代表任一碱基）DNA-pol DNA 聚合酶SSB单链DNA吉合蛋白HDP螺旋反稳定蛋白RF复制因子/ 释放因子PCNA增殖细胞核抗原CDK细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶hTRT端粒酶逆转录酶TT胸苷酸二聚体CTP羧基末端结合域PIC转录起始前复合物TPB TATA- 吉合蛋白EF 延长因子fMet N-甲酰甲硫氨酸THFA N 10- 甲酰四氢叶酸RBS核糖体吉合位点PAB/PABP poly A 吉合蛋白TF触发因子HSP热休克蛋白SRP信号肽识别颗粒IFN干扰素AFP编码甲胎蛋白CAP分解物基因激活蛋白EBP增强子吉合蛋白RNP核糖体复合物eIF翻译起始因子RBP RNA 吉合蛋白dsRNA双链RNAIS插入序列bp碱基对YAC人工染色体载体cDNA逆转录DNPDE磷酸二酯酶PLC磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶CDAG 二酯酰甘油CaM钙调蛋白PP蛋白磷酸酶HRE激素反应元件GPCR G蛋白偶联型受体PTK酪氨酸激酶欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
Resident Evil《生化危机(2002)》完整中英文对照剧本
All Umbrella staff must wear their identity tags at all times. 保护伞公♥司♥全体职员必须时刻佩戴身份卡All radiation badges will be collected at 5pm.所有放射检测徽章在下午五时收回Thank you!谢谢!God! Morning.老天!Some people.被人搞的Yeah.是Don't show this to me. Why not?别给我看这个干嘛不看?Because I’m busy.因为我很忙It’s nothing. Fire drill.没什么火警演习What is that?怎么回事?Fire drill.火警演习Shit! Hey what the hell's going on?妈的究竟是怎么回事?Get the computers covered! Move it! I’m trying!把电脑盖住! 移开它! 我正在干!The experiments! Move them!实验品! 移开它们!Be quiet! Hey!安静!Shouldn't the er...doors open or something?门不是应该打得开的吗?It’s supposed to take us to the nearest floor.它应该带我们去最近的楼层Hello?有人吗?Hello? What's happening?怎么回事?Line's dead.线路不通What's the problem? The doors won't open!出什么问题? 门打不开What about the ones at the back? Locked as well.后面那些门呢? 也锁住了There's no fire here! No fire!这里没火灾! 没火灾!The code doesn't work! There's no fire here!密♥码♥不起作用没火灾!What's wrong with you? The door won't open!你怎么了? 门打不开!This water isn't going anywhere! What?这些水流不出去! 什么?It’s a sealed room! Help me with the doors!这是密封的房♥间帮我开门!Oh fuck the doors!去他妈的门!We have to get out of here.我们一定要离开这里W...what's going on?发生什么事了?Has this happened before? We have to get out of here. 以前发生过吗? 我们一定要离开这里We have to get out of here! Take it easy.我们一定要离开这里! 放松些You take it easy! Quiet!你去放松! 安静!Quiet.安静What is that?那是什么?Oh my God.天哪Halon!灭火剂Stop it!停下!Stop it!停下!Stop!停下!Let me see.让我看看We have to get out of here. We have to get out of this building! 我们一定要离开这里我们必须离开这幢大楼Here gimme a hand.这里帮我一下This is as far as they'll go. They're caught on something!只能这样了被卡住了It’s wide enough. I can squeeze through...够宽了我可以挤出去...I’ll get help.找帮手I’m stuck!我被卡住了You're gonna have to push!你们推一把That's it! A bit more!就这样! 再来一下!What was that?那是什么?Oh Christ! It’s the brakes! Quick get out!上帝制动器! 出去!I can't move! We have to get out of here!我动不了! 我们必须离开这里!Oh my God.我的天Push her out of the way! Pull me back inside!推她出去! 拉我进去!Oh my God!我的天啊!Pull me back in...拉我进...Hello?有人吗?Hello?有人吗?Who are you? Move!你是谁? 快走!Don't touch me!别碰我!Stop! Get away from me!住手! 离我远点!What are you doing? I’m a cop!你们在干嘛? 我是警♥察♥!I told you I’m a cop!告诉你了我是警♥察♥!You're breaking my arm!你要把我胳膊拧断了!Report.报告Report now.现在报告What?什么?I want your report Soldier.我要你的报告士兵I don't know what you're talking about.我不知道你在说什么Sir the house's primary defenses have been activated.长官房♥子的首选防御系统已经激活She's probably still suffering the side effects.她可能还在受到副作用影响What are you doing with us? What about the cop?你们要对我们干嘛? 那个警♥察♥怎么了? Matthew Addison. I’m not getting a match.马修安德森我没在玩比赛Who are you?你是谁?I just trained for it! They probably don't even have me on file yet! 我刚受训他们也许还没给我建档The locals aren't efficient. It’s possible.当地人办事效率低有可能Should I secure him here?要我把他关在这里吗?No. We take him with us.不他跟我们走You can't do this!你们不能这样做!Blow me.妈的!Hey! Prep for entry to the Hive.准备进入蜂巢Power's down.没有电力So fix it. I’m on it.修好它我去修Are you done yet?修好了吗?Jumpy!神经过敏Stand clear.站开!You got a problem?你有问题吗?How's that door? It’s sealed shut.那扇门怎么了? 被封死了Let me.让我来Jumpy.神经过敏?Lie still.躺着别动Lie still!躺着别动!Watch this light.看着这道光Follow it.眼跟着转动How many fingers am I holding up?我现在举起几根手指?Three. Good.三根很好Now tell me your name.告诉我你的名字I...我...I dunno. He’s fine.我不知道他没事Memory loss just like the other one.失忆了就像那个人一样Goddamn.见鬼Let's open that door.打开那扇门Listen to me. I wanna know who you people are and what's going on here.听着我想知道你们是谁这里发生了什么事Now.现在You and I have the same employer.你我受雇于同一个老板We all work for the Umbrella Corporation.我们都为保护伞公♥司♥工作The mansion above us is an emergency entrance to the Hive.我们上面的大楼是通往蜂巢的紧急入口You are security operatives placed there to protect that entrance. 你们是守护入口的保安员What about this?这如何解释?Your marriage is a fake.你的婚姻是假的Just part of your cover to protect the secrecy of the Hive.只是保住蜂巢机密的掩饰And what is the Hive?蜂巢是什么?Show them.给他们看看Accessing schematic of the Hive.蜂巢路线图Raccoon City nearest urban centre.浣熊市最近的市中心The mansion where we found you...这是我们发现你们的地方and through which we gained access to the train...通过那里我们进入列车which in turn brought us to the Hive.然后列车带我们来到蜂巢The Hive itself is located underground...蜂巢本身位于地下...deep beneath the streets of Raccoon City.浣熊市街面的地底深处A top secret research facility owned by the Umbrella Corporation... 一个高度机密的研究机构由保护伞公♥司♥拥有it houses over 500 technicians scientists and support staff.蜂巢内有五百多名技术员科学家以及支援人员They live and work underground.他们在地下生活工作Their research is of the highest importance.他们的研究极其重要Its nature is...classified.研究性质属于机密Our position on the map is indicated by heat signature.我们在地图上的位置由热点显示Why can't I remember anything?我为何什么都想不起来?The Hive has its own defence mechanisms all computer controlled. 蜂巢有其自身的防御机制都由电脑控制A nerve gas was released into the house.房♥子内排放出了神经毒气Primary effect of the gas...毒气的主要作用是complete unconsciousness lasting anything up to four hours.吸入者持续四小时完全昏迷Secondary effects are varied but can include acute memory loss.并有多种副作用包括严重失忆For how long? Subjective.要多久? 因人而异An hour day week.一小时一天一星期So you're saying this place was attacked?那么你是说这里遭受了攻击?I’m afraid things are a little plicated than that.恐怕比这还复杂Sir!长官We've breached the Hive.我们已侵入蜂巢J D.杰迪Got it.行了Halon content has dissipated.灭火剂已经耗尽Makes it easier to work underground thinking there's a view.地下工作应会更容易想必有得一看It looks like we're taking the stairs.看来我们要走楼梯Status.情况如何Red Queen has logged onto us. She knows that we're here.红后已将我们锁定她知道我们在这里Who's the Red Queen?谁是红后?State of the art artificial intelligence.顶尖的人工智能系统She is the computer that controls the Hive.她是控制蜂巢的电脑This is gonna slow us down.这将会延缓我们行动Our route to the Queen takes us straight through these labs.去红后的路线需要直接穿过这些实验室Rain J D see how bad the flooding is.蕾杰迪查看一下溢水有多糟Kaplan find us an alternate route.卡普兰再去找条通路What happened here?这里怎么了?Five hours ago Red Queen went homicidal killed everyone down here. 五小时前红后杀了这里所有的人Jesus. We realized what was happening...天哪当我们意识到所发生的一切and my team was dispatched to shut her down.我的小队就被派来关闭她Why did she do it? That we don't know.她为什么要这样做? 我们也不知道But outside interference is a possibility.但有可能是外部干扰Oh Jesus!天啊!Hey you OK?你没事吧?Here. Please come on. No listen I’m fine.拿着不我没事It’s cold in here.这里很冷Are you...你...Do you remember anything...你记得起什么事吗...from...before...this?在这之前?No.不No.不Nothing before the train.列车之前都不记得And you?你呢?No.不Nothing.什么也想不起来I found an alternate route but it's gonna cost us time.我找到另外一条路但有点费时We double back cut through Dining Hall B then we're right on track. 我们绕回去抄近路穿过B餐厅然后就一路直达Sir.长官No go the whole level is flooded.此路不通整层楼全淹了All right. We're behind schedule.好了我们已落后于预定计划So let's move it!快点行动Come on.走吧Poor bastards.可怜虫Kaplan. Dining Hall B.B餐厅That's what it says on the map.地图上是这么说的Maybe you're reading it wrong.也许你看错了Maybe the Corporation's keeping a few secrets down here...也许公♥司♥在这里留了些秘密something you're not supposed to see.有些你不该看到的东西J D?杰迪You and Rain keep the prisoner here and secure the exit. 你和蕾在这里看着犯人同时守住出口Sir halon levels are nonexistent in this room.长官这个房♥间没有喷过灭火剂I think the system malfunctioned.我想是系统故障All right. There may be survivors.好吧也许有幸存者Gimme a search line but keep it tight.搜索队形保持紧凑Move it.行动I said keep it tight.我说了跟紧点Sorry.对不起I’m not sure I wanna remember what went on down here.我不确定我能记起这里发生的事I don't blame you.我没怪你What the hell do they keep in these things?他们在这放的是什么东西?How do I know?我怎么知道?What's taking so long? Red Queen's defenses are in place. 怎么要那么久? 红后的防御很到位She's making it difficult.她正在加强防御Let's pack it up.把它包起来You stay here.你留在这里The lights are automated. Nothing to worry about.自动灯光不用担心Transmitter in position. Roger.传送器就位收到Trying a bypass.正在解码Checkmate.搞定前进What is that?那是什么?That's gonna shut the Queen down.那是用来关闭红后的Delivers a huge electrical charge...它能释放出强大电荷scrambles the mainframe and forces it to reboot.搅乱主机并使它重新启动Kaplan?卡普兰Kaplan!卡普兰Some kind of dormant defence mechanism.像是某种休眠防御机制We must have tripped it. Put it back to sleep.开门触发了它让它返回休眠状态Working on it.正在干Would you open that door please? I’m trying.现在你可以开门了吗? 我在试Hold your positions everyone. Stay calm.呆在原地大家镇静What's that?那是什么?Help them quick!帮帮他们快点!Kaplan you gotta hurry! Come on!卡普兰你得快些! 快啊!Down! Get down!卧倒! 快卧倒!Something's killing them in there! Jeez come on man. Hurry up! 有东西要杀他们! 天啊! 快点!Medic! Medic!医务兵! 医务兵!Open the door! Open this door!开门! 开门!Yeah I am trying! Stay conscious. You're in shock.我在试保持清醒你要休克了Stay awake!I am almost there. Sir! It’s coming back!就快成功了长官! 它又回来了!Open the door! I’m trying!开门! 我在试!Well try harder! It’s coming back!好吧再加把劲! 它又回来了!Oh God.噢天啊!Just do it! I’m almost there.就那样做! 就快成功了Come on!快啊!Shit. Got it.妈的! 成了All right.好吧Let's do it.让我们来干Do what? We...have to complete the mission.干什么? 我们必须完成任务There's no way I’m going down there.我绝不去那里Her defences are down.她的防御崩溃了DJ Wu anyone?杰迪吴还有人吗?Keep going.继续前进Here give me a hand with this.帮我弄一下这个Get out get out you can't be in here.出去! 出去! 你们不能呆在这里Don't listen. She's a holographic representation of the Red Queen. 别听她说的话她是红后的全息像You have to get out.你们必须出去!Modelled on the programmer's daughter.模仿开♥发♥员的女儿塑造She'll deceive us confuse us. I wouldn't advise this.她会蒙蔽迷惑我们我不建议这样做Disabling me will result in loss of primary power.关闭我会导致失去主电源She'll say anything to stop us from shutting her down.她会尽力阻止我们关闭她I implore you.我恳求你们Implore away. Please?求你让开求你们了Please?求你们了You're all going to die down here.你们都会死在这里The pulse forces the circuit breaker to shut down her mainframe. 那个脉冲波会强制断路器关闭她After 30 seconds if I don't have her boards she can reboot.三十秒之后如果不取走她的主板她就会重新启动They're late.他们迟到了I’m on it.我去看看J D we got a survivor!杰迪我们找到一个幸存者It’s OK we're here to help.没事了我们是来这里救人的You seem to be in some sort of...你好像伤得很重...Get off me!滚开!Get off me!滚开!J D get her off me before I stab her ass!杰迪在我捅她屁♥股♥前把她弄开Are you OK?你没事吧?Jesus...She bit me man! She took a chunk clean right out of me! 她咬我老兄她咬掉了我一大块肉Stay back.退后I’m warning you stay down!我警告你趴下!She's crazy.她疯了Come any closer and I’ll fire.再靠近我我就开枪了I mean it!我说真的!Damn it去你♥妈♥的♥I shot her five times.我打了她五枪How was she still standing? Bitch isn't standing now.她怎么还站着? 婊♥子♥ 现在站不住了What was all the shooting?怎么会开枪的?We found a survivor.我们发现了一个幸存者And you shot him?你向他开枪?She was crazed. She bit me.她疯了她咬我She's gone. She's gone!她不见了她不见了!That's bullshit!胡说!She fell right here but she's gone!她就倒在这里但不见了!Look look at this.看看看这个There's blood but...it's not much.有血但不多Looks like it's coagulated.好像早就凝结了Yeah. It’s not possib le.是这不可能Why not?何以见得?Because blood doesn't do that till after you're dead.因为死前血是不会凝结的Can we go now?现在可以走了吗?We're not going anywhere till the rest of the team get here. 在其它队员没到之前我们哪里也不去There's no one else coming.没人会来了What the fuck are you talking about?你究竟在说什么?Wait!等等Quiet.安静Fuck!靠!Don't come any closer!别再过来!They're behind us! Jesus!他们在我们后面天哪!They're everywhere.他们到处都是Guys they're everywhere they're all around us.他们到处都是我们被包围了I said stay back!我说了退后!Why aren't they dying?他们怎么不死?Watch the tanks!小心实验槽!The tanks!实验槽!Let's go. Hurry up!走! 快点!OK come on let's go move! Come on!来啊快走! 快走! 快!Move.走!I can help you get the virus.我能帮你拿到病毒I have access to security codes surveillance plans the works. 我知道安全密♥码♥ 监视系统的布置及工程Shit!妈的!We lost the others! Keep moving!我们和其他人分散了! 快走!Have you waited? Didn't know the code.还等什么? 不知道密♥码♥Come on come on.快快Shit! Come on.妈的快点Hurry up.快快点Come on man. Shit!快啊老兄妈的!What's tak ing so long? I’m trying!怎么要那么久? 我在试!Come on!来吧Move! What's the code?走! 密♥码♥是什么? 快点!Hurry up I’m running outta ammo! 0 4 3 2...No fuck!我子弹快用完了! 0 4 3 2... 不What? 0 4 3...什么? 0 4 3...What is the code? 0 4...密♥码♥是什么? 0 4...Got it? See how easy that was?行了看有多简单Shit! J D! No!妈的! 杰迪不!Grab my hand man!抓住我的手老兄! 快!Don't let go!别松手!No J D!不杰迪!Rain!蕾!No!不Where are the bodies? Where did they go? Oh fuck!尸体呢? 尸体去了哪里? 妈的!Whatever they are there's too many of them out there. 不管他们是什么他们实在太多了Whatever they are? It’s pretty obvious what they are!不管是什么? 很明显就是他们Lab coats badges...Those people used to work here!实验外套徽章这些人以前就在这里工作!All the people working here are dead.所有工作人员都死了It isn't stopping them walking around.那阻止不了他们四处游荡Well where did they come from? Why didn't we see them on the way in? 他们哪里来的? 怎么没看到他们进来?When you cut the power you unlocked the doors. You let them out.你切断电源的同时也解除了门锁你让他们出来的We're never gonna make it to the surface.我们没希望回到地面了You are security operatives...security operatives...你是保安员...placed there to protect that entrance.被安排在这守护入口...Lisa.丽萨I’ve got one in the breech... and an extra mag.我的枪上了子弹只剩一个弹夹了Lisa...丽萨?I can help you get the virus.我可以帮你拿到病毒I have access to security codes surveillance plans the works.我已可以使用保安密♥码♥和监视系统这能行But?但?But there's gonna be a price. Name it.但这要付出一定的代价说吧Who is she? My sister.她是谁? 我的妹妹Corporations...保护伞公♥司♥...Like Umbrella... thinks they're above the law.那些机构自以为可以无法无天But they're not.可我们不容许There are hundreds of thousands of us who think the same...有成百上千志同道合的人...all over the world.遍布全球Some of us provide information.有些人提供情报Others give their support.其他人给予支援Some take more direct action.有些人直接参与行动Like you.就像你If your friends had been a little more thorough...如果你朋友查得再彻底点...they would have seen right through my false ID.他们会发现我是个冒牌警♥察♥ Then all the red flags would have gone off.到处都有我的不良记录Quantico NSA VICAP all the rest.海军军情处国安局暴行逮捕办都有我的案底There's no way I could have infiltrated the Hive.我绝无可能混进蜂巢来So you sent your sister.所以你让你妹妹来We needed something concrete.我们需要一些实质的证据Anything to expose Umbrella to the press.任何可以揭露这个公♥司♥的证据Proof of the research that was going on down here. 就是这下面正在进行的研究What kind of research?哪方面的研究?The illegal kind.非法研究Genetic.基因方面的Viral.病毒性的My sister was gonna smuggle out...我妹妹要偷运出...a sample of the virus they were developing.他们正在研制的病毒样本So how...how was she gonna make it out of here? 她怎样偷运出去?She had a contact...within the Hive someone I never met.她在蜂巢里有线人我不知道是谁They had access to security codes surveillance everything she needed. 他们可以提供安全密♥码♥ 保安资料她所需要的一切So why didn't she make it?那为什么她失败了?Maybe she trusted the wrong person.可能她看错了人Maybe they set her up...也可能被出♥卖♥♥♥了kept the virus for themselves.那人把病毒据为己有Do you know how much the T virus would be worth on the open market? 你知道在黑市上T病毒可以卖♥♥多少钱吗?What worth all this?什么值得搞成这样!Yeah. To someone.是的对某些人来说是的Don't shoot! Don't shoot!不要开枪! 不要开枪!Close that door! They're right behind us!关上门! 它们就在后面!Get off! Get off!放开! 放开!Son of a bitch!狗♥娘♥养♥的!You OK?你还好吧?Yeah.是的Right behind us. What about this door?就在我们后面那这门怎么样?They're waiting out there too! And that way?它们就在哪里等着我们那条路呢?It’s a dead end. There's no way out of the Queen's chamber.这次完了女皇的主机房♥没有出口So we wait.我们只能等了Someone doesn't hear from you they send backup or something? Right? 如果他们没你的消息就会派后援或别的什么来的对吗?What? What's wrong?什么? 有什么不对吗?We don't have much time.我们没有时间了You know those blast doors we passed on the way in from the mansion? 你记得那些防爆门吗? 从入口来这的路上They seal shut in just under an hour.在一小时内都会锁死If we're not out of here by then we're not getting out.如果我们在那之前不出去的话就别想出去了What are you talking about? They can't just bury us alive down here.你在说什么? 他们不能把我们埋在这里Containing the incident is the only fail safe plan they had...意外事故隔离是用来对付污染泄漏的...against possible contamination.唯一的保险措施You tell us this now...当我们困在离地面半里深的地方...when we're trapped half a fucking mile underground?你才告诉我们这些We have to find a way out of this room.我们必须找到办法离开What are you doing?你在干什么?Where are you taking those? I’m turning her back on.你要拿那些东西去哪? 我要重启女皇That is not a good idea. She'll know a way out of here.这不是个好主意她知道怎么离开这里That homicidal bitch killed my team.那个嗜血的婊♥子♥杀了我的队友That homicidal bitch may be our only way out of here.那个嗜血的婊♥子♥可能是我们离开这儿的唯一方法I’m sure she's gonna be real happy to help us out!?你认为她会乐意帮助我们!?That circuit breaker you were talking about can you bypass it?你刚说的那个断路器你能解开它吗?Yeah. So do it.可以啊那就快做The circuit breaker's disabled.断路器终止了This time if I hit the switch she won't be able to shut down.这次假如我按这钮的话她就再也关不上了She's gonna fry.就等她被烧焦吧Kaplan?卡普兰?The charge must have damaged her boards.启动电压可能会把电路板烧毁的Ah there you are.原来你们在这Things I gather have gone out of control.我收集的东西已经失控了Gimme that fucking switch right now! I’m gonna fry your ass!快把那控制钮给我我要把你屁♥股♥给烧了I did warn you didn't I?我不是警告过你了吗?Tell us what's going on down here.下面发生什么事了?Research and development. What about the T virus?研究和开♥发♥ 那T病毒是什么?The T virus was a major medical breakthrough...T病毒是医药科学上的一大突破although it clearly also possessed profitable military applications. 在军事应用上具有巨大的价值How does it explain those things out there?那这又跟外面那些东西扯上什么关系?Even in death the human body still remains active.人就算死了但他们的躯体仍活着Hair and fingernails continue to grow.头发和指甲继续生长New cells are produced...新细胞还在产生...and the brain itself holds a small electrical charge...而大脑仍保持微量电荷运转that takes months to dissipate.直到几个月后才消失The T virus provides a huge jolt...T病毒可以产生巨大震动波both to cellular growth and to those trace electrical impulses.来保持细胞生长以及提供追踪电脉冲能量Put quite simply it reanimates the body.简单来说它令死尸复活It brings the dead back to life?死而复生?Not fully.并不是完全The subjects have the simplest of motor functions...它们只拥最简单的活动能力perhaps a little memory and virtually no intelligence.可能还有少许的记忆但几乎没有智力They are driven by the basest of impulses the most basic of needs.它们被最基本的神经冲动和需求驱使Which is?什么需求?The need to feed.满足食欲How do you kill them?怎么能够杀了它们?Severing the top of the spinal column or massive trauma to the brain... 切断脊椎顶端或重创大脑...are the most effective methods.是最有效的方法You mean shoot them in the head? Why did you kill everybody here? 你意思就是说打它们的头你为什么把这里的人都杀了?The T virus escaped into the air conditioning system...T病毒已经侵入了空调通风系统...and an uncontrolled pattern of infection began.病毒已经扩散开了无法控制The virus is protean...病毒已经变异...changing from liquid to airborne to blood transmission...由液体传播变为空气传播现在是随着血液传染了depending on its environment.可以随环境而变化It’s almost impossible to kill.几乎难以消灭I couldn't allow it to escape from the Hive...我不能让它从蜂巢里面扩散出来so I took steps.所以我采取了措施Steps? You must understand...措施你一定要知道...Those who become infected I can't allow you to leave.被感染的人我决不能让你们离开Whoa. We're...we're not infected. Just one bite...我们又没被感染只要被咬一口...one scratch from these creatures is sufficient.一个抓伤就足以让你感染And then you become one of them.然后你就变得和它们一样A check of my systems...我检查到...indicates my main drive circuit breaker has been disabled.我系统中的一个断路器被关掉了May I ask why?这是为什么呢?Insurance. We need a way out of here.以防万一我们需要离开这里的方法If you refuse to help we flick the switch. Understand?假如你拒绝帮忙的话我们就关上它知道吗?After you.你先What the hell is this place? The utility tunnels.这是什么鬼地方? 水电管隧♥道♥They run underneath the Hive for water gas and power lines. 就在蜂巢下面水煤气和电线都在这儿Been in here before.它们来过这Keep moving! Going round in circles.快走吧我们在绕圈圈吧?The computer gave us this route. Why are you listening to her? 电脑是这样显示的你怎么还听她的?Enough already! We have no choice but to keep moving...够了吧! 我们除了前进别无选择cause those things are behind us.那些东西就在我们后面That mesh won't hold. Keep move...那网子根本挡不住他们快走吧Jesus Christ! Hold it!天啊! 停下来!There's too many of them!它们太多了Jesus! Fuck!天啊! 妈的!Up on the pipes.快爬到管子上Up on the pipes!快爬到管子上!Quickly everyone up on the pipes!快! 都到管子上去!Come on there's a way up!快来从这上来Watch out! Keep them back!小心! 拖住它们!Go on up. Move it!快上去! 快啊!Shit. OK.妈的好吧Look out!小心Get over here! There's too many!来这儿! 它们太多了!Go go go!来啊! 走快走!Go on!走啊!Go go!走Kaplan go!卡普兰走Gotcha!抓到你了!J D?杰迪?Rain?蕾?Rain.蕾?What?有事吗?We have to do something about your wounds. 你的伤口要赶快治疗I’m fine.我没事I said I’m fine!我说我没事!You like that don't you huh?你喜欢吧对不对?You like the way it tastes don't you?你喜欢血的滋味对吧?Like the taste of that?喜欢那滋味?She was right.她说的对We're all gonna die down here. No.我们全要死在这儿不We're getting out.我们一定可以出去的All of us.所有的人Kaplan...卡普兰...you OK?还好吧?Kaplan!卡普兰No!不No!不Your foot! God!你的脚天啊!Hold on! Get up!坚持住! 起来!Help him!帮帮他I can't.我没办法What are you waiting for? I can't focus!你在等什么? 看不见!I can't see!我看不见!Kaplan!卡普兰!Kaplan go up! Come on Kaplan get up there! 卡普兰快上去! 快上去!You gotta keep going!继续走!Come on! Come on you can do it!来啊! 快! 你行的!Oh you got it.你做到了!Kaplan? Just stay there.卡普兰待在那!Hold on we're gonna come get you.等着我们会来接你的We need to cut this wire then we can throw it to him. 得把这线剪了扔给他Hold on!等会!That's lucky.还真走运I want you to go.你们走吧No!不We're not leaving you Kaplan! Yes you are!我们不会丢下你的卡普兰不你们一定得走No! You can't kill all of them!你杀不光它们的And I’m not going anywhere.而我也逃不了I want you to go! Now!快走吧!Please.拜托了Just do it!快走Just do it now!快走! 马上Please.求你们了Go!走!You're gonna have to work for your meal!要想吃我得费点劲Come on.来吧Gimme your arm. Up over my shoulder.把手放我肩膀上Ready? Here we go.准备好了? 来吧When I get out of here...当我离开这后...I think I’m gonna ge t laid.我想我要去做♥爱♥Yeah. You might wanna clean up a little bit first.嗯你还得先洗个澡Hey wait.嗨等等Are you OK?你还好吧?Blue for the virus green for the antivirus.蓝色是病毒绿色是抗体Blue for the virus green for the antivirus.蓝色是病毒绿色是抗体There's a cure. What are you talking about?能治好的你说什么?There's a cure.有办法治好的The process can be reversed.那过程可以逆转There's a cure!抗病毒血清!You're gonna be OK!你一定会没事的I was beginning to worry!我刚还担心了一下This is where they kept the T virus.T病毒就是放这儿的How do you know all this?你怎么会知道这么多?Because I was gonna steal it.因为我本来想偷走它的I was your sister's contact.我就是你妹妹的线人You betrayed her. I don't know.你出♥卖♥♥♥了她我不知道You caused all this. I can't remember.。
生化中英对照单词
Chapter 14 Protein Biosynthesis
第十四章 蛋白质的生物合成
Antibiotics 抗生素 Cap-site binding protein 帽子结合蛋白 Chloromycetin 氯霉素 Diphtheria toxin 白喉毒素 Eukaryote 真核生物 Genetic code 遗传密码 Insulin 胰岛素 Interferon 干扰素 Molecular chaperone 分子伴侣 Parathyroid hormone 甲状旁腺激素 Streptomycin 链霉素 Translational initiation complex 翻译起始复合物 Transpeptidase 转肽酶
丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶
Chapter 12 DNA Biosynthesis 第十二章 DNA生物合成
Bidirectional replication 双向复制 Endonuclease 内切核酸酶 Exonuclease 外切核酸酶 Gene expression 基因表达 Polymerases 聚合酶类 Primase 引发酶 Primosome 引发体 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原 Recombination repairing 重组修复 Replicon 复制子 Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶 Semiconservative replication 半保留复制 Single stranded DNA binding protein 单链DNA结合蛋白 Telomerase 端粒酶 Telomere 端粒 DNA topoisomerase DNA拓扑异构酶
Chapter 1 Nucleic Acid 第一章 核酸
中医药名词英文翻译07（方剂学）
中医药名词英文翻译07（方剂学）07.001方剂prescription,recipe,formula 07.002处方法prescribing method07.003配伍synergy07.004药对couplet medicines07.005方论discourse on prescription 07.006经方classical prescriptions 07.007时方non-classical prescriptions 07.008单方simple recipe07.009复方compound recipe07.010验方experiential effective recipe 07.011秘方secret recipe07.012中成药traditional Chinese patentmedicines and simplepreparations07.013君药sovereign drug07.014臣药minister drug07.015佐药assistant drug07.016佐助药supplementary drug07.017佐制药supplementary inhibitorymedicines07.018反佐药contrary drug07.019使药envoy drug07.020调和药harmonizing drug07.021引经药channel ushering drug 07.022剂型preparation07.023汤剂decoction07.024浓缩煎剂concentrated decoction 07.025膏滋oral thick paste07.026片剂tablet07.027泡腾片effervescent tablet07.028线剂thread formula07.029条剂stripe formula07.030露剂distillate formula07.031膏药plaster；medicinal paste 07.032软膏剂ointment07.033散剂powder07.034丸剂pill, bolus07.035蜜丸honeyed pill07.036水丸watered pill07.037水蜜丸water-honeyed pill 07.038糊丸flour and water paste pill 07.039浓缩丸concentrated pill07.040蜡丸wax pill07.041微丸mini-pill07.042滴丸剂dripping pill07.043颗粒剂granules07.044胶囊剂capsule07.045硬胶囊剂hard capsule07.046软胶囊剂soft capsule07.047微囊剂micro-capsule07.048茶剂medicinal tea07.049糕剂cake07.050栓剂suppository07.051搽剂liniment07.052锭剂lozenge07.053[烟]熏剂smoke fumigant 07.054曲剂fermented medicine 07.055胶剂gel07.056气雾剂aerosol07.057喷雾剂spray07.058灌肠剂enema07.059灸剂moxibustion formula 07.060熨剂compression formula 07.061合剂mixture07.062酊剂tincture07.063酒剂wine07.064浸膏剂extract07.065流浸膏剂liquid extract07.066口服液oral liquid07.067糖浆剂syrup07.068注射剂injection07.069乳剂emulsion07.070滴鼻剂nasal drop07.071滴眼剂eye drop07.072滴耳剂ear drop07.073水煎decoct with water 07.074酒煎decoct with wine 07.075先煎decocted earlier 07.076后下decocted later07.077包煎wrap-boiling07.078另煎decocted separately07.079烊化melt07.080兑入mix07.081生汁兑入mix with fresh juice07.082溶化dissolve07.083冲服administered after dissolved 07.084火候optimal fire07.085文火mild fire07.086武火strong fire07.087临睡服administered before bed time 07.088饭前服administered before meal; a.c.;ante cibum07.089饭后服administered after meal ; p.c.;post cibum07.090空腹服administered at empty stomach 07.091热服administered hot07.092温服administered warm07.093冷服administered cold07.094噙化administered under tongue 07.095顿服administered at draught07.096分服taken separately07.097频服taken frequently07.098药引medicinal usher07.099解表剂superficies-resolving formula 07.100辛温解表剂formula for relieving superficiessyndrome with pungent andwarm natured drugs07.101辛凉解表剂formula for relieving superficiessyndrome with pungent and coolnatrued drugs07.102扶正解表剂formula for strengthening bodyresistance and relievingsuperficies07.103表里双解剂formula for relieving bothsuperficial and internal disorders 07.104解表清里剂formula for relieving superficiesand clearing interior07.105解表温里剂formula for relieving superficiesand warming interior07.106解表通里剂formula for relieving superficiesand catharsis07.107和解少阳剂reconciling shaoyang formula 07.108清热剂heat-clearing formula07.109清气分热剂formula for clearing heat at qilevel07.110清营凉血剂formula for clearing nutrient leveland cooling blood07.111清热解毒剂formula for clearing heat andremoving toxicity07.112清脏腑热剂formula for clearing heat inviscerae07.113清热解暑剂formula for clearing heat andanti-summer- heat07.114清虚热剂formula for clearing asthenicfever07.115温里剂warming interior formula07.116温中散寒剂formula for warming interior fordispersing cold07.117回阳救逆剂formula for restoring yang andrescuing patient from collapse 07.118温经散寒剂formula for warming channel fordispersing cold07.119泻下剂formula for purgation07.120寒下剂cold cathartic formula07.121温下剂warm cathartic formula07.122润下剂moistened cathartic formula 07.123逐水剂drastic diuretics formula07.124补益剂supplementing [and boosting]formula07.125补气剂qi-supplementing formula07.126补血剂blood-supplementing formula07.127气血双补剂formula for benefiting both qi andblood07.128补阴剂yin-supplementing formula07.129补阳剂yang-supplementing formula 07.130阴阳并补剂formula for benefiting both yinand yang07.131固涩剂astringent formula07.132固表止汗剂formula for consolidatingsuperficies for arresting sweating 07.133敛肺止咳剂formula for astringing lung forrelieving cough07.134涩肠固脱剂formula for astringing intestineand arresting proptosis07.135涩精止遗剂formula for astringingspermatorrhea07.136固崩止带剂formula for arresting leucorrheaand metrorrhagia07.137安神剂sedative;tranquillizing formula 07.138消食剂digestive formula07.139开窍剂formula for resuscitation07.140凉开剂cold formula for resuscitation 07.141温开剂warm formula for resuscitation 07.142理气剂carminative formula;qi regulatedformula07.143行气剂formula for activating qi flowing 07.144降气剂formula for descending qi07.145理血剂blood-regulating formula07.146活血剂blood-activating formula07.147止血剂blood-stanching formula07.148治风剂formula for wind disorder07.149疏散外风剂formula for dispersing externalwind07.150平熄内风剂formula for calming downinternal wind07.151祛湿剂desiccating formula07.152和胃燥湿剂formula for harmonizing thestomach and drying dampness 07.153清热祛湿剂formula for clearing heat andeliminating dampness07.154利水渗湿剂formula for diuresis and diffusingdampness07.155温化水湿剂formula for warmly resolvingwatery dampness07.156祛痰剂phlegm-expelling formula07.157温燥化痰剂formula for resolving phlegmwith warm drugs07.158清润化痰剂formula for resolving phlegmwith clear-moistening drugs 07.159治风化痰剂formula for resolving phlegmwith arresting wind07.160驱虫剂anti-helminthic formula07.161涌吐剂emetic formula07.162一贯煎yiguan decoction07.163丁香柿蒂汤dingxiang shidi decoction07.164七宝美髯丹qibao meiran mini-pills07.165七厘散qili powder;qili san07.166九仙散jiuxian powder07.167九味羌活汤jiuwei qianghuo decoction07.168二至丸erzhi pills07.169二妙散ermiao powder07.170二陈汤erchen decoction07.171八正散bazheng powder07.172八珍汤bazhen decoction07.173十灰散shihui powder07.174十枣汤shizao decoction07.175三子养亲汤sanzi yangqin decoction 07.176三甲复脉汤sanjia fumai decoction 07.177三仁汤sanren decoction07.178三物备急丸sanwu beiji pill07.179川芎茶调散chuanxiong chatiao powder；chuanxiong chatiao san07.180大补阴丸da buyin pill；da buyin wan 07.181大定风珠dadingfengzhu pill07.182大建中汤dajianzhong decoction07.183大承气汤dachengqi decoction07.184大柴胡汤dachaihu decoction07.185大秦艽汤daqinjiao decoction07.186大黄牡丹汤dahuang mudan decoction 07.187大黄附子汤dahuang fuzi decoction 07.188小建中汤xiaojianzhong decoction 07.189小金丹xiaojin mini-pills07.190小青龙汤xiaoqinglong decoction 07.191小活络丹xiaohuoluo mini-pills 07.192小柴胡汤xiaochaihu decoction 07.193小续命汤xiaoxuming decoction 07.194小蓟饮子xiaoji drink07.195小儿回春丹xiao'er huichun mini-pills 07.196乌梅丸wumei pills07.197五仁丸wuren pills07.198五皮饮wupi drink07.199五味消毒饮wuwei xiaodu drink07.200五苓散wuling powder;wuling san 07.201五积散wuji powder07.202六一散liuyi powder; 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生化名词解释
20. PFK2 06
磷酸果糖激酶2：磷酸果糖激酶可作用于果糖-6-磷酸，使ATP的磷酸基转移到果糖-6-磷酸上。磷酸果糖激酶有两种，分为1和2，其中磷酸果糖激酶1作用可得果糖-1,6-二磷酸。 由磷酸果糖激酶2作用可得果糖-2,6-二磷酸
30. one-carbon group 05
氨基酸分解代谢中产生含有一个碳原子的基团的集合。一碳单位是嘌呤和嘧啶的合成原料，是氨基酸和核苷酸联系的纽带。它具有两个特点：１.不能在生物体内以游离形式存在；２.必须以四氢叶酸为载体。
31. melting temperature of DNA 05
15. glucokinase（in liver） 07&04 见生化笔记
葡萄糖激酶：催化葡萄糖磷酸化形成葡萄糖-6-磷酸的没有两个：一个是己糖激酶，另一个是葡萄糖激酶。其中己糖激酶专一性不强，被产物G-6-P别构抑制；葡萄糖激酶存在于肝脏中，对葡萄糖有专一活性，且不被G-6-P抑制。它是一种诱导酶，由胰岛素促使合成。
4.PRPP 2007&04 p392下册
全称5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸, 是组氨酸和色氨酸生物合成中的关键性中间产物,是核苷酸中核糖磷酸部份的供体. 它也参与多种生物合成.
5. γ-carboxyglutamate 2007 p440上册γ羧基谷氨酸
谷氨酸经过依赖维生素K的谷氨酰羧化酶催化可变为γ羧基谷氨酸，它是血液凝固中所必需的，因为只有谷氨酸经羧化才能结合Ca2+，进而与膜中的磷脂结合，凝血酶原才能被蛋白酶水解为凝血酶，才能发挥凝血功能。经常流鼻血就有可能是维生素K缺乏导致。
生化翻译和名解
英汉互译：1.肽：Peptide2.结构域：domain3.变性：denaturation4.碱基：base5.双螺旋：double helix6.酶：enzyme7.核酶：ribozyme8.酶原：zymogen9.同工酶：isoenzyme10.变构调节：allosteric regulation11.共价修饰调节：covalent modification12.呼吸链：respiratory chain13.氧化磷酸化：oxidative phosphorylation14.葡萄糖：glucose15.糖酵解：glycolysis16.有氧氧化：aerobic oxidation17.三羧酸循环：tricarboxylic acid cycl18.柠檬酸循环：citrate cycle19.磷酸戊糖途径：pentose phosphate pathway20.糖原：glycogen21.糖异生：gluconeogenesis22.血糖：blood sugar23.脂类：lipid24.甘油三酯：triglyceride25.磷脂：phospholipid26.胆固醇: cholesterol27.脂蛋白：lipoprotein28.脂肪酸：fatty acid29.酮体：ketone bodies30.乳糜微粒：chylomicra, CM31.极低密度脂蛋白：very low density lipoprotein, VLDL32.低密度脂蛋白：low density lipoprotein, LDL33.高密度脂蛋白：high density lipoprotein, HDL34.转氨基作用：Transamination35.关键酶：key enzyme36.半保留复制：semiconservative replication37.端粒：telomere38.逆转录酶：reverse transcriptase39.编码链：coding strand40.外显子：exon41.内含子：intron42.剪接：splicing43.启动子：promoter44.反密码子：anticodon45.信号肽：signal peptide46.翻译：translation47.遗传密码：genetic code48.生物转化：biotransformation49.胆汁酸：bile acid50.蛋白激酶：protein kinase名词解释（50个）1.结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
生化名词中英文互译集合
第一章蛋白质的结构与功能1、蛋白质protein蛋白质(protein) 是由许多氨基酸(amino acid) 通过肽键(peptide bond)相连形成的高分子含氮化合物2、氨基酸 amino acid氨基酸（amino acid）是蛋白质的基本组成单位。
3、肽键 peptide bond蛋白质分子是氨基酸通过肽键连接形成的多肽链。
一份子氨基酸的α-羧基与另一分子氨基酸的α-氨基脱水缩合形成的酰胺键（—CO—NH—）称为肽键。
4、一级结构 primary structure蛋白质分子中，从N端至C端的氨基酸排列顺序称为蛋白质的一级结构。
5、二级结构secondary structure是指蛋白质分子中某一肽链的局部空间结构，即多肽链中主链原子的相对空间排列分布，而不涉及氨基酸残基侧链的空间排布。
6、α-螺旋α-helix多肽链中的主链围绕中心轴有规律的螺旋式上升，螺旋的走向为顺时针方向，称右手螺旋。
氢键是维持α-螺旋结构稳定的主要化学键。
7、β-折叠β-pleated sheetβ-折叠呈折纸状多肽链充分伸展，各个肽单元以Cα为旋转点，依次折叠成锯齿状结构，氨基酸残基侧链交替地位于锯齿状结构的上下方。
8、三级结构 tertiary structure是指整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的相对空间排布，即整条肽链所有原子在三维空间的排布位置。
主要靠次级键，包括氢键、离子键(盐键)、疏水作用、范德华力、二硫键等。
9、四级结构quaternary structure每一条具有完整三级结构的多肽链，称为亚基（subunit）。
各亚基之间以非共价键相互连接形成特定的三维空间构象，称为蛋白质的四级结构。
维持四级结构的作用力主要是疏水作用，也包括氢键、离子键及范德华力等。
10、变性 denaturation蛋白质在某些理化因素的作用下，空间构象受到破坏，改变理化性质，并失去其生物活性，称为蛋白质的变性。
变性涉及空间结构的改变。
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•蛋白质的靶向输送(protein targeting) 蛋白质合成后需要经过复杂机制，定 向输送到最终发挥生物功能的细胞靶部位， 这一过程称为蛋白质的靶向输送。
蛋白质结构中存在N末端特异氨基酸序列
第五节
P317
蛋白质生物合成的干扰和抑制 抗生素(antibiotics) 是微生物产生的能够杀灭或抑制细菌 的一类药物。抑制细菌代谢过程或基 因信息传递特别是翻译过程。
第四节
蛋白质翻译后修饰和靶向输送
Posttranslational Modification and Targeting Transfer of Protein
从核糖体释放出的新生多肽链不具备蛋白 质生物活性，必需经过不同的翻译后复杂加工 过程才转变为天然构象的功能蛋白。
主要包括
• 加工与修饰(肽链一级结构) • 折叠与组装(高级结构修饰) • 靶向输送
• 遗传密码（genetic codon）
mRNA链上由3个连续碱基组成的三联体，决 定一个氨基酸，称为遗传密码或密码子。
遗传密码表（P292）
遗传密码表
密码子：64
起始密码: AUG
终止密码:
UAA，UAG，UGA
目录
•遗传密码的特点
（一） 遗传密码的方向性(direction) （二）连续性（commaless） （三）简并性（degeneracy） （四）摆动性（wobble） (五) 通用性（universal）
• 氨基酸运载体：tRNA
• 场所：核糖体
• 酶：氨基酰-tRNA合成酶、 转肽酶 • 蛋白质因子：IF、EF、 RF • 能量（ATP、GTP） • 无机离子（Mg2+、Mn2+）
一、mRNA是蛋白质生物合成的直接模板
mRNA的基本结构
End Tail
Start of genetic message Cap
小亚基上16srRNA 3’-端富含嘧啶序列结合，稳固了
mRNA与小亚基的结合。
3. 起始氨基酰tRNA( fMet-tRNAimet )结合到 小亚基
IF-2 GTP
5' IF-3
AUG
3' IF-1
目录
4. 核蛋白体大亚基结合，起始复合物形成
GTP IF-2 GDPPi
5' IF-3
AUG
3' IF-1
原 核 肽 链 合 成 终 止 过 程
P３０６
多聚核糖体 (polysome)
1条mRNA模板链都可附着 10～100个核糖体，这些核 蛋白体依次结合起始密码子 并沿5′→3′方向读码移动， 同时进行肽链合成，这种 mRNA与多个核糖体形成的 聚合物称为多聚核糖体 (polysome) 。
——使蛋白质合成 高速、高效进行。
• 蛋白质的生物合成，即翻译，就是将mRNA中 4
种核苷酸序列编码的遗传信息，通过遗传密码破 译的方式解读为蛋白质一级结构中20种氨基酸的 排列顺序 。
第一节 参与蛋白质生物合成的物质
Protein Biosynthesis System
参与蛋白质生物合成的物质包括
• 模板： mRNA
• 原料：20种编码氨基酸
起始肽链合成的氨基酰-tRNA
真核生物： Met-tRNAiMet 原核生物： fMet-tRNAifMet
N-甲酰甲硫氨酰-tRNA
第三节 P298
肽链的生物合成过程
The Biosynthesis Process of Peptide Chain
翻译过程从5´-AUG开始，按mRNA模
板三联体密码的顺序延长肽链，直至终止密
目录
Pi GTP IF-2 -GTP GDP
5' IF-3
AUG
3' IF-1
目录
二、肽链合成延长
指根据mRNA密码序列的指导，次序添加 氨基酸从N端向C端延伸肽链，直到合成终止 的过程。 • 肽链延长在核糖体上连续性循环式进行，又称 为核糖体循环(ribosomal cycle)，每次循环增 加一个氨基酸，包括以下三步：
• 进位(registration)
• 成肽(peptide bond formation)
• 转位(translocation)
• 延伸过程所需蛋白因子称为延长因子 (elongation factor, EF) 原核生物：EF-T (EF-Tu, EF-Ts) EF-G 真核生物：EF-1 、EF-2
过程需要多种起始因子的参与。
。
（一）原核生物翻译起始复合物形成 • 核蛋白体大小亚基分离； • mRNA在小亚基定位结合； • 起始氨基酰-tRNA的结合；
• 核蛋白体大亚基结合。
原核生物起始复合物的生成
1. 核蛋白体亚基的分离
2. mRNA在核蛋白体小亚基上就位
3. fmet-tRNA的结合
70S
5´
3´
三、肽链合成的终止
当mRNA上终止密码出现后，多肽链合成 停止，肽链从肽酰-tRNA中释出，mRNA、核 糖体等分离，这些过程称为肽链合成终止。 终止相关的蛋白因子称为释放因子 (release factor, RF)
原核生物释放因子：RF-1，RF-2，RF-3
释放因子的功能 一是识别终止密码 二是诱导转肽酶改变为酯酶活性
1.方向性 (direction )
2. 连续性(commaless)
各个三联体密码连续阅读，密码子间既 无间断也无交叉。
3. 简并性(degeneracy)
61 编码密码子： 编码氨基酸： 20
目录
4. 通用性(universal)
• 蛋白质生物合成的整套密码，从原核生物到 人类都通用。
• 已发现少数例外，如动物细胞的线粒体、植 物细胞的叶绿体。 UGA 色氨酸 • 密码的通用性进一步证明各种生物进化自同 一祖先。
目录
原核生物翻译过程中核糖体结构模式:P296
mRNA
5’
5’ 5’
3’
5’
A site 氨基酰位 3’ 3’ 3’
E site
排出位
N
氨基酸 新生肽链 肽酰位P site
第二节、氨基酸的活化 P297
氨基酰-tRNA合成酶
氨基酸+tRNA +ATP
Mg2+ 氨基酰-tRNA合成酶
氨基酰-tRNA+ AMP+ppi
氨基酰-tRNA合成酶具有绝对专一性，对氨基酸、 tRNA 两种底物都能高度特异性地识别。
P297
第二节、氨基酸的活化 氨基酰-tRNA合成酶
5’ ATP
Mg2+
5’
氨基酰-tRNA合成酶
C C A 3’ OH HO R C C O NH2
氨基酰-tRNA合成酶具有绝对 专一性，对氨基酸、tRNA 两种 底物都能高度特异性地识别。 氨基酰-tRNA合成酶具有校正 活性(proofreading activity) 。
4. 核蛋白体大亚基结合
1. 核蛋白体大小亚基分离
P３０１
IF-1 IF-3
目录
2. mRNA在小亚基定位结合
5' IF-3
AUG
3' IF-1
目录
SD序列 P299：原核生物mRNA翻译起始子AUG的 上游4~13个核苷酸之前有富含嘌呤的序列。这一序 列以AGGA为核心，称之为SD序列。该序列与30s
5
3
5’-端非翻译区
开放阅读框架
3’-端非翻译区
从mRNA 5-端起始密码子AUG到3-端终止密 码子之间的核苷酸序列，称为开放阅读框架 (open reading frame, ORF)。
翻译模板mRNA及遗传密码
• 翻译方向
P292
mRNA的翻译方向从5’ → 3’方向，从起始密码 到终止密码的序列，决定了肽链的合成方向从N 端 到C 端。
5. 摆动性(wobble)
三、 tRNA与氨基酸的转运 P295
密码子 反密码子 氨基酸臂
反密码环
反密码子
密码子
密码的摆动性
mRNA上的密码子与tRNA上的反密码子相互辨认，大多数情况下
是遵从碱基配对规律的。但也可出现不严格的配对，这种现象就是遗传
密码的摆动性。尤其是密码子的第三位碱基和反密码子的第一位碱基之 间常出现摆动现象。tRNA分子上有相当多的稀有碱基，其中次黄嘌呤
放线菌酮
氯霉素
嘌呤霉素
链霉素和卡那霉素
常用抗生素对翻译过程的作用位点P318
四 环 素 族
第 十 二 章 蛋白质生物合成
• 翻译 • mRNA、tRNA、rRNA的结构特点 及生物学功能
• 遗传密码的五个特点 (起始密码、终止密码)
• S-D序列 ，核糖体循环
• 抗生素对蛋白翻译过程的作用位点
（一）进位（注册）
指根据mRNA下
一组遗传密码指导，
使相应氨基酰-tRNA 进入核糖体A位。
（二）成肽
是由转肽酶(transpeptidase)催化的肽键
形成过程。
（三）转位 由转位酶（translocase；活性存在于
EF-G ）催化，核糖体向mRNA的3’端移动相
当于一个密码子的距离，原有带肽链的tRNA
由A位转移至P位, mRNA分子第三个密码子定
位于A位，空着的A位等待接受下一个氨基酰tRNA
（三）转位
*肽链延伸方向：N端
C端
进 位
核糖体 循环 转 位
成肽
肽链的延长
进位
1 1 2
肽键形成
1 2
5 ´
GTP 3´ (Tu\Ts)
GTP
N-端 C-端
移位
（EF-G）